Patent Application
20200270128
The present invention relates to a method for the conversion of CO2 to synthesis gas and hydrocarbon compounds and a catalytic composition.
Fossil fuels have been playing an important role in the generation of energy. Energy consumption has increased constantly over the last decades. As consequence, the dependency on fossil fuels was reinforced and energy generation led to a dramatic increase in the release of the greenhouse gas CO2 into the atmosphere. Enormous volumes in the range of billions of tons of CO2 are emitted to the atmosphere and the trend is still increasing. Meanwhile, more and more evidence emerged that this man-made emission of CO2 is at least partly influencing changes in climate and weather such as suddenly changing conditions, e.g. flood and drought. Furthermore, large amounts of CO2 are emitted during iron smelting as well as the production of concrete. Therefore, it is highly desirable to uncouple economic growth from the fossil fuel based energy generation and CO2 emissions caused thereby. This to avoid potentially dangerous climate and weather changes that may not be reversible. Multiple attempts have been made to capture and utilize carbon dioxide, but they lack efficiency and/or require drastic conditions to obtain sufficient conversion of the little reactive CO2.
One suitable way to reduce CO2 represents the conversion of CO2 to useful chemicals. Indeed, this could be one of the best ways to reduce the global emissions on one side and produce valuable products on the other side. CO2 represents an abundant and valuable source of carbon that can be used alternatively to usage of fossil fuels. This could potentially contribute to a significant reduction in the greenhouse gas CO2 and thus obviate undesired changes in climate and weather.
Nowadays, fossil fuels still make up more than 80% of the world's energy sources. In addition, the chemical industry heavily uses fossil fuels as 95% of the organic-based chemicals are derived from non-renewable sources such as fossil fuels. Complete chemical industry branches solely rely on fossil raw materials, namely the petrochemical and synthetic polymers industry. There is an urgent need in transitioning chemical and energy industry primarily depending on fossil fuels away to non-fossil or at least less fossil fuel consuming resources. This is also a reason as to the increasing importance of readily available CO2 as a source for synthetic fuels and base chemicals and further chemical products. Most importantly, using CO2 as a source for carbon would allow reducing man-made CO2 emissions itself. The processes by which CO2 utilization may reduce pertinent emissions are basically CO2 capture and subsequent (long-term) storage, e.g. by mineralization or subsequent use of captured CO2 as a source for carbon. The latter also decreases the need of using fossil fuel as a carbon source for base chemical compounds. A main focus in the CO2 utilization field lies on the development of efficient chemical methods for capturing and subsequent using CO2. Catalysts are sought to be more efficient at lower costs, lower material consumption or waste production. There is a need for the development of highly efficient catalysts that allow conversion of preferably unpurified CO2 containing gas streams originating from industrial flue gases, such as cement, steel or further energy consuming industries, in the production of synthetic fuel or base chemicals that are further used in synthesis. As a very welcome consequence this would reduce the present dependency on fossil fuels. Direct conversion of CO2 into base chemicals or chemical building blocks is therefore of great importance since this allows exploiting a more sustainable and readily available carbon source such as CO2.
Many catalysts employed in CO2 utilization are optimized in terms of good yields and accelerated reactions and thus improve the process of CO2 utilization. However, the development of catalysts which require less purified or non-purified CO2 streams, catalysts able to tolerate nitrogen, water, SOx and NOx compounds in a typical flue gas, and which are also efficient at low CO2 concentrations would specifically be highly beneficial. As the ability to utilize variable composition streams of CO2 directly from industrial processes without the need of purification of the gas streams prior to their use, would achieve a significant economic and environmental improvement of the overall process.
Methane is the main component of natural gas and its significance as a fossil fuel increased due to its advantageously low carbon-hydrogen ratio and its versatility in possible end uses. In addition to oil and coal it is the third most used fossil fuel at a global level employed for heating, in the energy sector and as a feedstock for the chemical sector. Further, it is more and more often used as a transport fuel. Methane is synthesized by Sabatier reaction from CO2 or CO and H2 at higher temperatures (300° to 700° C.) in the presence of nickel or ruthenium containing metal catalysts and may be directly fed into the natural gas network where it can partly replace the fossil methane. The existing infrastructure for natural gas (pipeline network, storage facilities and end use devices) may be used without further modification. The use of H2 for the reduction of carbon dioxide calls for cheap and efficient sources of hydrogen. Expensive or laborious methods for producing H2 significantly lower the benefits of CO2 or CO conversion processes into synthetic fuels and base or building block chemicals. A variety of different technologies is at hand that may be used for hydrogen production, e.g. water electrolysis which is, however, costly. Thus, a cheap and efficient way for producing H2 is of utmost importance. From an economic and ecologic point of view, the development of an efficient catalyst allowing thermal reduction of both, dilute and non-purified CO2 streams, e.g. into synthetic fuel and water vapor into H2, and hence, the direct conversion of CO2 into value-added chemicals within one operational device, promoted by a simple and cheap catalyst system and without the need of expensive separate electrolysis of water is highly desirable.
DE 10 2006 035 893 describes a method for the conversion of combustion products into CO and subsequently by adding H2 produced by electrolysis into methanol and further hydrogen carbon compounds.
DE 10 2009 014 728 describes the conversion of CO2 with CH4 to syngas under support of pulsed electrochemical energy at moderate temperatures. However, this process is classified as reforming process using CH4 as reducing agent and requires additional electrochemical energy.
DE 695 18 550 describes the conversion of CO2 with H2 in presence of a Fe—K/Al2O3 catalyst to generate C2+hydrocarbons at 1-100 bar, 200-500° C. and 500-20000 h−1 volume velocity. However, this reaction requires the presence of separately produced hydrogen as reducing agent.
DE 698 10 493 discloses a process for the manufacture of, inter alia, alcohols and hydrocarbons from syngas, and relates to metal catalysts based on manganese or magnesium and further alkaline earth metals or alkali metals for use in the process in which molecules having two or more, especially four or more, carbon atoms are provided from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The production of syngas from CO2 again requires separately produced hydrogen as reducing agent.
Steinfeld et al., energy & fuels, 2012, 26, 7051-7059, report solar-driven thermochemical cycles on metal oxide redox reaction to split water and CO2 to produce H2 and CO at temperature far above 1000° C. and require solar energy support.
The object of the present invention is to provide a highly efficient catalyst for the conversion of CO2 into synthesis gas and further lower molecular organic compounds eliminating the drawbacks of prior art catalysts. A method for use of the catalyst is also provided.
The object is achieved by a catalytic composition according to claim 1 and a method according to claim 6. Further preferred embodiments are subject to dependent claims.
A catalytic composition according to the present invention comprises at least seven different elements. The elements are selected from the group consisting of the elements defined by the intersection of the second to the sixth period and the first to the sixteenth group of the periodic table of the elements, whereby technetium is excluded. The numbering of the periods corresponds to the current IUPAC standard (valid in July 2017). The catalytic composition further comprises a matrix component, wherein the catalyst is dispersed. Said matrix is formed of additional components that are distinct from the at least seven different elements forming the actual catalyst. It will be understood that in the catalyst the metallic elements may be in elemental form or they may be in the form of compounds, e.g., their oxides, or as mixtures of the metals in elemental form and compounds of the metals.
The catalyst is a heterogeneous catalyst capable of converting concentrated (CO2 concentration 90%) as well as dilute (CO2 concentration 5%) non-purified CO2 streams at temperatures below 250° C. CO2 is converted simply in the presence of water vapor according the chemical equation: CO2+H2O→CO+H2+CxHy+02, wherein x is 1 or 2 and y is either 4 or 6.
Technetium is excluded due to its radioactive properties. The radioactive properties of Technetium and also the decay of Technetium itself may lead to unwanted alterations in the catalytic composition.
In a preferred embodiment, the matrix is a porous matrix. A higher porosity increases the surface to weight ratio and thus the contact surface for the compounds reacting with the catalyst.
In another preferred embodiment, the matrix of the catalytic composition has a surface to weight ratio of at least 40 m2/g. Higher surface to weight ratios such as 50 m2/g or even 60 m2/g, are particularly preferred.
Preferably, the at least one matrix component of the catalytic composition is selected from the group consisting of natural aluminosilicates, synthetic aluminosilicates, zeolites, vermiculite, activated carbon, obsidian, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, and mixtures thereof. More preferred are the components vermiculite and obsidian, and most preferred mixtures thereof. Naturally occurring matrix compounds such as vermiculite and obsidian also comprise metal elements, e.g. magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) in their composition. Further, they almost unavoidably comprise some impurities, e.g. further metal elements.
In another embodiment, the at least 7 elements of the catalytic composition are selected from the group consisting of Al, C, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Eu, Fe, Gd, Mo, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, O, and Sm. Again, the metal elements in the catalyst may be in elemental form or they may be in the form of compounds, e.g., their oxides, or as mixtures of the metals in elemental form and compounds of the metals. Catalytic compositions which comprise combinations of these elements achieve particularly good results in the conversion of CO2.
Catalytic compositions according to the present invention can be regenerated when they have reached their lifetime which is approximately 10′000 hours. Regeneration of the catalytic composition is achieved by thermal treatment with dry gas steam at a temperature of 300° C. or higher for one hour.
A method for preparing synthesis gas and hydrocarbon compounds from a CO2-containing gas comprises the following steps: First, the CO2-containing gas is mixed with water vapor. Second the mixture of CO2-containing gas and water vapor are subsequently contacted with a catalytic composition according to the present invention. Usually, the catalytic composition is heated to the desired process temperature. Synthesis gas, is a fuel gas mixture consisting primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and very often some carbon dioxide. Hydrocarbon compounds that are produced are mainly methane and ethane.
In a preferred embodiment, the method is carried out at a temperature below 250° C., preferably a temperature in the range of 100° C. to 180° C., preferably in the range of 120° C. to 160° C. and most preferably in the range of 130° C. to 150° C. The method is advantageously carried out at lower temperatures as this decreases energy consumption required for the heating of the reaction mixture and the catalytic composition.
In another embodiment, the method is carried out at low pressure, preferably at below 10 bars, more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 2 bar. Carrying out the reaction at lower pressures simplifies requirements regarding the equipment, the apparatus used.
Advantageously, the sources for the CO2-containing gas that may be used in the method according to the present invention are numerous and different. A preferred source for CO2-containing gas is exhaust gas of a combustion process. Other sources, such as exhaust gases of power plants or cement plants may also be used. Most advantageously, the CO2-containing gas may be unpurified exhaust gas. Thus, no tedious purification steps, for instance the separation of sulfur or nitrogen containing compounds, is necessary.
However, the CO2-containing gas can also be submitted to the reaction as gas mixture diluted with further gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, argon and sulfur oxides.
In a further embodiment, the heat energy of the CO2-containing gas is employed to carry out the catalytic reaction. For instance, the heat energy of exhaust gases originating from combustion processes can be employed to heat the catalytic composition as well as the production of water vapor. In addition, the heat energy of such exhaust gases is also sufficient to maintain the required process temperature.
Advantageously, the conversion rate for the conversion of CO2 to flammable gases is more than 30%, more preferably more than 50% or even more preferably more than 95%. A flammable gas is a gas that burns in the presence of an oxidant when provided with a source of ignition. Flammable gases may include methane, ethane, acetylene, hydrogen, propane, and propylene.
An apparatus for conducting the method according to the present invention comprises an inlet pipe for CO2-containing gas to the reaction system and a water inlet pipe. It further comprises an optional heating device which is used for the generation of water vapor. In parallel the heating device also serves for heating the catalytic composition. A reaction vessel comprises the catalytic composition, and an outlet pipe serves for discharging the reaction products. The reaction vessel is flow-connected with the inlet pipes and the outlet pipe.
In a preferred embodiment, the reaction vessel is a single chamber reactor or plug flow reactor.
The catalytic composition may be arranged in the reactor in a single zone or it may be arranged in several different zones, wherein these different zones all comprise the same catalytic composition, i.e the same at least seven elements in their elemental form or in the form of compounds, e.g. as their oxides, and dispersed in the same matrix. The zones are preferably arranged in series.
In another embodiment, there are at least two catalytic compositions comprising different elements. This means the catalytic compositions do comprise different at least seven elements in their elemental form or in the form of compounds, such as their oxides, and dispersed in the matrix. Of course, not all of the at least seven elements have to be different. It may just be one element of the at least seven elements that is different in the different catalytic compositions. These different catalytic compositions are arranged in different zones preferably in series for instance in a plug flow reactor. It is further possible to arrange more than two different catalytic compositions in series. Again, each catalytic composition is arranged in a distinct zone, wherein it is dispersed in a matrix. The matrix is preferably the same for all different catalytic compositions. However, the matrix the different catalytic compositions are dispersed in may also be different. This serial arrangement of several different catalytic compositions advantageously allows to increase efficiency of the conversion and to direct or influence the main products of the conversion.
The method for the conversion of CO2 and the apparatus for conducting the method according to the present invention are explained in more detail below with reference to exemplary embodiments in the drawings, in which, purely schematically:
In the following examples of the catalytic composition according to the present invention are described in more detail. The following examples show different catalyst compositions. All catalyst compositions were tested for their activity in converting CO2 in exhaust gases to synthesis gas and/or hydrocarbons. The catalytic composition comprises the matrix components and the catalyst components. Amounts of the different compounds are given weight-% of the catalytic composition.
The catalytic compositions of examples number 1 to 5 were subsequently placed in a plug flow reactor and tested for their catalytic activity in converting CO2-containing gas streams into synthesis gas and/or other hydrocarbon compounds. The reactor was heated to 140° C. CO2-containing gas and water vapor were mixed in the reactor and subsequently contacted with the catalytic composition. Samples of the gas stream were collected at the outlet pipe and subsequently analyzed.
Yet in other experiments also further reaction products are found in various concentration. These additional products are for example, but not limited to Methanol, Ethanol, Acetylene, Benzene and Formaldehyde.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17020309.5 | Jul 2017 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2018/069321 | 7/16/2018 | WO | 00 |
