Patent Application
20130160797
An electrochemical process may be used to recover metals from an impure feed and/or to extract metals from a metal-oxide. A conventional process (for soluble metal oxides) typically involves dissolving a metal-oxide in an electrolyte followed by electrolytic decomposition or (for insoluble metal oxides) selective electrotransport to reduce the metal-oxide to its corresponding metal. Conventional electrochemical processes for reducing insoluble metal-oxides to their corresponding metallic state may employ a single step or multiple-step approach.
A multiple-step approach may be a two-step process that utilizes two separate vessels. For example, the extraction of uranium from the uranium oxide of spent nuclear fuels includes an initial step of reducing the uranium oxide with lithium dissolved in a molten LiCl electrolyte so as to produce uranium metal and Li2O in a first vessel, wherein the Li2O remains dissolved in the molten LiCl electrolyte. The process then involves a subsequent step of electrowinning in a second vessel, wherein the dissolved Li2O in the molten LiCl is electrolytically decomposed to form oxygen and regenerate lithium. Consequently, the resulting uranium metal may be extracted in an electrorefining process, while the molten LiCl with the regenerated lithium may be recycled for use in the reduction step of another batch.
However, a multi-step approach involves a number of engineering complexities, such as issues pertaining to the transfer of molten salt and reductant at high temperatures from one vessel to another. Furthermore, the reduction of oxides in molten salts may be thermodynamically constrained depending on the electrolyte-reductant system. In particular, this thermodynamic constraint will limit the amount of oxides that can be reduced in a given batch. As a result, more frequent transfers of molten electrolyte and reductant will be needed to meet production requirements.
On the other hand, a single-step approach generally involves immersing a metal oxide in a compatible molten electrolyte together with a cathode and anode. By charging the anode and cathode, the metal oxide (which is in electrical contact with the cathode) can be reduced to its corresponding metal through electrolytic conversion and ion exchange through the molten electrolyte. However, although a conventional single-step approach may be less complex than a multi-step approach, the yield of the metallic product is relatively low. Furthermore, the metallic product still contains unwanted impurities.
Embodiments include a cathode scraper system and/or method of using the same for removing uranium useable in an electrorefining system.
The cathode scraper system includes a plurality of cathode assemblies. Each cathode assembly includes a plurality of cathode rods. The cathode scraper system also includes a cathode scraper assembly configured to remove purified uranium deposited on the plurality of cathode rods. The cathode scraper assembly includes a plurality of scrapers arranged in a lattice, and each scraper of the plurality of scrapers is arranged to correspond to a different cathode rod.
In one embodiment, the plurality of cathode rods have the same orientation and are arranged so as to be within the same plane. The plurality of scrapers are arranged into rows of scrapers, and each row corresponds to a different cathode assembly.
The cathode scraper assembly includes a first support bar that is connected to first ends of the rows of scrapers and a second support bar that is connected to second ends of the rows of scrapers. Each scraper includes an outer structure and a hollow center, and the hollow center is dimensioned such that a corresponding cathode rod fits into the hollow center permitting the outer structure to remove the purified uranium. In one embodiment, the outer structure includes an angled top portion and an angled bottom portion so as to facilitate removal of the purified uranium.
The cathode scraper system may further include a mechanism configured to move the cathode scraper assembly along the plurality of cathode rods. The mechanism may move the cathode scraper assembly from a first position to a second position. The first position is located at a top portion of the plurality of cathode rods, and the second position is located at a bottom portion of the plurality of cathode rods.
In one embodiment, the mechanism includes a plurality of motors and gearboxes configured to move the cathode scraper assembly from the first position to the second position along a set of screws. Each screw of the set being positioned at a corner of the cathode scraper assembly and extending in a same direction as the plurality of cathode rods.
The method includes removing, by a cathode scraper assembly, the purified uranium that has been deposited on the plurality of cathode rods. The cathode scraper assembly includes a plurality of scrapers arranged in a lattice, and each scraper of the plurality of scrapers is arranged to correspond to a different cathode rod.
In one embodiment, the removing step further includes moving, by a mechanism, the cathode scraper assembly along the plurality of cathode rods. The moving step moves the cathode scraper assembly from a first position to a second position. The first position is located at a top portion of the plurality of cathode rods, and the second position is located at a bottom portion of the plurality of cathode rods.
Hereinafter, example embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings. However, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are merely representative for purposes of describing example embodiments. The example embodiments may be embodied in many alternate forms and should not be construed as limited to only example embodiments set forth herein.
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected,” “coupled,” “mated,” “attached,” or “fixed” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between”, “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent”, etc.).
As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the language explicitly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”, “comprising,”, “includes” and/or “including”, when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions/acts noted may occur out of the order noted in the figures or described in the specification. For example, two figures or steps shown in succession may in fact be executed in series and concurrently or may sometimes be executed in the reverse order or repetitively, depending upon the functionality/acts involved.
An electrorefiner system according to a non-limiting embodiment may be used to recover a purified metal (e.g., uranium) from a relatively impure nuclear feed material (e.g., impure uranium feed material). The electrorefiner system may be as described in U.S. application Ser. No. XX/XXX,XXX, HDP Ref. 8564-000252/US, GE Ref. 24NS250931, filed on even date herewith, titled “ELECTROREFINER SYSTEM FOR RECOVERING PURIFIED METAL FROM IMPURE NUCLEAR FEED MATERIAL,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The impure nuclear feed material may be a metallic product of an electrolytic oxide reduction system. The electrolytic oxide reduction system may be configured to facilitate the reduction of an oxide to its metallic form so as to permit the subsequent recovery of the metal. The electrolytic oxide reduction system may be as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/978,027, filed Dec. 23, 2010, “ELECTROLYTIC OXIDE REDUCTION SYSTEM,” HDP Ref.: 8564-000228/US, GE Ref.: 24AR246140, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Generally, the electrorefiner system may include a vessel, a plurality of cathode assemblies, a plurality of anode assemblies, a power system, a scraper, and/or a conveyor system. The power system for the electrorefiner system may include a common bus bar for the plurality of cathode assemblies. The power system may be as described in U.S. application Ser. No. XX/XXX,XXX, HDP Ref. 8564-000254/US, GE Ref. 24AR252783, filed on even date herewith, titled “CATHODE POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND METHOD OF USING THE SAME FOR POWER DISTRIBUTION,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Power may be supplied to the common bus bar through a floor structure via an electrical feedthrough unit. The electrical feedthrough unit may be as described in U.S. application Ser. No. XX/XXX,XXX, HDP Ref. 8564-000253/US, GE Ref. 24AR252782, filed on even date herewith, titled “BUS BAR ELECTRICAL FEEDTHROUGH FOR ELECTROREFINER SYSTEM,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The scraper is further described with reference to
As noted above, the impure nuclear feed material for the electrorefiner system may be a metallic product of an electrolytic oxide reduction system. During the operation of an electrolytic oxide reduction system, a plurality of anode and cathode assemblies are immersed in a molten salt electrolyte. In a non-limiting embodiment of the electrolytic oxide reduction system, the molten salt electrolyte may be lithium chloride (LiCl). The molten salt electrolyte may be maintained at a temperature of about 650° C. (+50° C., −30° C.). An electrochemical process is carried out such that a reducing potential is generated at the cathode assemblies, which contain the oxide feed material (e.g., metal oxide). Under the influence of the reducing potential, the metal ion of the metal oxide is reduced to metal and the oxygen (O) from the metal oxide (MO) feed material dissolves into the molten salt electrolyte as an oxide ion, thereby leaving the metal (M) behind in the cathode assemblies. The cathode reaction may be as follows:
MO+2e−→M+O2−
At the anode assemblies, the oxide ion is converted to oxygen gas. The anode shroud of each of the anode assemblies may be used to dilute, cool, and remove the oxygen gas from the electrolytic oxide reduction system during the process. The anode reaction may be as follows:
O2−→½O2+2e−
The metal oxide may be uranium dioxide (UO2), and the reduction product may be uranium metal. However, it should be understood that other types of oxides may also be reduced to their corresponding metals with the electrolytic oxide reduction system. Similarly, the molten salt electrolyte used in the electrolytic oxide reduction system is not particularly limited thereto and may vary depending of the oxide feed material to be reduced.
After the electrolytic oxide reduction, the basket containing the metallic product in the electrolytic oxide reduction system is transferred to the electrorefiner system according to the example embodiments for further processing to obtain a purified metal from the metallic product. Stated more clearly, the metallic product from the electrolytic oxide reduction system will serve as the impure nuclear feed material for the electrorefiner system according to the example embodiments. Notably, while the basket containing the metallic product is a cathode assembly in the electrolytic oxide reduction system, the basket containing the metallic product is an anode assembly in the electrorefiner system. Compared to prior art apparatuses, the electrorefiner system according to the example embodiments allows for a significantly greater yield of purified metal.
Referring to
The vessel 102 is configured to maintain a molten salt electrolyte. In a non-limiting embodiment, the molten salt electrolyte may be LiCl, a LiCl-KCl eutectic, or another suitable medium. The vessel 102 may be situated such that a majority of the vessel 102 is below the floor structure 134. For instance, an upper portion of the vessel 102 may extend above the floor structure 134 through an opening in the floor structure 134. The opening in the floor structure 134 may correspond to the dimensions of the vessel 102. The vessel 102 is configured to receive the plurality of cathode assemblies 104 and the plurality of anode assemblies 108.
The plurality of cathode assemblies 104 are configured to extend into the vessel 102 so as to at least be partially submerged in the molten salt electrolyte. For instance, the dimensions of the plurality of cathode assemblies 104 and/or the vessel 102 may be adjusted such that the majority of the length of the plurality of cathode assemblies 104 is submerged in the molten salt electrolyte in the vessel 102. Each cathode assembly 104 may include a plurality of cathode rods 106 having the same orientation and arranged so as to be within the same plane.
The plurality of anode assemblies 108 may be alternately arranged with the plurality of cathode assemblies 104 such that each anode assembly 108 is flanked by two cathode assemblies 104. The plurality of cathode assemblies 104 and anode assemblies 108 may be arranged in parallel. Each anode assembly 108 may be configured to hold and immerse an impure uranium feed material in the molten salt electrolyte maintained by the vessel 102. The dimensions of the plurality of anode assemblies 108 and/or the vessel 102 may be adjusted such that the majority of the length of the plurality of anode assemblies 108 is submerged in the molten salt electrolyte in the vessel 102. Although the electrorefiner system 100 is illustrated in
In the electrorefiner system 100, a cathode power distribution system is connected to the plurality of cathode assemblies 104 and anode assemblies 108.
To initiate the removal of the purified uranium, the cathode scraper assembly 110 is configured to move up and down along the length of the plurality of cathode rods 106 to dislodge the purified uranium deposited on the plurality of cathode rods 106 of the plurality of cathode assemblies 104. As a result of the scraping, the dislodged purified uranium sinks through the molten salt electrolyte to the bottom of the vessel 102. The cathode scraper assembly 110 is further described with reference to
The conveyor system 112 is configured such that at least a portion of it is disposed at the bottom of the vessel 102. For example, the trough 116 of the conveyor system 112 may be disposed at the bottom of the vessel 102 such that the purified uranium dislodged from the plurality of cathode rods 106 accumulates in the trough 116. The conveyor system 112 is configured to transport the purified uranium accumulated in the trough 116 through an exit pipe 114 to a discharge chute 128 so as to remove the purified uranium from the vessel 102.
The cathode scraper system includes the cathode scraper assembly 110 and a drive mechanism. The cathode scraper assembly 110 includes a plurality of scrapers (e.g., 107 in
The plurality of drive motors 101 includes a first motor 101-1 and a second motor 101-2, and the plurality of gearboxes 103 include a first gearbox 103-1, a second gearbox 103-2, a third gearbox 103-3, and a fourth gearbox 103-4. Each gearbox 103 corresponds to a different corner of the cathode scraper assembly 110. The set of support members 120 includes a first support member 120-1, a second support member 120-2, a third support member 120-3 and a fourth support member (not shown). The plurality of motors 101 and gearboxes 103 are configured above the support plate 160 and are connected to the set of support members 120. For example, the first gearbox 103-1 is connected to the first support member 120-1, the second gearbox 103-2 is connected to the second support member 120-2, the third gearbox 103-3 is connected to the third support member 120-3, and the fourth gearbox 103-4 is connected to the fourth support member. Each corner of the cathode scraper assembly 110 includes a hole that is dimensioned to fit and support a respective support member 120. The set of support members 120 is parallel to the cathode rods 106. In one embodiment, each support member 120 may be a screw.
Each motor 101 is synchronized with the other and the rotation of the corresponding gearbox 103 and support member 120, thereby driving the cathode scraper assembly 110 from a first position to a second position (and vice versa). The first position may be located at a top portion of the cathode rods 106, and the second position may be located at a bottom portion of the cathode rods 106. As such, the driving mechanism moves the cathode scraper assembly 110 along the cathode rods 106.
Example embodiments thus being described, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that example embodiments may be varied through routine experimentation and without further inventive activity. For example, although electrical contacts are illustrated in example embodiments at one side of an example refining system, it is of course understood that other numbers and configurations of electrical contacts may be used based on expected cathode and anode assembly placement, power level, necessary anodizing potential, etc. Variations are not to be regarded as departure from the spirit and scope of the example embodiments, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.
This invention was made with Government support under contract number DE-ACO2-06CH11357, awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
