Patent Application
20100160697
The present invention relates to catalysts usable in fixed-bed oxychlorination of ethylene to 1.2-dichloroethane (DCE) in form of granules having definite hollow cylindrical shape and total pore volume comprised in a specific range wherein the mesopores with diameter from 7 to 50 nm are the major component, and to the hollow carriers used for said catalysts.
The oxychlorination of ethylene to DCE is carried out, as it is known, either in fluid bed or in fixed bed. In the first case, more uniform distribution of the temperatures in the reactor is obtained, in the other case, the management of reaction parameters is easier but, due to the low exchange coefficient among the catalyst granules and between the granules and the reaction gas, localized hot spot temperatures can occur having detrimental effects on the selectivity and useful life of the catalyst.
Hollow cylindrical granules are normally used which, thanks to S/V ratio (geometric surface to volume ratio) higher than that of the spheres and solid cylinders allow to obtain more efficient heat exchange and lower pressure drop through the catalytic bed, and consequently better temperature control along the bed and increased productivity of industrial reactors.
In spite of the above advantages, a hollow cylindrical granule has to be designed carefully since, otherwise several disadvantages become evident.
For example, if the ratio of the external to internal diameter (De/Di) of the hollow cylinder is greater than a certain value, the granules become too fragile and the bulk density of the catalyst decreases resulting in a decreased conversion per unit volume of the catalytic bed due to the lower presence of total content of the active catalyst phase.
A too high increase of De or the length of the cylinders maintaining constant the De/Di ratio can cause an inhomogeneous loading of the catalyst inside the tubes of the reactor and possible breakage of the granules with consequent increase of the pressure drop.
A catalyst in form of cylinders having De from 4 to 7 mm, Di from 2.0 to 2.8 nm, height from 6.1 to 6.9 mm is described in EP 1 053 789 A1.
This catalyst is reported to be advantageous with respect to the catalysts in form of hollow cylinders having length shorter than the external diameter described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,740,644 and the catalyst cylinders having longer length than the external diameter described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,120.
The catalysts of the latter cited US patent are also characterized by a total pore volume of at least 0.6 to 1.0 ml/g, wherein no pores smaller than 4 nm are present and at least 80% of the total pore volume is formed of mesopores with a diameter of 8 to 20 nm, the remainder being pores with diameter of more than 20 nm and up to 200 nm.
The catalysts of U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,120, according to the consideration made in EP 1 053 789, has the disadvantage of a too high bed void fraction which implies a lower amount of catalytic material present in the bed and consequently a lower specific productivity to DCE (g DCE/g catalyst.h) combined with high pressure drop due to breakage of the catalyst granules during the loading step. The activity of the catalysts is higher than that of catalysts the pore volume of which is mainly formed of pores with diameter of less than 8 nm.
Commercial hollow cylindrical catalysts are known having total pore volume of at most 0.40 ml/g wherein the micro and mesopores are the major component. The productivity of these catalysts is rather low. Objects
It is an object of the present invention to provide catalysts for the fixed bed oxychlorination of ethylene to DCE in form of hollow cylindrical granules having rather high total volume comprising copper chloride and at least one chloride of the metals selected from the alkali metals, the alkaline earth metals and the rare earth metals supported on gamma alumina hollow cylindrical granules, endowed with high performance in terms of selectivity and conversion combined with specific productivity to DCE (g DCE/g catalyst.h), higher than that of catalysts having the same geometrical parameters (shape and size) and composition.
This and other objects are accomplished by the catalysts of the present invention.
Other objects will be apparent from the following description of the invention.
The catalysts of the present invention, which are in form of hollow granules having definite geometrical configuration and comprise copper chlorides, preferably also potassium chloride and optionally at least one or more chlorides of the metals selected from the group of the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and rare earth metals supported on alumina hollow cylindrical granules, are characterized by a total pore volume of 0.4 to 0.55, preferably 0.40-0.48 ml/g prevailingly formed of micro and mesopores wherein the mesopores with diameter from 7 to 50 nm constitute the major component, the remaining being formed of macropores with diameter of more than 50 nm and up to 10.000 nm, which constitute the 15-35%, preferably 20-35% of the total volume. The average pore diameter is from 10 to 20 nm. By total pore volume is meant the volume which is the difference between the reciprocals of the particle density (PD) and the real density (RD) (1/PD-1/RD).
The alumina support is prepared by compression shaping of boehmite powder having d50 of about 60-65 μm, d90 of about 160-165 μm and average diameter of 70-80 μm (laser determination).
An example of usable boehmite is the commercial boehmite V 700 VERSAL manufactured by UOP (USA).
This boehmite has particle diameter distribution (laser determination) as follows:
The size distribution (wt %) determined by ponderal sieve screening is: <63 μm 52.1%, 63-100 μm=24.8%, 100-250 μm=22.0%, >250 μm =1.1%.
The usable boehmites are obtained according to known methods by precipitation of Al(OH)3 from aqueous solution of NaAlO2 under controlled pH conditions and thoroughly washing the filtrate to remove as much as possible sodium ions.
The compression-shaped hollow cylindrical granules obtained from the boehmite V 700 VERSAL, calcined at 600° C. and 700° C., have the characteristics reported in Table 1, wherein the characteristics of boehmites Pural SCC 150 and PURAL SB1 commercialized by SASOL—Germany are also reported.
(1)Trilobed Cyl. = granules having circular-cross section and lobes with through bores parallel to the granule axis.
(2)Total Pore Volume = 1/(Particle Density) − (Real Density).
(3)Average Pore Diameter = 4 TV/SA (TV = Total Vol.; SA = Surface Area).
(4)Diameter of the circumscribed circonference.
The total pore volume of the alumina granules ranges from 0.55 to 0.75 ml/g and is prevailingly formed of mesopores (pores having diameter from 7 to 50 nm) and micropores (pores having diameter of less than 7 nm), wherein the micropores are the minor component (15-45% of the volume).
The obtained shaped granules (previous calcination at temperature from about 600° to 800° C. to convert boehmite into gamma alumina) are impregnated with an aqueous solution of the metal chlorides-catalyst components. The impregnation is preferably carried out using a volume of solution slightly higher than the pore volume of the alumina granules (wet impregnation).
The amount of the chlorides present in the catalyst expressed as metal is 3-12 wt % Cu, 1-4 wt % alkali metal, 0.05-2wt % alkaline earth metal, 0.1-3 wt % rare earth metal.
Preferably the amount of Cu is from 4 to 10 wt %, and the alkali metal is potassium and/or cesium used in amount of 0.5 to 3 wt %, the alkaline earth metal is magnesium in amount of 0.05 to 2 wt % and the rare earth metal is cerium in amount of 0.5 to 3 wt %.
Preferred granules are in form of cylinders having at least one through bore parallel to the axis of the granule. The De diameter is from 4 to 6 mm, the Di diameter of 1 to 3 mm and the height of 4 to 7 mm.
Granules having trilobed cross-section with the lobes provided with through bores parallel to the axis of the granules are also conveniently used.
Representative properties of the catalyst granules of the invention are reported in Table 2, while in Table 3 the results are reported of the catalysis tests obtained with the catalysts of the examples.
The oxychlorination of ethylene to DCE using the catalysts granules of the invention is carried out in fixed bed according to known methods using air or oxygen as oxidizer, at temperatures from 200° C. to 300° C., using overall feed molar ratios C2H4/HCl/O2 of 1:1.99:0.51 when using air and of 1:0.71:0.18 when using oxygen.
Preferably, the molar ratios HCl/C2H4, O2/C2H4 and HCl/O2 are, respectively, 0.15 to 0.50, 0.04 to 0.1 and 3.20 to 5.8 when using oxygen and the process is carried out in three reactors in series, wherein the third reactor is loaded with a fixed bed formed or comprising the catalyst granules according to the invention.
Measurements
The macropore volume (volume of pores having diameter higher than 50 nm and up to 10.000 nm) is measured by Hg-porosimetry: the micro and the meso pore volume by BET nitrogen adsorption - desorption (meso pore volume=the volume of pores having 2 to 50 nm diameter).
The bulk density (called also apparent packing density) is measured according to ASTM method D 4164-82.
The following examples are given to illustrate but not to limit the scope of the invention.
350 g of alumina hollow cylinders with De=5 mm, Di=2.5 mm and height=5 mm obtained by calcination at 600° C. of cylinders prepared by compression-shaping of a powder of boehmite Versal V 700 mixed with 4 wt % of aluminum tristearate, having S.A. (BET) of 209 m2/g, total pore volume of 0.69 ml/g, are impregnated in rotating jar of 5 1 at room temperature up to 50° C., with 200 ml of an aqueous solution containing
The impregnated granules were dried in an oven with the following cycle=1 h at 60° C., 2 hs at 80° C., 3hs at 100° C. and 16 hs at 150° C.
The characteristics of the catalyst granules are reported in Table 2 wherein the characteristics of the catalyst granules of Example 2 and of comparative Example 1 and 2 are also reported.
The results of the pilot plant catalysis tests are reported in Table 3.
300 g of alumina granules having three-lobed circular cross section wherein each lobe is provided with a trough bore parallel to the axis of the granule, and the diameter of the circumscribed circonference being 5.8 mm and the height 4.30 mm, obtained by calcination at 700° C. of pellets prepared by compression-shaping of a powder of boehmite Versal V 700 to mixed with 4 wt % of aluminum tristearate, and S.A. (BET) of 164 m2/g, total pore volume of 0.60 ml/g, are impregnated with an aqueous solution containing:
Remaining demineralized water.
The impregnated granules are dried as described in Example 1.
The characteristics of the catalyst granules are reported in Table 2.
400 g of alumina hollow cylinders having the same size and shape as the cylinders of Example 1, obtained by calcination at 700° C. of cylindrical granules prepared by compression-shaping of boehmite Pural SCC 150 mixed with 6 wt % of aluminum tristearate were impregnated in rotating jar of 5 l at r.t. with 150 ml of an aqueous solution containing:
Remaining=demineralized water up to 200 ml.
The impregnated granules are dried as described in Example 1.
The characteristics of the catalyst granules are reported in Table 2.
The results of the catalysis test carried out under the same conditions as of Example 1 are reported in Table 3.
A commercial catalysts having similar size and shape as the catalyst of Example 1 and similar composition (other properties are reported in Table 2) was used under the same catalysis test conditions as in Example 1.
The results of the test are reported in Table 3.
(1) Total Pore Volume = 1/(Particle Density) − (True Density).
(2) Pore Diameter at the maximum of the Macro Pore Volume Distribution Curve.
(3) Bed Void Fraction = 1 − Apparent Bulk Density/Particle Density.
The disclosures in European Patent Application No. 08172829 from which this application claims priority are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP08172829 | Dec 2008 | EP | regional |
