Catalytic process for crude oil desalting

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
Described herein is a catalytic process for desalting hydrocarbon feedstocks, such as whole crude.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Zeolites, both natural and synthetic, have been demonstrated in the past to have catalytic properties for various types of hydrocarbon conversion. Certain zeolitic materials are ordered, porous crystalline aluminosilicates having a definite crystalline structure as determined by X-ray diffraction, within which there are a large number of smaller cavities which may be interconnected by a number of still smaller channels or pores. The pore systems of other zeolites lack cavities, and these systems consist essentially of unidimensional channels which extend throughout the crystal lattice. Since the dimensions of zeolite pores are such as to accept for adsorption molecules of certain dimensions while rejecting those of larger dimensions, these materials are known as "molecular sieves" and are utilized in a variety of ways to take advantage of these properties.
Such molecular sieves, both natural and synthetic, include a wide variety of positive ion-containing crystalline silicates. These silicates can be described as a rigid three-dimensional framework of SiO.sub.4 and, optionally, Periodic Table Group IIIB element oxide, e.g., AlO.sub.4, in which the tetrahedra are cross-linked by the sharing of oxygen atoms whereby the ratio of the total Group IIIB element, e.g., aluminum, and Group IVB element, e.g., silicon, atoms to oxygen atoms is 1:2. The electrovalence of the tetrahedra containing the Group IIIB element, e.g., aluminum, is balanced by the inclusion in the crystal of a cation, for example, an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal cation. This can be expressed wherein the ratio of the Group IIIB element, e.g., aluminum, to the number of various cations, such as Ca.sup.30 2, Sr.sup.+2, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Li.sup.+, is equal to unity. One type of cation may be exchanged either entirely or partially with another type of cation utilizing ion exchange techniques in a conventional manner. By means of such cation exchange, it has been possible to vary the properties of a given silicate by suitable selection of the cation. The spaces between the tetrahedra are occupied by molecules of water prior to dehydration.
Prior art techniques have resulted in the formation of a great variety of synthetic zeolites. Many of these zeolites have come to be designated by letter or other convenient symbols, as illustrated by zeolite A (U.S. Pat. No. 2,882,243); zeolite X (U.S. Pat. No. 2,882,244); zeolite Y (U.S. Pat. No. 3,130,007); zeolite ZK-5 (U.S. Pat. No. 3,247,195); zeolite ZK-4 (U.S. Pat. No. 3,314,752); zeolite ZSM-5 (U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,886); zeolite ZSM-11 (U.S. Pat. 3,709,979); zeolite ZSM-12 (U.S. Pat. 3,832,449); zeolite ZSM-20 (U.S. Pat. No. 3,972,983); ZSM-35 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,016,245); and zeolite ZSM-23 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,076,842), merely to name a few.
The SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of a given zeolite is often variable. For example, zeolite X can be synthesized with SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratios of from 2 to 3; zeolite Y, from 3 to about 6. In some zeolites, the upper limit of the SiO.sub.2 /A.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio is unbounded. ZSM-5 is one such example wherein the SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio is at least 5 and up to the limits of present analytical measurement techniques. U.S. Pat. No. 3,941,871 (Re. 29,948) discloses a porous crystalline silicate made from a reaction mixture containing no deliberately added alumina in the recipe and exhibiting the X-ray diffraction pattern characteristic of ZSM-5. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,061,724; 4,073,865 and 4,104,294 describe crystalline silicates of varying alumina and metal content.
Aluminum phosphates are taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,310,440 and 4,385,994, for example. These aluminum phosphate materials have essentially electroneutral lattices. These lattices may be described in terms of alternating AlO.sub.4 and PO.sub.4 tetrahedra. An example of such an aluminum phosphate is a material designated as AlPO.sub.4 -5.
Details of the structure of AlPO.sub.4 -5 are given by Meier and Olson in, Atlas of Zeolite Structure Types, 2nd rev. ed., published on behalf of the Structure Commission of the International Zeolite Association by Butterworths (1987). More particularly, Meier and Olson indicate that AlPO.sub.4 -5, also designated as AFI, is a material having pore windows formed by 12 tetrahedral members, these windows being about 7.3 Angstroms in diameter.
Of the siliceous zeolites discussed hereinabove, zeolites X and Y have the largest pore diameter and overall pore volume. Zeolites X and Y are synthetic analogues of the naturally occurring zeolite, faujasite. Details of the structure of faujasite are also given by Meier and Olson, ibid. More particularly, Meier and Olson indicate that faujasite, also designated as FAU, is a material having pore windows formed by 12 tetrahedral members, these windows being about 7.4 Angstroms in diameter. For the purposes of the present disclosure, the terms, siliceous zeolite and siliceous oxide, are defined as materials wherein at least 50 mole percent of the oxides thereof, as determined by elemental analysis, are silica. The pore volume of faujasite is believed to be about 0.26 cc/g.
An oxide material with even larger pores than faujasite and AlPO.sub.4 -5 is a material designated as VPI-5. The structure of VPI-5 is described by Davis et al in an article entitled, "VPI-5: The first molecular sieve with pores larger than 10 Angstroms", Zeolites, Vol. 8, 362-366 (1988). As indicated by Davies et al, VPI-5 has pore windows formed by 18 tetrahedral members of about 12-13 Angstroms in diameter. A material having the same structure as VPI-5 is designated MCM-9 and is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,880,611.
A naturally occurring, highly hydrated basic ferric oxyphosphate mineral, cacoxenite, is reported by Moore and Shen, Nature, Vol. 306, No. 5941, 356-358 (1983) to have a framework structure containing very large channels with a calculated free pore diameter of 14.2 Angstroms. R. Szostak et al., Zeolites: Facts, Figures, Future, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (1989), present work showing cacoxenite as being very hydrophilic, i.e., adsorbing non-polar hydrocarbons only with great difficulty. Their work also shows that thermal treatment of cacoxenite causes an overall decline in X-ray peak intensity.
In layered materials, the interatomic bonding in two directions of the crystalline lattice is substantially different from that in the third direction, resulting in a structure that contains cohesive units resembling sheets. Usually, the bonding between the atoms within these sheets is highly covalent, while adjacent layers are held together by ionic forces or van der Waals interactions. These latter forces can frequently be neutralized by relatively modest chemical means, while the bonding between atoms within the layers remains intact and unaffected.
Certain layered materials, which contain layers capable of being spaced apart with a swelling agent, may be pillared to provide materials having a large degree of porosity. Examples of such layered materials include clays. Such clays may be swollen with water, whereby the layers of the clay are spaced apart by water molecules. Other layered materials are not swellable with water, but may be swollen with certain organic swelling agents such as amines and quaternary ammonium compounds. Examples of such non-water swellable layered materials are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,859,648 and include trititanates, perovskites and layered silicates, such as magadiite and kenyaite. Another example of a non-water swellable layered material, which can be swollen with certain organic swelling agents, is a vacancy-containing titanometallate material, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,006.
Once a layered material is swollen, the material may be pillared by interposing a thermally stable substance, such as silica, between the spaced apart layers. The aforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,831,006 and 4,859,648 describe methods for pillaring the non-water swellable layered materials described therein and are incorporated herein by reference for definition of pillaring and pillared materials.
Other patents teaching pillaring of layered materials and the pillared products include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,216,188; 4,248,739; 4,176,090 and 4,367,163; and European Patent Application 205,711.
Whole crude oils contain trace salts, such as NaCl and CaCl.sub.2, and solids, which can cause equipment corrosion/fouling and downstream catalyst deactivation. Consequently, desalting is an important reaction in crude oil refining.
Salts and solids are conventionally removed in a desalting unit by mixing the crude oil with water and de-emulsifying chemicals. As a result of desalting, a significant quantity of waste water that contains salts, solids, benzene and other hydrocarbons is generated. In addition, the desalter generates emulsions which are difficult to break or recover in existing equipment. To meet the Benzene NESHAPS regulation, many refineries are required to remove benzene from the waste water stream generated by the desalting unit. Future regulations may require additional reduction of hydrocarbons.
Salt removal in conventional zeolite pores is restricted by low capacity for salt deposition. Solids generally have a particle size greater than about 1 micron and are also not readily accessible to the surface of conventional zeolite pores.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a catalytic desalting process that conserves water. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a catalytic desalting process that minimizes aqueous waste by eliminating the need for water in crude oil desalting.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, there has now been discovered a catalytic process for desalting. The process involves passing preheated whole crude oil over a large pore M41S catalyst. Salt is deposited in the pores of the catalyst. The process of the present invention may also use macroporous material for solids retention. Catalytic desalting according to the process of the present invention reduces the need and costs associated with treating a large volume of wastewater containing dissolved hydrocarbons and emulsified oil.
The invention therefore includes a catalytic process for desalting a hydrocarbon feedstock, said process comprising contacting said hydrocarbon feedstock with a catalyst comprising an inorganic, porous crystalline phase material having, after calcination, an X-ray diffraction pattern with at least one peak at a d-spacing greater than about 18 Angstrom Units with a relative intensity of 100 and a benzene adsorption capacity of greater than 15 grams benzene per 100 grams of said material at 50 torr and 25.degree. C.
The invention further includes a process for upgrading a hydrocarbon feedstock, said process comprising contacting said hydrocarbon feedstock with a porous material in a first reaction zone, said porous material having a pore size greater than about 10 microns; and
contacting the effluent from said first reaction zone with a catalyst in a second reaction zone, said catalyst comprising an inorganic, porous crystalline phase material having, after calcination, an X-ray diffraction pattern with at least one peak at a d-spacing greater than about 18 Angstrom Units with a relative intensity of 100 and a benzene adsorption capacity of greater than 15 grams benzene per 100 grams of said material at 50 torr and 25.degree. C.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A catalytic process is provided comprising processing whole crude oils over a large pore M41S catalyst to remove salts and sediments. Similar to resid demetalation, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,183,561 and 5,344,553, the catalyst serves as a porous reservoir for salt deposition. The M41S catalyst of the present invention has been found to be active for sodium removal at relatively mild operating conditions. In addition, other trace metals such as iron and copper found in crude oils may also be removed by the present catalytic desalting process.
The feedstock employed in the present invention includes whole crude oils, such as Arabian Light crude, Venezuelan Heavy crude and Arun condensate. Dissolved salts comprising significant amounts of sodium and calcium salts, may be present, i.e. amounts greater than about 3 ppmw. Other metals such as nickel, vanadium, iron and copper may also be present.
Salts are either dissolved in water or associated with heavy polar compounds, such as asphaltenes and naphthenic acids, of the crude oils. In the catalytic desalting process of the present invention, the salts are removed via deposition inside the pores of the catalysts, particularly in the presence of hydrogen.
The dissolved salts removed by the process of the present invention include chlorides, hydroxides and carbonates of sodium, magnesium and calcium.
Solid material comprising silt, iron oxides, sand, clay, crystalline salt, carbon and sulfur may also be removed by the process of the present invention. Solids found in crude oils are much larger in size than salts and generally have a particle size greater than about 1 micron. Prior to contacting with the large pore M41S catalyst, the crude is contacted with a very porous material having a pore size greater than about 10 microns.
Suitable porous materials have a pore volume of greater than about 0.5 cc/g. The surface area of the porous materials is less than about 100 m.sup.2 /g. Suitable porous materials include inorganic oxides, such as alumina and silica, silica-alumina, and aluminate spinels, such as magnesium aluminate spinel and nickel aluminate spinel. Pores greater than about 10 microns can be formed by conventional means, such as by extrusion and by the addition of organic fillers. The use of organic fillers is particularly preferred. Organic fillers, such as starch, carbon, cellulose, fibers, resin, and polymers can be used. The solids are removed via deposition inside the pores of the very porous material, particularly in the presence of hydrogen.
When the porous material and the M41S catalyst are used in one reactor, the volume ratio of porous material to the M41S catalyst is about 1/10, preferably about 2/10, and more preferably about 2/6. The reactors may also be used in series with the porous material in the first reactor and the M41S catalyst in the second reactor.
The desalting process of the present invention removes clays and salts from the crude oil. Depending on operating severity, the process of the present invention can upgrade high sulfur crudes to low sulfur crudes in the desalting stage.
The process of the present invention operates under relatively mild conditions. Generally, the temperature is in the range of from about 220.degree. to about 800.degree. F. The process of the present invention operates at temperatures below about 500.degree. F. Operating conditions further include a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) in the range of from about 1 to about 5 hr.sup.-1 and hydrogen pressure in the range of from about 100 to about 2000 psig. High hydrogen pressure increases desulfurization and removal of other trace metals found in crude oils, such as nickel, vanadium, iron and copper.
Suitable reactors for use in the process of the present invention include fixed-bed, moving-bed, and fluidized-bed (ebullated-bed) reactors.
The catalytic material used in the whole crude oil desalting process of the present invention includes a novel synthetic composition of matter comprising an ultra-large pore size crystalline phase. This material may be an inorganic, porous, non-layered, crystalline phase material which can be characterized (in its calcined form) by an X-ray diffraction pattern with at least one peak at a d-spacing greater than about 18 Angstroms with a relative intensity of 100 and a benzene sorption capacity of greater than 15 grams of benzene per 100 grams of the material at 50 torr and 25.degree. C. This material, identified as M41S, and its preparation and properties are described in further detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,643, incorporated herein by reference.
The preferred form of the crystalline material is an inorganic, porous material having a hexagonal arrangement of uniformly sized pores with a maximum perpendicular cross-section pore diameter of at least about 13 .ANG. Units, and typically within the range of from about 13 .ANG. Units to about 200 .ANG. Units, identified as MCM-41. This material exhibits a hexagonal electron diffraction pattern that can be indexed with a d.sub.100 value greater than about 18 Angstroms which corresponds to at least one peak in the X-ray diffraction pattern. This material and its preparation and properties are described in further detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,684, incorporated herein by reference.
The methodology and procedures herein describe the synthesis of the crystalline oxide materials which are formed by the use of the broad range of amphophilic compounds with particular emphasis on cationic amphiphiles. These compounds serve as liquid crystal templates in directing the formation of these new species. In a general context the invention involves the formation of highly-ordered inorganic oxide structures in any medium wherein the inorganic oxide structure that forms is defined by the solvent domains (e.g., aqueous domains) in the liquid crystalline structures. Optionally, the organic amphiphile may be removed by washing and drying, or by calcination in air, which then leaves a porous inorganic material with highly uniform, accessible pores.
The pore diameters of mesoporous, inorganic phases of this invention may also be altered by the addition of auxiliary organics to the reaction mixture. A variety of organic molecules of varying polarity may serve as auxiliary organic swelling agents in the preparation of the mesoporous materials. A variety of nonpolar organics, such as alkylated aromatics and straight or branched chain hydrocarbons are effective in increasing the pore dimension of these materials. Agents which produce swelled versions of the hexagonal phase as determined from X-ray powder diffraction patterns (3-4 peaks related by hexagonal constraints) are generally nonpolar aromatics possessing short aliphatic chains. Straight and branched chain hydrocarbons in the C.sub.5 -C.sub.12 range are also effective in increasing pore size; however, the products often exhibit an apparent mixture of phases. Polar organic species, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and ethers, were found to be ineffective in increasing pore size of these materials, and in several cases, were found to disrupt the synthesis resulting in the isolation of completely amorphous materials. These results support a swelling mechanism in which the auxiliary organic is solubilized by surfactant micelles. Organics which are non-polar and thus hydrophobic are susceptible to solubilization in the micellar interior and are found to be effective swelling agents. Those organics which have considerable polar character are insoluble in the micelles interior and are therefore incapable of micellar swelling. These species produce no increase in pore dimension of the resulting products. These results are consistent with established principles concerning the concept of organic solubilization in micellar systems.
Although the reaction mixtures of the present invention contain several other chemical components/phases/ions which will affect the CMC, the overall surfactant concentrations (surfactant:total water) are always well above the CMC. Thus, in the present invention, a variety of amphiphile types have been employed as liquid crystal templates in the formation of novel mesoporous materials. Furthermore, alteration of even one type of amphiphile may lead to the formation of varied pore dimension.
In the preparation of mesporous phases described herein, the amphiphile chain length is reflected in the nature of the final product. The effect of chain length variation of alkyltrimethylammonium amphiphile cations used in the synthesis of the present mesoporous materials is clearly demonstrated by the variation in pore diameter of the final products. A range of pore sizes for the hexagonal materials is possible based on the carbon chain length. For example, the hexagonal phase of the mesoporous material may be prepared with alkyltrimethylammonium surfactant cations of carbon chain length C.sub.9 -C.sub.16, and these materials will exhibit pore sizes increasing with increasing carbon chain length.
The exploitation of the properties of amphophilic compounds and their aggregated micellar forms in the formation of a variety of new inorganic oxide phases is described herein. In addition, a more general concept involves the formation of inorganic oxide structures formed from any aqueous or non-aqueous liquid crystal-containing medium. Another example of a novel liquid crystal synthesis system is the formation of inorganic oxide structures from reverse micelle systems. In these systems, at high amphiphile concentration, the liquid crystal template might be the water phase with the inorganic structure forming in the "oil" phase.
The oxide materials described herein may be inorganic, porous materials having a pore size of at least about 13 Angstroms. More particularly, the pore size of the present materials may be within the range of from about 13 Angstroms to about 200 Angstroms. Certain of these novel oxide compositions may exhibit a hexagonal electron diffraction pattern that can be indexed with a d.sub.100 value greater than about 18 Angstroms, and a benzene adsorption capacity of greater than about 15 grams benzene/100 grams crystal at 50 torr and 25.degree. C. Certain of these oxide materials may have a hexagonal arrangement of uniformly sized pores.
To the extent desired, the original ions of the assynthesized material described herein can be replaced in accordance with techniques well known in the art, at least in part, by ion exchange with other ions. Examples of such replacing ions include metal ions, hydrogen ions, hydrogen precursor, e.g. ammonium, ions and mixtures thereof. Particular examples of such ions are those which tailor the catalytic activity for certain hydrocarbon conversion reactions. Replacing ions include hydrogen, rare earth metals and metals of Groups IA (e.g. K), IIA (e.g. Ca), VIIA (e.g. Mn), VIIIA (e.g. Ni), IB (e.g. Cu), IIB (e.g. Zn), IIIB (e.g. In), IVB (e.g. Sn), and VIIB (e.g. F) of the Periodic Table of the Elements (Sargent-Welch Scientific Co. Cat. No. S-18806, 1979) and mixtures thereof.
Certain of the oxide materials described herein may be readily identified as crystalline materials. The term "crystalline" is meant herein as having sufficient order to produce at least one peak in a diffraction pattern from electromagnetic radiation or particle beams. These crystalline materials may have a diffraction pattern produced, for example, by X-ray, electron or neutron diffraction. These crystalline materials may have sufficient thermal stability to retain the crystallinity thereof after being subjected to calcination conditions to remove organic material from the as-synthesized forms thereof.
Certain of the oxide materials described herein may be readily identified as mesoporous materials. These mesoporous materials may have extremely large pore windows, and high sorption capacity. The term "mesoporous" is used here to indicate materials having pores within the range of from about 13 Angstroms to about 200 Angstroms. The materials described herein may have uniform pores within the range of from about 13 Angstroms to about 200 Angstroms, more usually from about 15 Angstroms to about 100 Angstroms. For the purposes of this disclosure, a working definition of "porous" is a material that adsorbs at least 1 gram of a small molecule, such as Ar, N.sub.2, n-hexane or cyclohexane, per 100 grams of the solid.
Certain of the porous oxide materials described herein can be distinguished from other porous inorganic solids by the regularity of their large open pores, whose pore size is greater than that of microporous zeolites, but whose regular arrangement and uniformity of size (pore size distribution within a single phase of, for example, .+-.25% usually .+-.15% or less of the average pore size of that phase) resemble those of zeolites.
Certain forms of the present materials may give rise to characteristic X-ray diffraction patterns, which serve to identify these materials as hexagonal or cubic, as well as to distinguish these materials from lamellar materials or other materials such as known microporous zeolites, layered materials, pillared materials and amorphous materials. Such patterns may have at least two peaks. The positions of these peaks vary with changes in the pore diameters of the materials, but the ratios of d-spacings of those peaks will remain fixed. Using d.sub.1 to indicate the d-spacing of the strongest peak in the X-ray diffraction pattern (relative intensity=100), the X-ray diffraction pattern of certain materials produced using amphophilic compounds exhibit d.sub.1 at a position greater than about 18 Angstroms d-spacing and at least one additional weaker peak with d-spacing d.sub.2 such that the ratios of these d-spacings relative to d.sub.1 correspond to the ranges given in X-ray diffraction pattern Tables set forth hereinafter.
The hexagonal form of the present material, MCM-41 may have an X-ray diffraction pattern with one or more peaks. If only one peak is observed in this pattern, it may be necessary to employ more sensitive techniques, such as electron diffraction by TEM as described hereinafter, in order to confirm the hexagonal symmetry of MCM-41.
X-ray patterns of MCM-41 having 2 or more peaks may have the values given in Table 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________d-spacing Angstroms d.sub.n /d.sub.1 Relative Intensity______________________________________d.sub.1 .gtoreq. .about. 18 1.0 100d.sub.2 0.58 .+-. 0.06 W______________________________________
X-ray patterns of MCM-41 having 3 or more peaks may have the values given in Table 2.
TABLE 2______________________________________d-spacing Angstroms d.sub.n /d.sub.1 Relative Intensity______________________________________d.sub.1 .gtoreq. .about. 18 1.0 100d.sub.2 0.58 .+-. 0.06 Wd.sub.3 0.50 .+-. 0.02 W______________________________________
X-ray patterns of MCM-41 having 4 or more peaks may have the values given in Table 3.
TABLE 3______________________________________d-spacing Angstroms d.sub.n /d.sub.1 Relative Intensity______________________________________d.sub.1 .gtoreq. .about. 18 1.0 100d.sub.2 0.58 .+-. 0.06 Wd.sub.3 0.50 .+-. 0.02 Wd.sub.4 0.38 .+-. 0.02 W______________________________________
The most regular preparations of the hexagonal form of the present mesoporous material give an X-ray diffraction pattern with a few distinct maxima in the extreme low angle region. The positions of these peaks approximately fit the positions of the hkO reflections from a hexagonal lattice. The X-ray diffraction pattern, however, is not always a sufficient indicator of the presence of these materials, as the degree of regularity in the microstructure and the extent of repetition of the structure within individual particles affect the number of peaks that will be observed. Indeed, preparations with only one distinct peak in the low angle region of the X-ray diffraction pattern have been found to contain substantial amounts of the present material in them. Other techniques to illustrate the microstructure of this material are transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Properly oriented specimens of the hexagonal form of the present material show a hexagonal arrangement of large channels and the corresponding electron diffraction pattern gives an approximately hexagonal arrangement of diffraction maxima. The d.sub.100 spacing of the electron diffraction patterns is the distance between adjacent spots on the hkO projection of the hexagonal lattice and is related to the repeat distance angstrom between channels observed in the electron micrographs through the formula d.sub.100 =a.sub.0 .sqroot.3/2. This d.sub.100 spacing observed in the electron diffraction patterns corresponds to the d-spacing of a low angle peak in the X-ray diffraction pattern of the material. The most highly ordered preparations of MCM-41 obtained so far have 20-40 distinct spots observable in the electron diffraction patterns. These patterns can be indexed with the hexagonal hkO subset of unique reflections of 100, 110, 200, 210, etc., and their symmetry-related reflections.
In its calcined form, the crystalline mesoporous material described herein may have an X-ray diffraction pattern with at least one peak at a position greater than about 18 Angstrom Units d-spacing (4.909 degrees two-theta for Cu K-alpha radiation) which corresponds to the d.sub.100 value of the electron diffraction pattern of the material, and an equilibrium benzene adsorption capacity of greater than about 15 grams benzene/100 grams crystal at 50 torr and 25.degree. C. (basis: crystal material having been treated in an attempt to insure no pore blockage by incidental contaminants, if necessary).
Certain of the calcined crystalline non-layered materials described herein may be characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern with at least two peaks at positions greater than about 10 Angstrom Units d-spacing (8.842 degrees two-theta for Cu K-alpha radiation), at least one of which is at a position greater than about 18 Angstrom Units d-spacing, and no peaks at positions less than about 10 Angstrom units d-spacing with relative intensity greater than about 20% of the strongest peak. The X-ray diffraction pattern of calcined materials described herein may have no peaks at positions less than about 10 Angstrom units d-spacing with relative intensity greater than about 10% of the strongest peak. In any event, at least one peak in the X-ray diffraction pattern will have a d-spacing that corresponds to the d.sub.100 value of the electron diffraction pattern of the material.
Certain forms of this material appear to have a hexagonal arrangement of large open channels that can be synthesized with open internal diameters from about 13 Angstroms to about 200 Angstroms. These forms are referred to herein as hexagonal forms. The term "hexagonal" is intended to encompass not only materials that exhibit mathematically perfect hexagonal symmetry within the limits of experimental measurement, but also those with significant observable deviations from that ideal state. A working definition as applied to the microstructure of the hexagonal form of the present mesoporous material would be that most channels in the material would be surrounded by six nearest neighbor channels at roughly the same distance. Defects and imperfections may cause significant numbers of channels to violate this criterion to varying degrees, depending on the quality of the material's preparation. Samples which exhibit as much as .+-.25% random deviation from the average repeat distance between adjacent channels still clearly give recognizable images of the hexagonal form of the present ultra-large pore materials. Comparable variations are also observed in the d.sub.100 values from the electron diffraction patterns.
To illustrate the nature of the mesoporous material described herein, samples of these materials may be studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM is a technique used to reveal the microscopic structure of materials, including crystalline materials. In order to illuminate the microstructure of materials by TEM, samples must be thin enough for an electron beam to pass through them, generally about 500-1000 Angstrom units or so thick. When the crystals of the present materials are too thick, they should be prepared for study by ultramicrotomy. While time consuming, this technique of sample preparation is quite familiar to those skilled in the art of electron microscopy. The materials may be embedded in a resin, e.g., a commercially available low viscosity acrylic resin L. R. WHITE (hard), which is then cured at about 80.degree. C. for about 11/2 hours. Thin sections of the block may be cut on an ultramicrotome using a diamond knife and sections in the thickness range 500-1000 Angstrom units may be collected on fine mesh electron microscope support grids. An LKB model microtome with a 45.degree. C. diamond knife edge may be used; the support grids may be 400 mesh copper grids. After evaporation of a thin carbon coating on the sample to prevent charging in the microscope (light gray color on a white sheet of paper next to the sample in the evaporator), the samples are ready for examination in the TEM.
High resolution TEM micrographs show projections of structure along the direction that the sample is viewed. For this reason, it is necessary to have a sample in specific orientations to see certain details of the microstructure of the material. For crystalline materials, these orientations are most easily chosen by observing the electron diffraction pattern (EDP) that is produced simultaneously with the electron microscope image. Such EDP's are readily produced on modern TEM instruments using, e.g., the selected area field limiting aperture technique familiar to those skilled in the art of electron microscopy. When an EDP with the desired arrangement of diffraction spots is observed, the corresponding image of the crystal giving that EDP will reveal details of the microstructure along the direction of projection indicated by the EDP. In this way, different projections of a crystal's structure can be observed and identified using TEM.
In order to observe the salient features of the hexagonal form of the present mesoporous material, it is necessary to view the material in an orientation wherein the corresponding EDP gives a hexagonal arrangement of diffraction spots from a single individual crystal. If multiple crystals are present within the field limiting aperture, overlapping diffraction patterns will occur that can be quite difficult to interpret. The number of diffraction spots observed depends to a degree upon the regularity of the crystalline arrangement in the material, among other things. At the very least, however, the inner ring of bright spots should be observed to obtain a good image. Individual crystals can be manipulated by specimen tilt adjustments on the TEM until this orientation is achieved. More often, it is easier to take advantage of the fact that the specimen contains many randomly oriented crystals and to simply search through the sample until a crystal giving the desired EDP (and hence orientation) is located.
Microtomed samples of materials may be examined by the techniques described above in a JEOL 200 CX transmission electron microscope operated at 200,000 volts with an effective 2 Angstrom objective aperture in place. The instrument has a point-to-point resolution of 4.5 Angstroms. Other experimental arrangements familiar to one skilled in the art of high resolution (phase contrast) TEM could be used to produce equivalent images provided care is taken to keep the objective lens on the underfocus (weak lens) side of the minimum contrast lens current setting.
The application of the above-mentioned TEM techniques to particular samples is described in Example 23 of the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,684.
X-ray patterns of the cubic form of the present material (hereinafter also referred to as MCM-48) having 2 or more peaks may have the values given in Table 4.
TABLE 4______________________________________d-spacing Angstroms d.sub.n /d.sub.1 Relative Intensity______________________________________d.sub.1 .gtoreq. .about. 18 1.0 100d.sub.2 0.87 .+-. 0.06 W-M______________________________________
X-ray patterns of MCM-48 having 3 or more peaks may have the values given in Table 5.
TABLE 5______________________________________d-spacing Angstroms d.sub.n /d.sub.1 Relative Intensity______________________________________d.sub.1 .gtoreq. .about. 18 1.0 100d.sub.2 0.87 .+-. 0.06 W-Md.sub.3 0.52 .+-. 0.04 W______________________________________
X-ray patterns of MCM-48 having 5 or more peaks may have the values given in Table 6.
TABLE 6______________________________________d-spacing Angstroms d.sub.n /d.sub.1 Relative Intensity______________________________________d.sub.1 .gtoreq. .about. 18 1.0 100d.sub.2 0.87 .+-. 0.06 W-Md.sub.3 0.55 .+-. 0.02 Wd.sub.4 0.52 .+-. 0.01 Wd.sub.5 0.50 .+-. 0.01 W______________________________________
If the reaction mixture has a composition outside the scope of the present invention, a lamellar form of an oxide material may be produced. X-ray patterns of this lamellar form of the material having 2 or more peaks may have the values given in Table 7.
TABLE 7______________________________________d-spacing Angstroms d.sub.n /d.sub.1 Relative Intensity______________________________________d.sub.1 .gtoreq. .about. 18 1.0 100d.sub.2 0.50 .+-. 0.06 W______________________________________
X-ray patterns of this lamellar material having 3 or more peaks may have the value given in Table 8.
TABLE 8______________________________________d-spacing Angstroms d.sub.n /d.sub.1 Relative Intensity______________________________________d.sub.1 .gtoreq. .about. 18 1.0 100d.sub.2 0.50 .+-. 0.06 Wd.sub.3 0.33 .+-. 0.06 W______________________________________
X-ray patterns of this lamellar material having 4 or more peaks may have the values given in Table 9.
TABLE 9______________________________________d-spacing Angstroms d.sub.n /d.sub.1 Relative Intensity______________________________________d.sub.1 .gtoreq. .about. 18 1.0 100d.sub.2 0.50 .+-. 0.06 Wd.sub.3 0.33 .+-. 0.06 Wd.sub.4 0.25 .+-. 0.06 W______________________________________
The X-ray diffraction pattern for the lamellar material has no peaks at positions above 10 degrees 2 theta with an intensity above 10% of the strongest peak.
Most forms of MCM-41 and MCM-48 are quite thermally stable. For example, the as-synthesized forms of these materials may be subjected to calcination sufficient to remove organics, e.g., occluded surfactants from the reaction mixtures, without measurably degrading the crystallinity of the materials, as noted by changes in the X-ray diffraction patterns of the calcined materials in comparison with the X-ray diffraction patterns of the as-synthesized materials. It should be noted, however, that the presence or absence of organic material within the channels of the porous material will substantially affect the relative intensities of the peaks listed in the Tables, particularly resulting in enhanced relative intensities of the shorter d-spacing peaks. The ratios of d-spacings d.sub.n /d.sub.1, however, will not be substantially affected. These calcination conditions may include calcination of the as-synthesized material in nitrogen at 540.degree. C. for one hour, followed by calcination in air at 540.degree. C. for 6 hours. The above-mentioned X-ray diffraction pattern Tables for MCM-41 and MCM-48 were mostly derived from the calcined forms of these materials, which were calcined under the above-mentioned conditions including a temperature of 540.degree. C. Accordingly, these X-ray diffraction pattern Tables especially pertain to forms of MCM-41 and MCM-48, which are calcined one or more times under these conditions. However, it will be understood that the d-spacing ratios d.sub.n /d.sub.1 in these X-ray diffraction pattern Tables also pertain to other forms of MCM-41 and MCM-48, including as-synthesized forms or other forms, such as where occluded surfactant from the reaction mixture has been totally or partially removed by other treatments, such as calcination under different conditions, washing with an appropriate solvent, ion exchange or combinations of such treatments. Material in the channels of these materials may affect the relative intensities of the peaks in the Tables.
Certain as-synthesized forms of MCM-41 and MCM-48 may not be sufficiently thermally stable to withstand calcination conditions without undergoing substantial degradation in crystallinity and/or porosity. However, certain thermally unstable, as-synthesized forms of MCM-41 and MCM-48 may be stabilized by a stabilization treatment disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,829, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. This stabilization treatment involves contacting the material with a compound of the formula
M'X'.sub.2 Y'.sub.n
where M' is boron, aluminum, silicon or titanium; X' represents alkyl halides having from 1-6 carbon atoms and/or alkoxides having 1-6 carbon atoms; Y' represents X and/or alkyls with 1-12 carbon atoms; and n=1-2. Examples of compounds of the formula M'X'.sub.2 Y'.sub.n are tetraethylorthosilicate, tetramethylorthosilicate, titanium tetraethoxide, aluminum tri-sec-butoxide and aluminum tri-iso-butoxide. The treatment mixture containing crystalline material and M'X'.sub.2 Y'.sub.n may also include solvents as are known in the art, preferably organic solvents such as alcohols and diols having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (C.sub.1-6). The ratio of crystalline material to treatment compound may vary within wide limits, e.g., from about 1:100 to about 100:1. The temperature at which the treatment method may be carried out is limited, as a practical matter, only by the freezing or boiling point (including the boiling point under pressure) of the treatment mixture, and the time of contacting is not critical and may be, for example, from about 1 to about 24 hours, preferably from about 1 to about 12 hours. After treatment, the treated product is preferably calcined, preferably in the presence of oxygen, under conditions sufficient to convert the compound to an oxide of M'.
Without being bound by any theory, it is theorized that this stabilization treatment of MCM-41 and MCM-48 results in the insertion of additional matter into the pore walls, thereby resulting in stronger, more stable pore walls. It will be understood that the above-mentioned X-ray diffraction pattern Tables for MCM-41 and MCM-48 represent forms of MCM-41 and MCM-48, which have been subjected to stabilization treatments, such as those disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,829.
The calcined inorganic, crystalline material described herein may have a pore size of about 13 Angstroms or greater as measured by physisorption measurements, hereinafter more particularly set forth. It will be understood that pore size refers to the diameter of the pore. The pores of the present hexagonal form of these materials are believed to be essentially cylindrical.
The equilibrium benzene adsorption capacity characteristic of this material is measured on the basis of no pore blockage by incidental contaminants. For instance, the sorption test will be conducted on the crystalline material phase having any pore blockage contaminants and water removed by ordinary methods. Water may be removed by dehydration techniques, e.g. thermal treatment. Pore blocking inorganic amorphous materials, e.g. silica, and organics may be removed by contact with acid or base or other chemical agents such that the detrital material will be removed without detrimental effect on the mesoporous crystal described herein.
The following description provides examples of how physisorption measurements, particularly argon physisorption measurements, may be taken. Examples 22(a) and 22(b) of the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,684, provide demonstrations of these measurements as applied to particular samples.
To determine the pore diameters of products with pores up to about 60 Angstroms in diameter, 0.2 gram samples of the products may be placed in glass sample tubes and attached to a physisorption apparatus as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,762,010, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The samples may be heated to 300.degree. C. for 3 hours in vacuo to remove adsorbed water. Thereafter, the samples may be cooled to 87.degree. K. by immersion of the sample tubes in liquid argon. Metered amounts of gaseous argon may then be admitted to the samples in stepwise manner as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,762,010, column 20. From the amount of argon admitted to the samples and the amount of argon left in the gas space above the samples, the amount of argon adsorbed can be calculated. For this calculation, the ideal gas law and the calibrated sample volumes may be used. (See also S. J. Gregg et al., Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity, 2nd ed., Academic Press, (1982)). In each instance, a graph of the amount adsorbed versus the relative pressure above the sample, at equilibrium, constitutes the adsorption isotherm. It is common to use relative pressures which are obtained by forming the ratio of the equilibrium pressure and the vapor pressure P.sub.o of the adsorbate at the temperature where the isotherm is measured. Sufficiently small amounts of argon may be admitted in each step to generate, e.g., 168 data points in the relative pressure range from 0 to 0.6. At least about 100 points are required to define the isotherm with sufficient detail.
The step (inflection) in the isotherm indicates filling of a pore system. The size of the step indicates the amount adsorbed, whereas the position of the step in terms of P/P.sub.o reflects the size of the pores in which the adsorption takes place. Larger pores are filled at higher P/P.sub.o. In order to better locate the position of the step in the isotherm, the derivative with respect to log (P/P.sub.o) is formed. The position of an adsorption peak in terms of log (P/P.sub.o) may be converted to the physical pore diameter in Angstroms by using the following formula: ##EQU1## wherein d=pore diameter in nanometers, K=32.17, S=0.2446, L=d+0.19, and D=0.57.
This formula is derived from the method of Horvath and Kawazoe (G. Horvath et al., J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 16 (6) 470(1983)). The constants required for the implementation of this formula were determined from a measured isotherm of AlPO.sub.4 -5 and its known pore size. This method is particularly useful for porous materials having pores of up to about 60 Angstroms in diameter.
For materials having a pore size greater than 9 Angstroms, the plot of log (P/P.sub.o) vs. the derivative of uptake may reveal more than one peak. More particularly, a peak may be observed at P/P.sub.o =0.0027. This peak reflects adsorption on the walls of the pores and is not otherwise indicative of the size of the pores of a given material.
A material with pore size of 39.6 Angstroms has a peak occurring at log (P/P.sub.o)=-0.4 or P/P.sub.o =0.4. A value of P/P.sub.o of 0.03 corresponds to 13 Angstroms pore size
The above method of Horvath and Kawazoe for determining pore size from physisorption isotherms was intended to be applied to pore systems of up to 20 Angstroms diameter; but with some care as above detailed, its use can be extended to pores of up to 60 Angstroms diameter, as described above.
In the pore regime above 60 Angstroms diameter, however, the Kelvin equation can be applied. It is usually given as: ##EQU2## where: .lambda.=surface tension of sorbate
V=molar volume of sorbate
.theta.=contact angle (usually taken for practical reasons to be 0)
R=gas constant
T=absolute temperature
r.sub.k =capillary condensate (pore) radius
P/P.sub.o =relative pressure (taken from the physisorption isotherm)
The Kelvin equation treats adsorption in pore systems as a capillary condensation phenomenon and relates the pressure at which adsorption takes place to the pore diameter through the surface tension and contact angle of the adsorbate (in this case, argon). The principles upon which the Kelvin equation are based are valid for pores in the size range 50 to 1000 Angstroms diameter. Below this range the equation no longer reflects physical reality, since true capillary condensation cannot occur in smaller pores; above this range the logarithmic nature of the equation precludes obtaining sufficient accuracy for pore size determination.
The particular implementation of the Kelvin equation often chosen for measurement of pore size is that reported by Dollimore and Heal (D. Dollimore and G. R. Heal, J. Applied Chem, 14, 108 (1964)). This method corrects for the effects of the surface layer of adsorbate on the pore wall, of which the Kelvin equation proper does not take account, and thus provides a more accurate measurement of pore diameter. While the method of Dollimore and Heal was derived for use on desorption isotherms, it can be applied equally well to adsorption isotherms by simply inverting the data set.
Non-lamellar forms of materials described herein, such as MCM-48 and, especially, MCM-41, may be distinguished from other oxide materials in terms of their pore sizes and the uniformity of their pore systems. A distinctive feature of certain forms of MCM-41 and MCM-48 is that these materials are (1) non-lamellar (e.g., non-layered or non-pillared), (2) have pore sizes over 13 Angstroms (e.g., over 15 Angstroms, even over 20 Angstroms), and (3) have an X-ray diffraction pattern with at least one peak, e.g., at a d-spacing of at least about 18 Angstroms.
Another indication of the uniformity of pore systems in these materials is apparent from the physisorption characteristics of these materials. More particularly, the plots of log (P/P.sub.o) vs. the derivative of uptake may reveal sharp peaks not observed for other large-pore materials, such as amorphous materials and pillared, layered materials.
Another distinctive feature of materials described herein, especially MCM-41 and MCM-48, is the extremely large surface areas of these materials. More particularly, certain forms of MCM-41 and MCM-48 may have surface areas over 800 m.sup.2 /g. Especially distinct forms of these materials with high surface areas include those with especially large pore sizes (e.g., greater than 20 Angstroms or 30 Angstroms), particularly those materials which are observed to have uniform pore size distributions.
A further distinctive feature of materials described herein, especially MCM-41 and MCM-48, is the large pore volumes of these materials. One indication of the pore volumes of these materials is their benzene sorption capacity. Pore volumes may also be measured by physisorption measurements. Such measurements of certain forms of materials described herein, such as forms of MCM-41 and MCM-48 may reveal pore volumes of greater than 0.40 cc/g.
As mentioned hereinabove the large pore sizes of materials described herein may be confirmed by physisorption measurements, especially argon physisorption measurements. Another indication of large pore sizes of materials described herein may be provided by determining their ability to sorb large probe molecules, such as molecules having kinetic diameters of at least 8.5 Angstroms, e.g., 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene.
X-ray diffraction data were collected on a Scintag PAD X automated diffraction system employing theta-theta geometry, Cu K-alpha radiation, and an energy dispersive X-ray detector. Use of the energy dispersive X-ray detector eliminated the need for incident or diffracted beam monochromators. Both the incident and diffracted X-ray beams were collimated by double slit incident and diffracted collimation systems. The slit sizes used, starting from the X-ray tube source, were 0.5, 1.0, 0.3 and 0.2 mm, respectively. Different slit systems may produce differing intensities for the peaks. The mesoporous materials described herein that have the largest pore sizes may require more highly collimated incident X-ray beams in order to resolve the low angle peak from the transmitted incident X-ray beam.
The diffraction data were recorded by step-scanning at 0.04 or less degrees of two-theta, where theta is the Bragg angle, and a counting time of 10 seconds for each step. The interplanar spacings, d's, were calculated in Angstrom units (A), and the relative intensities of the lines, I/I.sub.o, where I.sub.o is one-hundredth of the intensity of the strongest line, above background, were derived with the use of a profile fitting routine. The intensities were uncorrected for Lorentz and polarization effects. The relative intensities are given in terms of the symbols vs=very strong (75-100), s=strong (50-74), m=medium (25-49) and w=weak (0-24). It should be understood that diffraction data listed as single lines may consist of multiple overlapping lines which under certain conditions, such as very high experimental resolution or crystallographic changes, may appear as resolved or partially resolved lines. Typically, crystallographic changes can include minor changes in unit cell parameters and/or a change in crystal symmetry, without a substantial change in structure. These minor effects, including changes in relative intensities, can also occur as a result of differences in cation content, framework composition, nature and degree of pore filling, thermal and/or hydrothermal history, and peak width/shape variations due to particle size/shape effects, structural disorder or other factors known to those skilled in the art of X-ray diffraction.
The equilibrium benzene adsorption capacity may be determined by contacting the crystalline material described herein, after dehydration or calcination at, for example, about 540.degree. C. for at least about one hour and other treatment, if necessary, in an attempt to remove any pore blocking contaminants, at 25.degree. C. and 50 torr benzene until equilibrium is reached. The weight of benzene sorbed is then determined as more particularly described hereinafter.
The crystalline material described herein should be subjected to treatment to remove part or all of any organic constituent. The present composition can also be used as a catalyst component (e.g., a support) in intimate combination with a hydrogenating component such as a metal, particularly a transition metal, especially tungsten, vanadium, molybdenum, rhenium, nickel, cobalt, chromium, manganese, or a noble metal such as platinum or palladium or mixtures thereof where a hydrogenation-dehydrogenation function is to be performed. Such component can be in the composition by way of co-crystallization, exchanged into the composition to the extent a Group IIIB element, e.g. aluminum, is in the structure, impregnated therein or intimately physically admixed therewith. Such component can be impregnated in or on to it such as, for example, by, in the case of platinum, treating the material with a solution containing a platinum metal-containing ion. Thus, suitable platinum compounds for this purpose include chloroplatinic acid, platinous chloride and various compounds containing the platinum amine complex.
The above crystalline material, especially in its metal, hydrogen and ammonium forms can be beneficially converted to another form by thermal treatment (calcination). This thermal treatment is generally performed by heating one of these forms at a temperature of at least 400.degree. C. for at least 1 minute and generally not longer than 20 hours, preferably from about 1 to about 10 hours. While subatmospheric pressure can be employed for the thermal treatment, atmospheric pressure is desired for reasons of convenience, such as in air, nitrogen, ammonia, etc. The thermal treatment can be performed at a temperature up to about 750.degree. C. The thermally treated product is particularly useful in the catalysis of certain hydrocarbon conversion reactions.
The crystalline material described herein, may be dehydrated, at least partially. This dehydration can be done by heating to a temperature in the range of 200.degree. C. to 595.degree. C. in an atmosphere such as air, nitrogen, etc. and at atmospheric, subatmospheric or superatmospheric pressures for between 30 minutes and 48 hours. Dehydration can also be performed at room temperature merely by placing the composition in a vacuum, but a longer time is required to obtain a sufficient amount of dehydration.
The reaction mixture for preparing crystalline materials described herein may comprise a source of one or more oxides, an amphophilic compound and a solvent or solvent mixture. This amphophilic compound is also referred to herein as the primary organic agent (R') and is more particularly described hereinafter. The solvent or solvent mixture may comprise, for example, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alcohols, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 diols and/or water, especially water. Optional components of the reaction mixture include (1) a source of alkali or alkaline earth metal (M), e.g. sodium or potassium, cations, (2) an additional organic agent (R"), hereinafter more particular described, and (3) an organic swelling agent, also referred to herein as an auxiliary organic agent (R"'), hereinafter more particularly described.
The reaction mixture may have the mole ratio
Solvent/(R'.sub.2 O+M.sub.2 O)
of at least 45. When R' is cetyltrimethylammonium and this ratio is 10-45, the formation of the above-mentioned lamellar phase is favored. When R' is cetyltrimethylammonium and this ratio is 45-92, the formation of the above-mentioned cubic phase (MCM-48) is favored. When R' is cetyltrimethylammonium and this ratio is greater than 92, e.g., 92-300, the formation of the above-mentioned hexagonal phase (MCM-41) is favored. It will be understood that mixtures of these phases may be produced near the transition values of these ratios. For example, mixtures of the hexagonal phase and the cubic phase may be produced at ratios of 92-100.
The reaction mixture may have the mole ratio
(R'.sub.2 O+R".sub.2 O)/(SiO.sub.2 +Al.sub.2 O.sub.3)
of 0.01-2.0, e.g., 0.03-1.0, e.g., 0.3-1.0, e.g., 0.3-0.6. This mole ratio is calculated on a basis wherein it is assumed that all of the hydrolyzable silicon and aluminum compounds in the reaction mixture are hydrolyzed. The pH of the reaction mixture may be from about 7 to 14, e.g., from about 9 to 14.
The components of the reaction mixture may be combined in any order. In some instances, it may be desired to combine the solvent and primary organic agent (R') prior to adding the source of oxide to this preformed mixture. Upon the formation of the reaction mixture, this mixture may, optionally, be subjected to an aging step at low temperature, e.g., from about 0.degree. C. to about 50.degree. C., for a short period of time, e.g., from about 30 minutes to about 2 hours. This aging step may take place in the presence of absence of agitation of the reaction mixture.
Crystallization of the reaction mixture may take place at elevated temperature, e.g., from about 50.degree. C. to about 200.degree. C., e.g., from about 95.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C., for about 4 to about 72 hours, e.g., from about 16 to about 60 hours. The crystallization may take place under reflux conditions. The crystallization may also take place in the presence of microwave radiation under conditions specified in U.S. Pat. No. 4,778,666.
Particular methods for making MCM-41 are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,643.
In each of the above methods, batch crystallization of the present crystalline material can be carried out under either static or agitated, e.g. stirred, conditions in a suitable reactor vessel, such as for example, polypropylene jars or teflon lined or stainless steel autoclaves.
Crystallization may also be conducted continuously in suitable equipment. The total useful range of temperatures for crystallization is noted above for each method for a time sufficient for crystallization to occur at the temperature used, e.g. from about 5 minutes to about 14 days. Thereafter, the crystals are separated from the liquid and recovered.
By adjusting conditions of the synthesis reaction for each method, like temperature, pH and time of reaction, etc., within the above limits, embodiments of the present material with a desired degree of crystallinity or a desired average pore size may be prepared. In particular, changing the pH, the temperature or the reaction time may promote formation of product crystals with different average pore size.
A primary organic agent (R') for use in preparing the present reaction mixture is an ammonium or phosphonium ion of the formula R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 R.sub.4 Q.sup.+, i.e.: ##STR1## wherein Q is nitrogen or phosphorus and wherein at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 is aryl or alkyl of from 6 to about 36 carbon atoms, especially from 8 to 36 carbon atoms, e.g. --C.sub.10 H.sub.21, --C.sub.16 H.sub.33 and --C.sub.18 H.sub.37, or combinations thereof, the remainder of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 being selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of from 1 to 5 carbon atoms and combinations thereof. The compound from which the above ammonium or phosphonium ion is derived may be, for example, the hydroxide, halide, silicate, or mixtures thereof.
An additional organic agent (R") may also be used. That additional organic agent may be the ammonium or phosphonium ion of the above primary organic agent formula wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 together or separately are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of 1 to 5 carbon atoms and combinations thereof. Any such combination of organic agents may be in molar ratio of about 100/1 to about 0.01/1, first above listed organic agent/additional organic agent (R'/R").
Non-limiting examples of R' capable of forming micelles include cetyltrimethylammonium, cetyltrimethylphosphonium, octadecyltrimethylphosphonium, cetylpyridinium, myristyltrimethylammonium, decyltrimethylammonium, dodecyltrimethylammonium and dimethyldidodecylammonium,
In addition to the above-mentioned primary organic agent (R') and the additional organic agent (R"), the reaction mixture may also contain an auxiliary organic agent (R"'). These auxiliary organic agents are compounds which are capable of swelling micelles. Such auxiliary organic agents may be selected from the group consisting of (1) aromatic hydrocarbons and amines having from 5 to 20 carbon atoms and halogen- and C.sub.1 -C.sub.14 alkyl-substituted derivatives thereof, (2) cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons and amines having from 5 to 20 carbon atoms and halogen- and C.sub.1 -C.sub.14 alkyl-substituted derivatives thereof, (3) polycyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons and amines having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms and halogen- and C.sub.1 -C.sub.14 alkyl-substituted derivatives thereof, (4) straight and branched aliphatic hydrocarbons and amines having from 3 to 16 carbon atoms and halogen-substituted derivatives thereof, and (5) combinations thereof.
In this group of auxiliary organic agents (R"') for use in the present method, the halogen substituent in substituted derivatives may be, for example, bromine. The C.sub.1-14 alkyl substituent in the substituted derivatives may be linear or branched aliphatic chains, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of these auxiliary organic agents include, for example, p-xylene, trimethylbenzene, triethylbenzene and triisopropylbenzene. A particular example of such an auxiliary organic agent (R"') is 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (i.e. mesitylene).
The mole ratio of the auxiliary organic agent to the primary organic agent (R"'/R') may be from about 0.02 to about 100, e.g., from about 0.05 to about 35.
Consistent with the ability of the auxiliary organic agent to swell micelles, the pore sizes of oxides prepared from reaction mixtures containing both auxiliary and primary organic agents have been observed to be substantially larger than the pore sizes of oxides prepared from reaction mixtures lacking auxiliary organic agents. When auxiliary organic agents are used in reaction mixtures, the pore sizes of oxide materials produced may be greater than 60 Angstroms.
The use of auxiliary organic agents in the preparation of MCM-41 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,296, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.
It should be realized that the reaction mixture components can be supplied by more than one source. The reaction mixture can be prepared either batchwise or continuously. Crystal size and crystallization time of the new crystalline material will vary with the nature of the reaction mixture employed and the crystallization conditions.
The oxides prepared by the instant invention can be shaped into a wide variety of particle sizes. Generally speaking, the particles can be in the form of a powder, a granule, or a molded product, such as an extrudate having particle size sufficient to pass through a 2 mesh (Tyler) screen and be retained on a 400 mesh (Tyler) screen. In cases where the catalyst is molded, such as by extrusion, the crystals can be extruded before drying or partially dried and then extruded. As in the case of many catalysts, it may be desired to incorporate the new oxide composition with another material resistant to the temperatures and other conditions employed in organic conversion processes. Such materials include active and inactive materials and synthetic or naturally occurring zeolites as well as inorganic materials such as clays, silica and/or metal oxides such as alumina, titania and/or zirconia. The latter may be either naturally occurring or in the form of gelatinous precipitates or gels including mixtures of silica and metal oxides. Use of a material in conjunction with the new crystal, i.e. combined therewith or present during synthesis of the new crystal, which is active, tends to change the conversion and/or selectivity of the catalyst in certain organic conversion processes. Inactive materials suitably serve as diluents to control the amount of conversion in a given process so that products can be obtained economically and orderly without employing other means for controlling the rate of reaction. These materials may be incorporated with naturally occurring clays, e.g. bentonite and kaolin, to improve the crush strength of the catalyst under commercial operating conditions. Said materials, i.e. clays, oxides, etc., function as binders for the catalyst. It is desirable to provide a catalyst having good crush strength because in commercial use it is desirable to prevent the catalyst from breaking down into powder-like materials. These clay binders have been employed normally only for the purpose of improving the crush strength of the catalyst.
Naturally occurring clays which can be composited with the new crystal include the montmorillonite and kaolin family, which families include the subbentonites, and the kaolins commonly known as Dixie, McNamee, Georgia and Florida clays or others in which the main mineral constituent is halloysite, kaolinite, dickite, nacrite, or anauxite. Such clays can be used in the raw state as originally mined or initially subjected to calcination, acid treatment or chemical modification.
In addition to the foregoing materials, the new crystal can be composited with a porous matrix material such as silica-alumina, silica-magnesia, silica-zirconia, silica-thoria, silica-beryllia, silica-titania as well as ternary compositions such as silica-alumina-thoria, silica-alumina-zirconia, silica-alumina-magnesia and silica-magnesia-zirconia.
It may be desirable to provide at least a part of the foregoing matrix materials in colloidal form so as to facilitate extrusion of the bound catalyst components(s).
The relative proportions of finely divided crystalline material and inorganic oxide matrix vary widely, with the crystal content ranging from about 1 to about 90 percent by weight and more usually, particularly when the composite is prepared in the form of beads, in the range of about 2 to about 80 weight percent of the composite.
The catalysts of the present invention may be either promoted or unpromoted with Group VI metal oxides, such as Mo, and with Group VIII metal oxides, such as nickel and cobalt. The promoted catalysts will enhance hydrotreating reactions, such as desulfurization and removal of other trace metals, along with the removal of salts and solids.
The Group VIA and Group VIII metals content of the present catalyst system may range from about 1 to about 10% of Group VIII metal and from about 2 to about 20% of Group VIA metal. A preferred amount of Group VIII metal elemental form is between about 2% and about 5%. A preferred amount of Group VIA metal in elemental form is between about 2% and about 10%. The foregoing amounts of metal components are given in percent by weight of the catalyst on a dry basis.
The metals content, which is defined as including both the Group VIA metal(s) and the Group VIII metal(s), most preferably nickel and molybdenum or cobalt and molybdenum, may range from about 1 to about 15% by weight, expressed in elemental form, based on total catalyst. The relative proportion of Group VIII metal to Group VIA metal in the catalyst system is not narrowly critical, but Group VIA, e.g., molybdenum, is usually utilized in greater amounts than the Group VIII metal, e.g., nickel.
The spent catalyst may be regenerated by water washing since salts are quite soluble in water.
The following examples illustrate the process of the present invention. The examples are conducted with desalted whole crude oil as representative.

EXAMPLE 1
Reduced crudes (650.degree. F. bottoms) of Arabian Light and Maya having the properties as set forth in Table 10 are processed over three catalysts. Catalyst A, Catalyst B and Catalyst C, as described in Table 11, are prepared with 65 wt. % MCM-41 and 35 wt. % alumina prior to impregnation with NiMo. Sodium removal and desulfurization results are summarized in Table 12. As shown in Table 12, the MCM-41 catalysts are active for removing sodium from reduced crudes. In addition, significant desulfurization is observed ta high temperatures.
TABLE 10______________________________________ Arabian Light Maya Resid______________________________________Gravity, API 18.1 10.9Hydrogen, wt % 11.85 10.89Sulfur, wt % 3.0 4.2CCR, wt % 7.7 14.98Asphaltenes, wt % 4.85 18.81KV @ 100.degree. C., cs 62.37 137.0KV @ 300.degree. F., cs 5.73 25.28Nickel, ppmw 8.9 72Vanadium, ppmw 34.0 360Iron, ppmw 2.7 2.7Sodium, ppmw 6.8 20Composition, wt %650.degree. F..sup.- 10 7650-1000.degree. F. 46 351000.degree. F..sup.+ 35 52______________________________________
TABLE 11______________________________________Catalyst PropertiesCatalyst A.sup.(1) B.sup.(1) C.sup.(1)______________________________________MCM-41 Yes Yes YesMCM-41 Pore Size, .ANG. 30 40 80Chemical AnalysisNi, wt % 2.8 2.6 2.5Mo, wt % 5.5 5.1 5.5Physical PropertiesPacked Density, g/cc 0.515 0.447 0.432Particle Density, g/cc 0.961 0.800 --Pore Volume, cc/g 0.669 0.88 --Surface Area, m.sup.2 /g 567 64 --Avg Pore Dia., .ANG. 47 55 --Pore Size Distributions, cc/g(Hg Porosimetry)<30 .ANG. 0.087 0.114 0.200 30-50 .ANG. 0.162 0.077 0.103 50-80 .ANG. 0.179 0.085 0.048 80-100 .ANG. 0.038 0.047 0.020 100-150 .ANG. 0.028 0.093 0.042 150-200 .ANG. 0.008 0.050 0.035 200-300 .ANG. 0.007 0.052 0.054>300 .ANG. 0.087 0.108 0.137Total pore volume, cc/g 0.596 0.626 0.639______________________________________ .sup.(1) Contains 65 wt % MCM41 and 35 wt % Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 prior to the NiMo impregnation.
TABLE 12______________________________________Sodium and Sulfur Removal ActivitiesCatalyst A B C______________________________________MCM-41 Yes Yes YesMCM-41 Pore Size, .ANG. 30 40 80Arabian LightReduced Crude(600.degree. F., 1.0 LHSVand 1900 psig)Sodium, ppmw <5 6.3 <5Sulfur, wt % 2.6 2.7 2.5Maya Reduced Crude(750.degree. F., 2.0 LHSV and1900 psig)Sodium, ppmw <5 1.0 <5Sulfur, wt % 2.5 2.9 2.9______________________________________
EXAMPLE 2
Desalted Arabian Heavy crude oil having the properties set forth in Table 13 is further desalted over Catalyst A. Four runs are conducted at temperatures in the range of 300 to 600.degree. F., 500 psig and 5,000 scf/bbl hydrogen circulation rate. The results are summarized in Table 14. At 600.degree. F., the sodium content is reduced from 2.7 ppmw to 0.96 ppmw (equivalent to 63.2% sodium removal). At 600.degree. F., iron and copper are also almost completely removed.
TABLE 13______________________________________Arabian Heavy Crude______________________________________Sodium, ppmw 2.7Sulfur, wt % 2.7Nickel, ppmw 18Vanadium, ppmw 60Iron, ppmw 6.0Copper, ppmw 0.25Gravity, API 28.7Hydrogen, wt % 12.59Sulfur, wt % 2.7KV @ 15.degree. C., cs 53.44KV @ 50.degree. C., cs 13.31CCR, wt % 7.3Composition, wt % 650.degree. F..sup.- 40 650-1000.degree. F. 311000.degree. F..sup.+ 29______________________________________
TABLE 14______________________________________Desalting of Arabian Heavy CrudeRun No. Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4______________________________________Temperature, .degree.F. 300 400 500 600Sodium, ppmw 1.7 -- 1.2 0.96Sulfur, wt % 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.6Nickel, ppmw 18 18 19 19Vanadium, ppmw 62 61 63 63Iron, ppmw 5.4 2.9 1.6 0.6Copper, ppmw 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.05______________________________________
EXAMPLE 3
Desalted Saharan crude oil having the properties set forth in Table 15 is further desalted over Catalyst A. Six runs are conducted at temperatures in the range of 300.degree. to 750.degree. F., 500 psig and 5,000 scf/bbl hydrogen circulation rate. The results are summarized in Table 16. At 750.degree. F., the sodium content is reduced from 1.8 ppmw to 0.48 ppmw (equivalent to 73.3% sodium removal. At 750.degree. F., iron and copper are also almost completely removed.
TABLE 15______________________________________Saharan Crude______________________________________Sodium, ppmw 1.8Sulfur, wt % 0.16Nickel, ppmw <0.15Vanadium, ppmw 0.25Iron, ppmw 3.2Copper, ppmw 0.15Gravity, API 45Hydrogen, wt % 13.26Sulfur, wt % 0.15KV @ 60.degree. F., cs 2.672KV @ 40.degree. C., cs 1.855Composition, wt %650.degree. F..sup.- 71650-710.degree. F. 9710.degree. F..sup.+ 20______________________________________
TABLE 16______________________________________Desalting of Saharan Crude OilRun No. Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 5 Run 6______________________________________Temperature, 750 700 600 500 400 300.degree.F.Sodium, 0.48 0.42 0.41 0.82 0.89 0.60ppmwSulfur, wt % 0.076 0.09 0.152 0.156 0.15 0.148Nickel, ppmw <0.15 <0.15 <0.15 <0.15 <0.15 <0.15Vanadium, 0.10 0.10 0.40 0.45 0.40 0.30ppmwIron, ppmw <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.10 0.15Copper, <0.05 <0.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05ppmw______________________________________
Changes and modifications in the specifically described embodiments can be carried out without departing from the scope of the invention which is intended to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

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3671422	Morrow	Jun 1972
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4263020	Eberly, Jr.	Apr 1981
5098684	Kresge et al.	Mar 1992
5102643	Kresge et al.	Apr 1992
5143887	Hung et al.	Sep 1992
5156829	McCullen et al.	Oct 1992
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5183561	Kresge et al.	Feb 1993
5217603	Inoue et al.	Jun 1993
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5344553	Shih	Sep 1994

Catalytic process for crude oil desalting

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