Cathepsin-L, the pre-proform thereof and the corresponding propeptide from ciliates

Abstract

The invention relates to the isolation of the prepro form of cathepsin L, of its leader sequence, of cathepsin L and of the affiliated propeptide from ciliates, in particular Paramecium, to the use of these peptides and to a process for preparing cathepsin L from ciliates.

Description

The invention relates to the isolation of the prepro form of cathepsin L, of its leader sequence, of cathepsin L and of the affiliated propeptide from ciliates, in particular Paramecium, to the use of these peptides and to a process for preparing cathepsin L from ciliates.

The finding that propeptides of different proteases can, after they have been liberated by activation of the protease zymogens, act as protease inhibitors is known. For example, once splitting-off has taken place, the propeptide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase attaches to elastase and thereby gives rise to inactivation of the enzyme (Kessler & Safrin, 1994, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 22726). The propeptides of papain and of papaya proteinase IV act selectively as inhibitors of the mature papaya proteases and of the related B and L cathepsins from rat liver (Taylor et al., 1995, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 23, 80). The propeptides of other cathepsins can also act as protease inhibitors. Thus, the synthetically prepared propeptide of human procathepsin D inhibits bovine cathepsin D (Vagner et al., 1993, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 58, 435).

Cathepsin L, a protease, plays an important role in various syndromes. First, this enzyme is probably of crucial importance for the invasiveness of tumors and the formation of metastases (Pike, 1991, Dissertation Abstr. Intern., 53, 4645). This protease can also be involved in the penetration of pathogenic bacteria or parasitic protozoa into the host tissue. Cathepsin L is also involved in the degradation of bone matrix. This enzyme therefore appears to be a rewarding target in connection with the treatment of osteoporosis (Pharma Japan, September 1995, 1468, 23).

Finally, it may be mentioned that cathepsin L is also involved in the development of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis.

The identification of suitable cathepsin L inhibitors could represent an important step in the development of suitable preparations for the therapy of the said diseases. Furthermore, it would be very advantageous to have a suitable source for isolating relatively large quantities of cathepsin L. This is because the enzyme could be employed in screening systems for finding suitable protease inhibitors. Over and above this, it could be employed, for example, in wound ointments, where it could catalyze the degradation of necrotic tissue.

The present invention consequently relates to a cathepsin L prepro form which can be obtained from ciliates, preferably from Paramecium, particularly preferably from Paramecium tetraurelia, and to the DNA sequence encoding such a protein.

The invention furthermore relates to a cathepsin L from ciliates, preferably from Paramecium, particularly preferably from Paramecium tetraurelia, and the affiliated DNA sequence, to a process for its preparation from ciliates, and to its use for preparing a pharmaceutical for treating wounds.

The cathepsin L according to the present invention can furthermore be used for identifying suitable inhibitors, for example by means of so-called molecular modeling.

Furthermore, the present invention provides a cathepsin L propeptide, and its DNA sequence, from ciliates, preferably from Paramecium, particularly preferably from Paramecium tetraurelia.

The propeptide of the cathepsin L from ciliates is a highly specific inhibitor of this cathepsin L and is consequently suitable for preparing pharmaceuticals for treating inflammatory diseases, metastasizing tumors, bacterial infections, infections with parasitic protozoa, or osteoporosis.

The present invention furthermore provides a presequence, corresponding to the leader sequence or signal sequence of the cathepsin L from ciliates, preferably from Paramecium, particularly preferably from Paramecium tetraurelia, which presequence is translated into the corresponding leader sequence or signal sequence when recombinant peptides or proteins are expressed, thereby resulting in the secretion of the recombinantly expressed peptides or proteins from the ciliate cells.

The present invention is clarified below and with the aid of examples.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph depicting the results of inhibition tests comparing the percent inhibition of the 30 kDa cathepsin L isozyme versus the concentration of cathepsin L-propeptide (nM).

FIG. 2 is a DNA sequence which encodes the prepro form of cathepsin L and the associated amino acid sequence for the protein with 313 amino acids having a molecular weight of 35,031 Da.

The present study describes, for the first time, the isolation of two proteases of the cathepsin L subfamily from the ciliate Paramecium (Protista). Sequencing of the cloned cDNA demonstrates that while conformity with previously described cathepsin L forms from Mammalia and Protista is at most 30%, the characteristic cathepsin L motifs are present both in the prepro region and in the actual enzyme. The pro region encodes a segment of 86 amino acids in length which exhibits the typical ERFNIN (SEQ ID No:14) motif. The pro region was expressed in E. coli. The isolated propeptide efficiently (in the nanomolar region) inhibited the Paramecium cathepsin L. By contrast, other cysteine proteases, for example papain and mammalian B, G and H cathepsins were not inhibited even at propeptide concentrations of 13 μM. The propeptide is consequently an effective and specific inhibitor of cathepsin L. Based on these data, it should be possible to develop a potent and highly specific inhibitor for chemotherapeutic use in the treatment of the abovementioned syndromes.

EXAMPLE

Cathepsin L Assay

32 P-Phosphorylase a (approx. 5×10 4 cpm/min) was used as substrate. A test mixture (30 μl) contained 10 μM substrate, 12 mM Tris/HCl (pH 7.0), 50 μM EDTA, 10 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 5 mM caffeine and 6.7 μg of BSA. The reaction was stopped, after incubating at 30° C. for 10 minutes, by adding 200 μl of trichloroacetic acid (20% w/v). The radioactivity of the non-precipitable peptides was determined in the supernatant following centrifugation. One unit of enzyme activity corresponds to the quantity which liberates 1 μmol of soluble 32 P-phosphopeptide/min.

Purification of the Cathepsin L

Mass cultures of the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia were used as the source. Cathepsin L can be obtained both from the cells and, in large quantities, from the culture medium, since the cells also secrete the enzyme.

All the purification steps were carried out at 4° C. The cells were homogenized in 50 mM Tris/HCl (pH 7.0), 5 mM EDTA using a French press. Cell debris were removed by centrifugation (23,000×g, 60 min; 100,000×g, 60 min). The supernatant was loaded onto a DEAE Sepharose® column which was equilibrated with 20 mM Tris/HCl (pH 7.0). About half the protease activity eluted with the flowthrough. The column was washed with 250 mM NaCl. The remaining protease activity was eluted with 450 mM KCl. After that, the active fractions were purified through a Sephacryl® S-100 HR column. The protease eluted at approximately 27 kDa. The pooled active fractions were subsequently loaded onto a mono Q column. Elution was carried out using a linear gradient (60 ml of from 100 to 350 mM NaCl). Two active proteases (30 kDa and 33 kDa) were separated in this step. Purity was examined by means of SDS-PAGE. When using 32 P phosphorylase a as substrate, the pH optimum of the two isozymes was 6.5; the temperature optimum was 56° C. Sulfhydryl protease-specific inhibitors (e.g. cystatin, leupeptin and TLCK) reduced the activity drastically. On the other hand, inhibitors which were specific for serine proteases (aprotinin), metalloproteases (EDTA) and Asp proteases (pepstatin) had no inhibitory effect. The digestion pattern obtained with phosphorylase and BSA indicated that the two proteases were endoproteinase isozymes.

Amino Acid Sequencing

The proteins were blotted out of the SDS gel onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, and the corresponding 30 kDa and 33 kDa bands were cut out. For the sequencing of protein fragments, the proteins were cleaved with BrCN (350 μg{10 μg of protein) prior to the SDS-PAGE. The sequencing was carried out on an Applied Biosystems sequencer. The NH 2 terminus of the 30 kDa band is: GAEVDWTDNKKVKYPAVKNQ (SEQ ID No:1), while that of the 33 kDa band is: GAEVDXTXNK (X is unresolved) (SEQ ID No:2). The sequencing of the BrCN fragments also showed that identical enzyme proteins were involved, with the proteins possibly only being processed differently. In this case, the following sequence was determined for both the proteins: DSAFEYVADNGLAEAKDYPYYASD (SEQ ID No:3). Comparison with the EMBL gene bank using the FASTA program did not indicate any correspondence with known proteins as far as the NH 2 terminus was concerned; on the other hand, alignment of the internal 24 mer peptide demonstrated unambiguous correspondence with 19 different cysteine proteases.

Amplification and Subcloning of Cathepsin L

Oligonucleotides were prepared on the basis of the amino acid sequencing and taking into account ciliate codon usage. The primers employed were: primer 1 (sense) 5′-GCGGGGTACCGGWGCHGAAGTHGAYTGGACWGA-TAAYAARAARG-3′ (SEQ ID No:4), deduced from the NH 2 -terminal peptide GAEVDWDNKKVK (SEQ ID No:6) and primer 2 (antisense) 5′-TARTANGGRTARTCYTTNGCYTC-3′, deduced from the internal peptide sequence EAKDYPYY (SEQ ID No:7). The PCR was carried out in a Perkin-Elmer Thermal Cycler (30 cycles, at 94° C., 55° C. and 72° C. for 1 min in each case). Using these primers, a fragment of 275 bp in length was amplified from a Paramecium cDNA library. Sequencing this DNA fragment provided unambiguous evidence of its similarity to cathepsin L. Thus, the PCR fragment contained the two strongly conserved regions GCNGG (SEQ ID No:8) and CGCSWA (SEQ ID No:9). Two clones having inserts of 1.3 kB were identified in the cDNA library using the 275 bp fragment. Sequencing these clones indicated that they contained identical open reading frames which encoded a protein of 313 amino acids having a calculated molecular weight of 35,031 Da ( FIG. 2 ) (SEQ ID No:12). The deduced amino acid sequence was in agreement with that determined by means of Edman degradation.

The conserved ERFNIN (SEQ ID No:14) motif in the propeptide EX 2 RX 2 VFX 2 NX 3 IX 3 N (SEQ ID No:15) and EX 2 RX 2 IFX 2 NX 3 IX 3 N (SEQ ID No:16). characterizes the enzyme as H or L cathepsin. Whereas cathepsin H is characterized as an exoprotease, cathepsin L is classified as an efficient endoprotease. The identification as endoproteases of the proteases which are described here suggests that they are in fact forms of cathepsin L. The correspondence of the Paramecium cathepsin L to different mammalian forms is at most 35% (Tab. 1). The correspondence is also only 30% when compared with the Tetrahymena cysteine protease.

TABLE 1
Cathepsins and proteases as		% identity with
compared with	SWISSPROT	mature
Paramecium cathepsin L	accession No.	proteases	pro regions
Rat L type	P07154	35	21
Tetrahymena cysteine	L03212	30	23
protease
Rat H type	P00786	30	19
Rat S type	Q02765	31	19
Human B type	P07858	21	12

cDNA Library Screening

32 P-labeled PCR fragments were used to screen the cDNA library for corresponding clones. The two clones which were identified in this way were analyzed by Southern blotting. Both the clones encoded an identical peprocathepsin L protease.

Bacterial Expression of the Cathepsin L Propeptide

The cloned gene contains a potential propeptide region from AA-1 to -86. The open reading frame contains five universal TAA stop codons, which encode Q in Paramecium. Before being expressed, they were changed into CAA (encodes Q) by means of site-directed mutagenesis.

The DNA fragment containing the propeptide region was amplified by PCR and introduced, for expression, into the heat-inducible vector pEV41C, which additionally contained a hexa-His tag. The primers which were used for the PCR were 5′-AGGTCGTCATATGAATCTTTATGCAAATTGG (sense) (SEQ ID No:11) and 5′-ATCCTCGAGTCACTTGTATTGGAAGTTAG (antisense) (SEQ ID NO:10). Following transformation, the propeptide was expressed in E. coli strain 2136. Expression was induced by adding LB smp medium which had been preheated to 42° C.

After harvesting, the cells were homogenized and the cell debris was removed by centrifugation. The supernatant was purified on an Ni affinity column (Qiagen). The protein was eluted using 20 mM Tris/HCl (pH 7.5), 8.6% glycerol, 200 mM NaCl and 500 mM imidazole. As expected, a protein having a size of 13.6 kDa was eluted under these conditions.

In an inhibition test, the propeptide inhibited the 30 kDa cathepsin L isozyme from Paramecium by 50% at a concentration of only 60 nM (FIG. 1 ). Other proteases (papain, human liver cathepsin H, bovine kidney cathepsin B and leukocyte cathepsin G) were not inhibited even at propeptide concentrations of 13 μM.

16 1 20 PRT Paramecium tetraurelia 1Gly Ala Glu Val Asp Trp Thr Asp Asn Lys Lys Val Lys Tyr Pro Ala 1 5 10 15Val Lys Asn Gln 20 2 10 PRT Paramecium tetraurelia VARIANT (1)..(10) Xaa represents any amino acid 2Gly Ala Glu Val Asp Xaa Thr Xaa Asn Lys 1 5 10 3 24 PRT Paramecium tetraurelia 3Asp Ser Ala Phe Glu Tyr Val Ala Asp Asn Gly Leu Ala Glu Ala Lys 1 5 10 15Asp Tyr Pro Tyr Tyr Ala Ser Asp 20 4 36 DNA Paramecium tetraurelia 4gcggggtacc gggcgaagtg atggacgata aaaaag 36 5 12 PRT Paramecium tetraurelia 5Gly Ala Glu Val Asp Trp Asp Asn Lys Lys Val Lys 1 5 10 6 23 PRT Paramecium tetraurelia 6Thr Ala Arg Thr Ala Asn Gly Gly Arg Thr Ala Arg Thr Cys Tyr Thr 1 5 10 15Thr Asn Gly Cys Tyr Thr Cys 20 7 8 PRT Paramecium tetraurelia 7Glu Ala Lys Asp Tyr Pro Tyr Tyr 1 5 8 5 PRT Paramecium tetraurelia 8Gly Cys Asn Gly Gly 1 5 9 6 PRT Paramecium tetraurelia 9Cys Gly Cys Ser Trp Ala 1 5 10 31 DNA Paramecium tetraurelia 10aggtcgtcat atgaatcttt atgcaaattg g 31 11 29 DNA Paramecium tetraurelia 11atcctcgagt cacttgtatt ggaagttag 29 12 1276 DNA Paramecium tetraurelia 12cattattagc agtcggttta atgatgttgt tgggagccag cctctacttg aacaacacat 60aagaagtatc tgatgaaatc gatacagcaa atctttatgc aaattggaaa atgaaatata 120acagaagata taccaactaa agagatgaaa tgtacagata caaggttttc acagacaacc 180ttaactacat cagagctttc tatgaaagtc cagaagaagc cacattcact ttggaattga 240atcaatttgc tgatatgagc taataagaat ttgcttaaac ctatttgagc ctcaaagttc 300caagaacagc caaacttaat gccgccaatt ctaacttcta atacaagggt gcagaagtcg 360attggactga caataagaag gttaagtatc cagctgttaa gaactaagga tcatgcggtt 420catgctgggc cttctctgca gtcggagcac ttgaaatcaa cacagacatt gaactcaaca 480gaaaatacga attatctgaa taagatttgg ttgactgctc aggaccatat gacaatgatg 540gatgcaatgg tggatggatg gattctgctt ttgaatatgt tgctgacaac ggtttggctg 600aagctaaaga ttatccatac actgctaaag atggaacctg caagacctca gttaaaagac 660catacactca cgtctaagga ttcaaggata ttgactcatg cgatgaatta gcctaaacaa 720tctaagaaag aacagtcgct gttgccgtcg atgccaatcc atggtaattc tacagaagtg 780gtgtcctctc caaatgtact aaaaacttaa atcacggagt cgtccttgtt ggtgtttaag 840ctgatggagc ttggaagatt agaaactcat ggggatctag ttggggagaa gctggtcaca 900tcagacttgc cggaggtgat acttgcggta tctgtgctgc tccatctttc ccaattttag 960gatgaagact ttgattattc atacatcaat ttacaacaat attagttatt tttaaactta 1020agaaagactc ttgctgatgt tatcagtgaa ggattgaaaa aagtaggcac tctctaattg 1080ggaggaggag ctgcatcaaa tgctccagct aaggcctaag ctccagctgc tgccaaataa 1140gaggcaccaa agccagttga aaaggcccca gaaccagaag aagacgttga catgggtggt 1200ttgtttgact gattatacat tttagtacat tcatatacat atattaaata ttttatcata 1260aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaa 1276 13 314 PRT Paramecium tetraurelia PROPEP (1)..(109) The position numbers for this sequence correspond to -108 to 205 of Figure 2. 13Met Met Leu Leu Gly Ala Ser Leu Tyr Leu Asn Asn Thr Gln Glu Val 1 5 10 15Ser Asp Glu Ile Asp Thr Ala Asn Leu Tyr Ala Asn Trp Lys Met Lys 20 25 30Tyr Asn Arg Arg Tyr Thr Asn Gln Arg Asp Glu Met Tyr Arg Tyr Lys 35 40 45Val Phe Thr Asp Asn Leu Asn Tyr Ile Arg Ala Phe Tyr Glu Ser Pro 50 55 60Glu Glu Ala Thr Phe Thr Leu Glu Leu Asn Gln Phe Ala Asp Met Ser 65 70 75 80Gln Gln Glu Phe Ala Gln Thr Tyr Leu Ser Leu Lys Val Pro Arg Thr 85 90 95Ala Lys Leu Asn Ala Ala Asn Ser Asn Phe Gln Tyr Lys Gly Ala Glu 100 105 110Val Asp Trp Thr Asp Asn Lys Lys Val Lys Tyr Pro Ala Val Lys Asn 115 120 125Gln Gly Ser Cys Gly Ser Cys Trp Ala Phe Ser Ala Val Gly Ala Leu 130 135 140Glu Ile Asn Thr Asp Ile Glu Leu Asn Arg Lys Tyr Glu Leu Ser Glu145 150 155 160Gln Asp Leu Val Asp Cys Ser Gly Pro Tyr Asp Asn Asp Gly Cys Asn 165 170 175Gly Gly Trp Met Asp Ser Ala Phe Glu Tyr Val Ala Asp Asn Gly Leu 180 185 190Ala Glu Ala Lys Asp Tyr Pro Tyr Thr Ala Lys Asp Gly Thr Cys Lys 195 200 205Thr Ser Val Lys Arg Pro Tyr Thr His Val Gln Gly Phe Lys Asp Ile 210 215 220Asp Ser Cys Asp Glu Leu Ala Gln Thr Ile Gln Glu Arg Thr Val Ala225 230 235 240Val Ala Val Asp Ala Asn Pro Trp Gln Phe Tyr Arg Ser Gly Val Leu 245 250 255Ser Lys Cys Thr Lys Asn Leu Asn His Gly Val Val Leu Val Gly Val 260 265 270Gln Ala Asp Gly Ala Trp Lys Ile Arg Asn Ser Trp Gly Ser Ser Trp 275 280 285Gly Glu Ala Gly His Ile Arg Leu Ala Gly Gly Asp Thr Cys Gly Ile 290 295 300Cys Ala Ala Pro Ser Phe Pro Ile Leu Gly305 310 14 6 PRT Paramecium tetraurelia 14Glu Arg Phe Asn Ile Asn 1 5 15 19 PRT Paramecium tetraurelia VARIANT (1)..(19) Xaa represents any amino acid 15Glu Xaa Xaa Arg Xaa Xaa Val Phe Xaa Xaa Asn Xaa Xaa Xaa Ile Xaa 1 5 10 15Xaa Xaa Asn 16 19 PRT Paramecium tetraurelia VARIANT (1)..(19) Xaa represents any amino acid 16Glu Xaa Xaa Arg Xaa Xaa Ile Phe Xaa Xaa Asn Xaa Xaa Xaa Ile Xaa 1 5 10 15Xaa Xaa Asn

Claims

1. An isolated prepro protein of cathepsin L obtainable from Paramecium tetraurelia.

2. The amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 13.

3. The amino acid sequence corresponding to amino acids 1 to 22 as shown in SEQ ID NO:13.

4. The propeptide contained in the prepro form of cathepsin L of SEQ. ID NO: 13 as claimed in claim 1.

5. An isolated propeptide of the Paramecium tetraurelia cathepsin L having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 13, corresponding to amino acids from position 23 through position 109.

6. A cathepsin L obtainable from ciliates wherein the ciliate is Paramecium tetraurelia.

7. The amino acid sequence corresponding to amino acids 110 to 314 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID No:13.

8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a cathepsin L as claimed in claim 6.

9. A wound ointment which comprises cathepsin L as claimed in 6.

10. An isolated nucleic acid sequence comprising the sequence of nucleic adds 1 to 20 of SEQ ID NO: 12.