Hall current thrusters commonly use a hollow cathode as the electron source. Before igniting the hollow cathode, it is heated using an external coiled heater element.
Prior art cathode heaters are described in the following articles and the references cited therein:
(1) Soulas, G. C., “Status of Hollow Cathode Heater Development for the Space Station Plasma Contactor,” 30th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, AIAA paper No. 94-3309, June 1994;
(2) Tighe, W. G., et al., “Performance Evaluation and Life Test of the XIPS Hollow Cathode Heater,” 41st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Tucson, Ariz., Jul. 10-13, 2005; and
(3) Beal, B., et al., “Development of a High-Current Hollow Cathode for High-Power Hall Thrusters, JANNAF Conference, December 2005.
This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify key features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
The present invention provides a novel cathode heater that can be scaled to a larger size for greater power output while withstanding the resultant increased temperature to which components of the heater are exposed.
One aspect of the invention pertains to innovative heater materials, particularly insulation materials disposed between inner and outer conductors of a heater.
Another aspect of the invention pertains to a novel cross-section geometry of the individual heater coils.
Aspects of the invention can be used in combination, i.e., innovative insulation materials and processing in combination with novel cross-section geometry to achieve desired performance, such as time at temperature necessary to repeatedly start and/or reactivate thermionic emission of the cathode.
The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
In a representative prior art cathode heater, an inner tantalum (Ta) conductor 20 extends through an outer Ta conductor 22. An annular layer of magnesium oxide (MgO) insulation is provided between the two conductors. The conductors are electrically connected at the coiled tip, such as by a tungsten inert gas (TIG) weld, to complete the electrical circuit. The heater is manufactured by sliding MgO beads over the center conductor and into the outer conducting sheath or tube. This assembly is then swaged, reducing the outer tube diameter and crushing the MgO beads. A second swage reduces both the inner and outer conductor diameter and is performed on a section that is long enough to be coiled into the helical portion or “hot section” of the heater. Then, as mentioned above, the inner conductor is coupled to the outer conductor at the tip so that current can flow in through the center conductor and return along the outer conductor. In a typical application, the heater is operated at constant current. At turn on, the initial low resistance of the inner conductor wire rises as the temperature increases. With constant current, the heater voltage rises with the resistance.
Such heaters have been qualified for space flight on ¼ inch hollow cathodes, and have demonstrated life times in excess of 6 thousand cycles. During testing, the primary cause of failure, assuming minimal manufacturing defects, no material purity problems, no test environment problems, and so on, is time at temperature. Heaters at higher temperatures fail in a shorter period of time than those at lower temperature. The prior art MgO insulator heaters with Ta conductors exhibit problems at temperatures above 1100° C. At the higher temperatures, Ta and conducting tantalades defuse through the MgO providing conducting paths. Leakage current across the MgO insulator exacerbates the failure by heating the MgO, leading to structural changes to the heater materials. Breaches in the outer conductor lead to loss of the insulation. Additional and more rapid heating of the center conductor can result. Rise in temperature and loss of structural support of the center conductor result in movement of the inner conductor toward the outer conductor. The reduced separation facilitates shorts. The inner conductor can reach temperatures that lead to fracture and in open circuit conditions. The ultimate result is catastrophic failure of the heater.
To date, heaters of the type described above have been used for cathodes with diameters of ¼ inch and ½ inch. A ¼ inch cathode may require a heater that delivers 65 W. A ½ inch heater may require a cathode that delivers 100 W. Development work is being conducted on larger cathodes, such as a ¾ inch cathode that could require 150-200 W. At the higher power levels, thermal models predict the center conductor of the heater can approach temperatures as high as 2000° C. At such temperatures, the heater materials (both conductors and insulators) can degrade quickly to the point of failure.
With reference to
In the present invention, during assembly, long cylindrical insulator beads are threaded onto the Ta wire 20, then the Ta sheath 22 is slipped over the bead-wire assembly. The entire assembly is pressed to a smaller diameter by rotary swaging. The “hot zone” end 26 of the heater is welded so that the outer sheath provides the current return path for current applied to the center conductor. The welded or distal end portion of the swaged cable is coiled around a mandrel having approximately the diameter of the cathode tube or insert.
With reference to
More specifically, in one embodiment pure calcide alumina is fused at about 2000° C. The resulting fused grain alumina is wet extruded with binder to the desired bead shape (at least two to three inch long cylinders having an axial bore of a diameter approximately equal to the diameter of the inner conductor 20 and an outer diameter approximately equal to the inner diameter of the sheath conductor 22′). The beads are processed at 1560° C. Prior to swaging, the outer diameter of the sheath 22′ is 0.084 to 0.086 inch, the Ta inner conductor is approximately 0.028 to 0.030 inch in diameter, the Ta outer sheath has a wall thickness of 0.0063 to 0.0077 inch, and the insulator beads are sized for a reasonably snug fit on the inner Ta conductor and inside the outer Ta conductor. After swaging, the dimensions are: inner conductor OD 0.024 to 0.026 inch; and outer conductor width 0.058 to 0.062 inch measured from the outside of opposite flat walls. The outside corners are slightly rounded. The compaction density is greater than 70%, preferably greater than 80% and sometimes higher. The compaction density is believed to assist in minimizing voids that may lead to failure. The hot zone is wound on a mandrel for 16 full coils of an inner diameter of 0.730 to 0.740 inch and the individual coils are preferably spaced apart in an axial direction by 0.002 to 0.010 inch. The cross-section can transition from square in the coiled area to a circular cross-section at a location 32 proximal from the coiled hot zone.
After the coiling is done, in another aspect of the invention, the heater is annealed. Annealing can be at a vacuum level of less than 1×10−4 Torr. More specifically, the annealing process can be as follows:
Testing of a heater of the design described above has shown the potential to sustain the high power operation necessary for a ¾ inch hollow cathode. Research and testing are ongoing.
In another embodiment of the invention, an insulator 24 is selected which will exhibit high thermal conductivity, preferably at least one order of magnitude higher than the thermal conductivity of MgO. It was discovered that one such material is aluminum nitride (AlN), such as the “ST-100” (essentially pure aluminum nitride) or “ST-200” (aluminum nitride with a small amount of yttrium oxide, Y2O3) available from Sienna Technologies Inc. of Woodinville, Wash. For example, with the yttrium oxide the aluminum nitride insulator material may sinter at 1700° C., whereas without the yttrium oxide it may sinter at 2000° C., but the thermal conductivity is greater with the yttrium oxide. For an embodiment of AN with yttrium oxide, the additive is preferably in the range of 0.5% to 4%. Magnesium oxide (MgO) has a thermal conductivity of 42 W/mK at room temperature and the thermal conductivity will decrease at higher temperatures. At 1500° C., other materials previously proposed for the insulator can have thermal conductivity approaching 5 W/mK. Even at the higher temperatures, aluminum nitride retains high thermal conductivity relative to other materials, will not react with tantalum, and electrical insulation is maintained despite the high heat transfer. The heat transfer allows the center conductor to operate at lower temperatures for a given power. Using the higher heat conductivity of the aluminum nitride insulation can result in the power required to heat the cathode being reduced by 10-15% or more, and the center conductor operating temperature may be reduced by about 300° C., particularly when the high heat conductivity insulation is used in a heater for which the coils have the square or rectangular cross-section in the hot zone. Both aspects assist in maintaining a smaller heat gradient across the insulation while transferring heat effectively.
In other respects, the embodiment using AlN insulation is identical to the embodiment using fused grain alumina, including the annealing process.
While illustrative embodiments have been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/943,815, filed Jun. 13, 2007, titled Cathode Heater, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/969,551, filed Aug. 31, 2007, titled Increased Power Cathode Heater.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
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PCT/US08/66995 | 6/13/2008 | WO | 00 | 1/19/2010 |
Number | Date | Country | |
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60943815 | Jun 2007 | US | |
60969551 | Aug 2007 | US |