Claims
- 1. In a process for catalytic solvent refining of coal at an elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of hydrogen and a hydrocarbon solvent to produce liquid hydrocarbons and normally solid solvent-refined coal, the improvement comprising using as catalyst a mixture of:
- (a) from 0.01 to about 5% by weight of a mono- or polycyclic, substituted or unsubstituted 1,4- or 1,2-quinone with respect to coal feed and
- (b) from 0.01 to about 5% by weight of an ammonium, alkali metal, or alkaline earth metal compound selected from an oxide, hydroxide or salt of a weak acid, with respect to coal feed.
- 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent is a hydrogen donor solvent.
- 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst contains an alkali metal oxide or hydroxide.
- 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst contains an alkali metal salt of a weak acid selected from a sulfide, carbonate, bicarbonate, benzoate, acetate or propionate.
- 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst contains a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-benzoquinone.
- 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst contains a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-naphthoquinone.
- 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst contains a substituted or unsubstituted 9,10-anthraquinone.
- 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises at least 0.01% by weight of the ammonium, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compound and at least 0.01% by weight of the 1,4- or 1,2-quinone, referred to coal feed.
- 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises at least 0.1% by weight of the ammonium, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compound and at least 0.1% by weight of the 1,2- or 1,4-quinone, referred to coal feed.
- 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises 0.25-1.5% by weight of the alkali metal oxide, hydroxide or salt of a weak acid and 0.25-1.5% by weight of the 1,4-benzoquinone, referred to coal feed.
- 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises 0.25-1.5% by weight of sodium sulfide and 0.25-1.5% by weight of the 1,4-benzoquinone, referred to coal feed.
- 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises 0.25-1.5% by weight of an alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate and 0.25-1.5% by weight of the 1,4-benzoquinone, referred to coal feed.
- 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises 0.25-1.5% by weight of the alkali metal hydroxide and 0.25-1.5% by weight of the 1,4-benzoquinone, referred to coal feed.
- 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent is derived from the solvent refining process.
- 15. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent is derived from the solvent refining process and is a hydrogen donor solvent.
- 16. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent is derived from the solvent refining process and at least one nitrogenous or oxygenated contaminants have been removed therefrom.
- 17. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent is a hydrogen donor solvent, derived from the solvent refining process, and at least some nitrogenous or oxygenated contaminants have been removed therefrom.
- 18. The process of claim 1, wherein solvent is recycled to the process.
- 19. The process of claim 18, wherein the solvent is a hydrogen donor solvent and at least some nitrogenous or oxygenated contaminants have been removed therefrom.
- 20. The process of claim 1, wherein solvent refining is done at a temperature of at least 400.degree. C., a hydrogen pressure of at least 3.5.times.10.sup.5 kg/m.sup.2 and a residence time of 5-300 minutes.
- 21. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises 0.25-1.5% by weight of sodium sulfide and 0.25-1.5% by weight of 1,4-benzoquinone, referred to coal feed; and wherein solvent refining is done at a temperature of at least 400.degree. C., a hydrogen pressure of at least 3.5.times.10.sup.5 kg/m.sup.2 and a residence time of 5-300 minutes.
- 22. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises 0.25-1.5% by weight of an alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate and 0.25-1.5% by weight of 1,4-benzoquinone, referred to coal feed; and wherein solvent refining is done at a temperature of at least 400.degree. C., a hydrogen pressure of at least 3.5.times.10.sup.5 kg/m.sup.2 and a residence time of 5-300 minutes.
- 23. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises 0.25-1.5% by weight of sodium hydroxide and 0.25-1.5% by weight of 1,4-benzoquinone, referred to coal feed; and wherein solvent refining is done at a temperature of at least 400.degree. C., a hydrogen pressure of at least 3.5.times.10.sup.5 kg/m.sup.2 and a residence time of 5-300 minutes.
Government Interests
The Government of the United States of America has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. DE-AC22-82-PC50003 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy.
US Referenced Citations (12)
Non-Patent Literature Citations (2)
Entry |
Schweighardt et al., in Larsen, "Organic Chemistry of Coal", ACS Symposium Series, No. 71 (1978), pp. 240-257. |
Lowry, ed., "Chemistry of Coal Utilization", Wiley, New York (1963), pp. 544-549. |