Patent Application
20140274050
I. Field
The present disclosure relates generally to communication, and more specifically to techniques for performing cell reselection in a wireless communication system.
II. Background
Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These wireless systems may be multiple-access systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.
A wireless communication system may include a number of cells, where the term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a base station and/or a base station subsystem serving the coverage area. A user equipment (UE) may communicate with a cell via the downlink and uplink. The downlink (or forward link) refers to the communication link from the cell to the UE, and the uplink (or reverse link) refers to the communication link from the UE to the cell.
A UE that has just powered on or has lost coverage may search for suitable cells from which the UE can receive communication service. If a suitable cell is found, then the UE may perform registration with a wireless system via the cell, if necessary. The UE may then “camp” on the cell if the UE is in an idle mode and not actively communicating with the cell. Camping is a process in which the UE monitors a cell for system information and paging information. The cell on which the UE is camped is referred to as a serving cell.
The UE may be within the coverage of multiple cells in one or more wireless systems. The UE may camp on or communicate with the serving cell and may periodically make measurements for other cells in order to detect more suitable cells that can serve the UE. If a more suitable cell is found, then the UE may perform cell reselection to this cell. In wireless communication, “cell reselection” typically refers to selection of another cell to serve the UE whereas “cell selection” typically refers to selection of an initial cell to serve the UE. Cell reselection may be initiated by the UE when it is operating in the idle mode or by the wireless system when the UE is operating in a connected mode. It may be desirable to perform cell reselection in an efficient manner in order to obtain good performance for the UE.
Techniques for performing cell reselection to obtain good performance are disclosed herein. In an aspect of the present disclosure, a UE may perform cell reselection to a cell (e.g., a femto cell) by applying one or more performance-based suitability criteria, which may be defined to provide good performance for the UE if the cell is selected to serve the UE. A performance-based suitability criterion may be defined based on a target performance for one or more physical channels or signals to be received by the UE from a cell. The use of one or more performance-based suitability criteria for cell reselection may ensure that the UE can achieve the target performance for the one or more physical channels or signals if the UE reselects to the cell.
In one design, a UE may obtain a measured value for a cell (e.g., a femto cell). The UE may also determine a threshold value for the cell. The threshold value is not broadcast by a wireless system and may be determined by the UE independent of the wireless system. The UE may determine a suitability criterion for the cell based on the measured value and the threshold value for the cell. The UE may then determine whether the cell is a suitable cell and may also determine whether to perform cell reselection to the cell based at least on the suitability criterion.
In one design, the UE may determine the threshold value based on a target performance for a physical channel to be received by the UE from the cell. For example, the UE may determine the threshold value based on a target false alarm probability for a Page Indicator Channel (PICH). In one design, the UE may determine the measured value and the threshold value for a pilot channel based on the target performance for the PICH. For example, the UE may measure a received signal quality of the pilot channel. The UE may also determine a minimum received signal quality for the pilot channel based on at least one parameter for the PICH, which may include a difference between the transmit power of the pilot channel and the transmit power of the PICH, the number of bits for a page indicator sent on the PICH, etc. The UE may determine the suitability criterion for the cell based on the measured received signal quality of the pilot channel and the minimum received signal quality for the pilot channel.
The UE may also determine at least one additional suitability criterion for the cell based on at least one threshold value received from the wireless system. The UE may then determine whether to perform cell reselection to the cell based further on the at least one additional suitability criterion.
Various aspects and features of the disclosure are described in further detail below.
The techniques described herein may be used for various wireless communication systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA and other wireless systems. The terms “system” and “network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), cdma2000, etc. UTRA includes Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), Time Division Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA), and other variants of CDMA. cdma2000 includes IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards. A TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi Direct), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), in both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD), are recent releases of UMTS that use E-UTRA, which employs OFDMA on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink. UTRA, E-UTRA, GSM, UMTS, LTE and LTE-A are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 and UMB are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). The techniques described herein may be used for the wireless systems and radio technologies mentioned above as well as other wireless systems and radio technologies. For clarity, certain aspects of the techniques are described below for WCDMA, and WCDMA terminology is used in much of the description below.
A Node B may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, and/or a cell of some other type. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscription. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscription. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a home, an apartment, a shop, etc.) and may allow restricted access by UEs having association with the femto cell (e.g., UEs in a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG)). A femto cell may also be referred to as a CSG cell. In the example shown in
Wireless system 100 may also include relays. A relay may be an entity that can receive a transmission of data and/or other information from an upstream station (e.g., a Node B or a UE) and send a transmission of the data and/or other information to a downstream station (e.g., a UE or a Node B). A relay may also be a UE that can relay transmissions for other UEs. In
UEs 130 to 136 may be dispersed throughout the wireless system, and each UE may be stationary or mobile. A UE may also be referred to as a mobile station, a terminal, an access terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. A UE may be a cellular phone, a smartphone, a tablet, a wireless communication device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a netbook, a smartbook, etc. A UE may be able to communicate with Node Bs, relays, other UEs, etc.
Upon power up, a UE may search for wireless systems from which the UE can receive communication services. If at least one wireless system is detected, then one wireless system may be selected to serve the UE and may be referred to as a serving system. The UE may perform registration with the serving system, if necessary. The UE may then operate in a connected mode to actively communicate with the serving network. Alternatively, the UE may operate in an idle mode and camp on the serving system if active communication is not required by the UE.
The UE may operate in the idle mode and may camp on a serving cell on a first frequency. While in the idle mode, the UE may detect a femto cell on a second frequency that is different from the first frequency. The detected femto cell may have a CSG that includes the UE. A CSG identity (ID) of the detected femto cell may be in a whitelist of the UE. The UE may be required to reselect to this femto cell, regardless of cell reselection rules applicable for the current serving cell, if the detected femto cell is the strongest cell on the second frequency. This action may be specified by WCDMA standard, as defined in 3GPP TS 25.304. However, the femto cell may be the only cell on the second frequency and may be very weak. Reselecting to this femto cell may result in poor performance for the UE when it engages in a call.
The UE may perform cell reselection based on one or more suitability criteria, which may be defined to provide good performance. In WCDMA, suitability of a cell may be determined based on the following suitability parameters:
Squal=Qqualmeas−Qqual min, and Eq (1)
Srxlev=Qrxlevmeas−Qrxlev min−Pcompensation, Eq (2)
where Qqualmeas is a measured quality value at a UE for a cell,
Qqualmin is a minimum required quality value for the cell,
Squal is a cell reselection quality value for the cell,
Qrxlevmeas is a measured received level at the UE for the cell,
Qrxlevmin is a minimum required received level for the cell,
Pcompensation is a correction factor, and
Srxlev is a cell reselection received level value for the cell.
Qqualmeas denotes a measured quality of a received signal at the UE and may be determined based on a pilot transmitted by a cell. For example, in WCDMA, Qqualmeas may be expressed as a received energy-per-chip divided by a power density in a band (Ec/No) of a Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) transmitted by a cell operating based on frequency division duplexing (FDD). The Ec/No of the CPICH may be averaged to obtain a more reliable measured quality value for the cell.
Qrxlevmeas denotes a measured received signal level at the UE for a cell. For example, in WCDMA, Qrxlevmeas may be given by (i) a Received Signal Code Power (RSCP) of the CPICH transmitted by a cell operating based on FDD or (ii) an RSCP of a Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) transmitted by a cell operating based on time division duplexing (TDD).
Pcompensation is a correction factor and may be given as:
Pcompensation=max{UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH−P_MAX,0}, Eq (3)
where UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH is a maximum transmit power of the UE for a
Random Access Channel (RACH), and
P_MAX is a maximum transmit power of the UE.
In equations (1) to (3), Qqualmeas and Qrxlevmeas may be measured by the UE for a cell. Qqualmin and Qrxlevmin are threshold values that may be broadcast by a wireless system, e.g., in System Information Block Type 3 (SIB3) in WCDMA. UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH may also be broadcast by the wireless system. Qqualmeas, Qqualmin, Pcompensation, Squal and Srxlev may be given in units of decibels (dB). Qrxlevmeas, Qrxlevmin, UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH and P_MAX may be given in units of dBm, which is a power ratio (in dB) of measured power relative to 1 milliwatt.
A cell may be deemed to be a suitable cell if both of the following suitability criteria are satisfied:
(Squal>0) AND Eq (4)
(Srxlev>0). Eq (5)
For the suitability criteria show in equations (4) and (5), a CPICH Ec/Io and RSCP of a cell have to be greater than applicable threshold values, which are configured by the wireless system, in order for the cell to be considered as a suitable cell and be eligible for reselection as a new serving cell of the UE. The suitability criteria may be applicable for cells in a neighbor cell list (NCL), which may be broadcast by the current serving cell of the UE.
The suitability criteria in equations (4) and (5) may be used to determine whether a macro cell is a suitable cell. The suitability criteria in equations (4) and (5) may also be used to determine whether a femto cell is a suitable cell. This may be achieved by placing the femto cell in a neighbor cell list of the serving cell, since the suitability criteria may be applicable for all cells in the neighbor cell list.
A wireless system may broadcast very low/conservative values for Qqualmin and Qrxlevmin. In this case, even though a femto cell satisfies the suitability criteria, a UE may experience poor performance for communication via the femto cell. Furthermore, the femto cell may not be included in a neighbor cell list, and it may not be clear what suitability criteria might be applicable for the femto cell. In this case, Qqualmin obtained from system information may be used to determine suitability of the femto cell.
In an aspect of the present disclosure, a UE may perform cell reselection to a cell (e.g., a femto cell or a cell of some other type) by applying one or more performance-based suitability criteria defined to provide good performance for the UE. This may ensure that the UE will reselect a good cell. Performance-based suitability criteria may be defined in various manners. In one design, a performance-based suitability criterion may be defined based on a target performance for one or more physical channels or signals to be received by the UE from the cell. This may ensure that the UE can obtain the target performance for the one or more physical channels or signals if the UE reselects to the cell. Performance-based suitability criteria may be defined in different manners for different wireless systems and different radio technologies.
In one design, a performance-based suitability criterion may be defined based on a target performance for a Page Indicator Channel (PICH). The PICH carries page indicators that may be set (e.g., to ‘1’) whenever page messages are sent on a Paging Channel (PCH) to UEs.
A transmission on the PICH in one radio frame is referred to as a PICH frame. As shown in
Other wireless systems, such as a CDMA 1X system, may use similar concept of sending page indicators on one physical channel and page messages on another physical channel. The physical channels for page indicators and page messages may be referred to by other names in other wireless systems. The page indicators and page messages may also be sent in other manners.
A UE may register with a WCDMA system and may operate in the idle mode when the UE is not actively exchanging data with any cell in the WCDMA system. In the idle mode, the UE may periodically check its page indicator on the PICH to determine whether a page message might be sent on the PCH to the UE. If the page indicator for the UE is set, then the UE may process the PCH to check for any page message sent to the UE. The UE can detect the PICH more quickly and typically processes the PCH only if the PICH indicates that a page message might be sent to the UE.
In one design, a performance-based suitability criterion may be defined such that the UE can reliably detect the PICH with a target false alarm probability of PFA-target, which may be the target performance for the PICH. The false alarm probability of PFA-target may be achieved with a certain minimum received signal quality for the PICH. Received signal quality may be quantified by signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (as assumed in much of the description below) or by some other quantity or metric. The UE can achieve the target false alarm probability of PFA-target for the PICH if the SNR of the PICH is equal to or higher than the minimum SNR.
In general, a minimum SNR of a physical channel (e.g., a control channel or a data channel) may be dependent on various parameters of the physical channel. For example, the minimum SNR of the PICH may be dependent on a total-noise-plus interference-to-total-received-power ratio (Nt/Io), the number of page indicators in one PICH subframe (Np), and the target false alarm probability (PFA-target) for the PICH.
The following terms are used in the description below:
Ec—energy-per-chip for a physical channel (e.g., PICH) at a cell,
Ep—energy-per-chip for a pilot channel (e.g., CPICH) at the cell,
Ior—total transmit power spectral density of a downlink signal at the cell,
Ioc—interference from other cells at the UE,
Io—total received power at the UE, Io=Ioc+Ior,
No—noise spectral density at the UE, and
Nt—total noise and interference at the UE.
The UE may obtain Np by decoding SIB5 from a cell. If the UE has not decoded SIB5 and does not know Np, then the UE may use a default value for Np. In one design, a default value of 18 may be used for Np. This default value may likely be used for a femto cell, which may serve few UEs and may thus have a small value for Np. Using a default value of 18 for Np may also result in a more conservative performance-based suitability criterion for the PICH, which may be desirable in order to ensure that the target performance for the PICH can be achieved.
The false alarm probability for the PICH may be expressed as:
where SNRPICH is the SNR of the PICH, and
PFA is the false alarm probability for the PICH.
Equation (6) provides theoretical detection performance of the PICH in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with no receive diversity at the UE. The SNR of the PICH may be expressed as:
where (Ec/Ior)PICH is energy-per-chip-to-total-transmit-power ratio of the PICH, and
G denotes geometry, or G=Ior/Ioc.
In equation (8), the factor 256 accounts for 256 chips per bit for the PICH, the factor 144/Np accounts for the number of bits per page indicator, and (Ec/Ior)PICH·G is a per chip SNR. Ec/Ior of the PICH may be lower than Ec/Ior of the CPICH, e.g., by approximately 7 dB or some other amount. SNR of the PICH may be estimated based on (i) measured Ec/Ior of the CPICH and (ii) an estimated difference between Ec/Ior of the CPICH and Ec/Ior of the PICH, as described below.
Geometry may be estimated in various manners. In one design, geometry may be estimated by assuming that Ec/Ior of the CPICH is approximately −10 dB. A UE may determine Ec/Io of the CPICH after performing an autonomous search function (ASF) search and may compute geometry as G=Ior/Ioc≈Nt/Ioc. However, Ec/Ior of the CPICH may be different than an assumed Ec/Ior of −10 dB, especially in the idle mode in which an Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator (OCNS) is off. Error in the assumed Ec/Ior of the CPICH may result in a corresponding error in geometry computed based on the assumed Ec/Ior of the CPICH.
In another design, geometry may be estimated based on a weighted Nt/Io, which may be defined to be equal to (Ec/Io)*(Nt/Io). Ec/Io may be canceled from the weighted Nt/Io to obtain Nt/Io. In this design, the SNR of the PICH may be expressed as:
Combining equations (9), (10) and (11), the SNR of the PICH may be expressed as:
The SNR of the PICH defined in equation (12) may be substituted for SNRPICH in equation (6). The false alarm probability of the PICH may then be a function of the number of page indicators in one PICH subframe (Np), the Ec/Io of the CPICH, and Nt/Io. A minimum SNR of the PICH, SNRPICHmin, that can provide the target false alarm probability of the PICH may be expressed as:
Combining equations (12) and (13), a minimum Ec/Io of the CPICH, (Ep/Io)min, that can provide the target false alarm probability of the PICH may be expressed as:
(Ep/Io)min may also be referred to as Qsnrmin, (Ep/Io)target, etc.
A performance-based suitability parameter may be defined based on the measured Ec/Io of the CPICH (which may be referred to as Qsnrmeas) and the minimum Ec/Io of the CPICH (which may be referred to as Qsnrmin), as follows:
Ssnr=Qsnrmeas−Qsnr min, Eq (15)
where Qsnrmeas is a measured SNR of the CPICH from a cell,
Qsnrmin is a minimum required SNR of the CPICH from the cell, and
Ssnr is a cell reselection SNR for the cell.
A performance-based suitability criterion may be defined as follows:
(Ssnr>0). Eq (16)
The performance-based suitability criterion in equation (16) is effectively defined as the measured CPICH Ec/Io being greater than the minimum CPICH Ec/Io.
In one design, the performance-based suitability criterion in equation (16) may be used to ascertain whether a cell is a suitable cell. A cell may be deemed as a suitable cell if it meets the suitability criteria defined by the wireless system in equations (4) and (5) as well as the performance-based suitability criterion in equation (16).
In another design, a minimum quality threshold value may be defined as follows:
Q min=max{Qqual min,Qsnr min} Eq (17)
A suitability parameter and a suitability criterion may then be defined based on the minimum quality, Qmin, as follows:
Squal=Qqualmeas−Q min, and Eq (18)
(Squal>0). Eq (19)
A cell may be deemed as a suitable cell if it meets the suitability criterion defined by the wireless system in equation (2) as well as the performance-based suitability criterion in equation (19).
For clarity, a performance-based suitability criterion defined based on a target false alarm probability for the PICH has been described above. In general, a performance-based suitability criterion may be defined for any physical channel to be received by a UE. For example, a performance-based suitability criterion may be defined for a broadcast channel, a paging channel, a control channel, a data channel, etc. Furthermore, a performance-based suitability criterion may be defined based on any performance metric such as false alarm probability, detection probability, decoding probability, etc. Different physical channels may carry different types of information, and different performance metrics may be applicable for different types of information.
For clarity, a single performance-based suitability criterion defined based on a target false alarm probability for the PICH has been described above. In general, any number of performance-based suitability criteria may be defined for any number of physical channels to be received by a UE and any number of performance metrics. One or more performance-based suitability criteria may be defined for a cell such that the UE can obtain good performance if the UE performs reselection to the cell. For example, a first performance-based suitability criterion may be defined based on a target false alarm probability for the PICH, a second performance-based suitability criterion may be defined based on a target decoding probability for the PCH, etc.
In one design of block 314, the UE may determine the threshold value based on a target performance for a physical channel received by the UE. For example, the UE may determine the threshold value based on a target false alarm probability for the PICH. In one design, the measured value and the threshold value may be determined for a pilot channel based on the target performance for the physical channel received by the UE. In another design, the measured value and the threshold value may be determined for the physical channel received by the UE.
In one design, the UE may measure the received signal quality of the pilot channel (e.g., CPICH), which may correspond to the measured value for the cell. The UE may also determine a minimum received signal quality for the pilot channel, which may correspond to the threshold value for the cell, e.g., as shown in equation (14). The UE may determine the suitability criterion for the cell based on the measured received signal quality of the pilot channel and the minimum received signal quality for the pilot channel, e.g., as shown in equation (16).
The UE may determine the minimum received signal quality for the pilot channel based on at least one parameter for the physical channel received by the UE. The at least one parameter for the physical channel may comprise (i) a difference between the transmit power of the pilot channel and the transmit power of the physical channel received by the UE, (ii) an estimated geometry of the UE for the cell, and/or (iii) other parameters for the physical channel. The physical channel may comprise the PICH. The at least one parameter may comprise a target false alarm probability for the PICH, the number of bits for a page indicator sent on the PICH, etc. The UE may determine the number of bits for a page indicator based on (i) the fewest number of page indicators sent on the PICH in one radio frame or (ii) system information received from the wireless system.
In another design, the UE may determine a minimum received signal quality for the pilot channel (e.g., Qsnrmin) to obtain the target performance for the physical channel received by the UE, e.g., as shown in equation (14). The UE may determine a minimum required quality level (e.g., Qqualmin) for the cell from system information received from the cell. The UE may determine the threshold value (e.g., Qmin) based on the greater of the minimum received signal quality for the pilot channel and the minimum required quality level for the cell, e.g., as shown in equation (17). The UE may then determine the suitability criterion for the cell based on the threshold value, e.g., as shown in equations (18) and (19).
In one design, the UE may receive at least one threshold value broadcast by the wireless system. The at least one threshold value may include a second threshold value corresponding to a minimum required quality level (e.g., Qqualmin) for the cell and/or a third threshold value corresponding to a minimum required received level (e.g., Qrxlevmin) for the cell. The UE may determine at least one additional suitability criterion for the cell based on the at least one threshold value broadcast by the wireless system, e.g., as shown in equation (4) and/or (5). The UE may then determine whether to perform cell reselection to the cell based further on the at least one additional suitability criterion.
At base station 410, a module 412 may generate and transmit page indicators (e.g., on the PICH) to UEs in idle mode. A module 414 may generate and transmit a pilot channel (e.g., the CPICH) on the downlink. A module 418 may determine and send suitability parameters for cell reselection. The suitability parameters may include Qqualmin, Qrxlevmin, and/or other threshold values used by UEs to determine suitability for cell reselection. A module 420 may perform cell reselection for UEs. For example, module 420 may perform or facilitate handover of UEs that reselect to a cell served by base station 410. A transmitter 416 may generate a downlink signal comprising page indicators, pilot channel, system information, control information, and data for UEs. A receiver 422 may receive uplink signals comprising control information and data sent by UEs. The various modules within base station 410 may operate as described above. A controller/processor 424 may direct the operation of various modules within base station 410. A memory 426 may store data and program codes for base station 410.
At UE 450, a module 454 may receive pilot channels (e.g., the CPICH) from base station 410 and/or other base stations and may make measurements for received pilot channels. Module 454 may determine the SNR of the pilot channels and/or other physical channels from cells. A module 456 may detect page indicators (e.g., sent on the PICH) applicable for UE 450. A module 460 may receive suitability parameters from base station 410 and/or other base stations. A module 462 may determine suitability criteria for cell reselection based on the received suitability parameters, e.g., as shown in equations (4) and (5). A module 464 may determine one or more performance-based (perf-based) suitability threshold values. For example, module 464 may determine a performance-based suitability threshold value based on the target performance and other parameters of the PICH and the SNR of the pilot, e.g., as shown in equation (14). A module 466 may determine one or more performance-based suitability criteria based on one or more measured values and one or more performance-based suitability threshold values. For example, module 466 may determine a performance-based suitability criterion based on the measured SNR of the pilot channel and a performance-based suitability threshold value for the pilot channel, e.g., as shown in equations (15) and (16). A module 468 may perform cell reselection for UE 450 based on (i) one or more suitability criteria determined based on one or more suitability threshold values and (ii) one or more performance-based suitability criteria determined based on one or more performance-based suitability threshold values. Module 468 may determine whether a cell is a suitable cell based on the suitability criteria and may reselect to a suitable cell that is better than a serving cell of UE 450. A receiver 452 may receive downlink signals from base station 450 and/or other base stations. A transmitter 458 may generate an uplink signal comprising control information and data sent by UE 450. The various modules within UE 450 may operate as described above. A controller/processor 470 may direct the operation of various modules within UE 410. A memory 472 may store data and program codes for UE 450.
The modules in
At base station 510, a transmit processor 520 may receive data from a data source 512 for transmission to one or more UEs, process (e.g., encode and modulate) the data for each UE based on one or more modulation and coding schemes selected for that UE, and provide data symbols for all UEs. Transmit processor 520 may also process system information and control information and provide control symbols. The system information may include suitability parameters, suitability threshold values, etc. Processor 520 may also generate pilot symbols for a pilot channel, e.g., the CPICH. A transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 530 may precode the data symbols, the control symbols, and/or the pilot symbols (if applicable) and may provide T output symbol streams to T modulators (MOD) 532a through 532t. Each modulator 532 may process its output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator 532 may further condition (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) its output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. T downlink signals from modulators 532a through 532t may be transmitted via T antennas 534a through 534t, respectively.
At UE 550, antennas 552a through 552r may receive the downlink signals from base station 510 and/or other base stations and may provide received signals to demodulators (DEMODs) 554a through 554r, respectively. Each demodulator 554 may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) its received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator 554 may further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. A MIMO detector 556 may obtain received symbols from all R demodulators 554a through 554r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols, and provide detected symbols. A receive processor 558 may process (e.g., demodulate and decode) the detected symbols to obtain decoded data, control information, and system information. Receive processor 558 may provide decoded data for UE 550 to a data sink 560 and provide decoded control information and system information to a controller/processor 580. A channel processor 584 may measure received signal quality, received signal level, and/or other metrics of pilot channel and/or other physical channels. Controller 580 may determine suitability criteria for cells based on the measured received signal quality, received signal level, and/or other metrics as well as the suitability threshold values. Controller 580 may also perform cell reselection based on the suitability criteria.
On the uplink, at UE 550, a transmit processor 564 may receive and process data from a data source 562 and control information (e.g., cell reselection decisions) from controller/processor 580. Processor 564 may also generate pilot symbols for a pilot channel. The symbols from transmit processor 564 may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 566 if applicable, further processed by modulators 554a through 554r (e.g., for SC-FDM, OFDM, etc.), and transmitted to base station 510. At base station 510, the uplink signals from UE 550 and other UEs may be received by antennas 534, processed by demodulators 532, detected by a MIMO detector 536 if applicable, and further processed by a receive processor 538 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 550 and other UEs. Processor 538 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 539 and the decoded control information to controller/processor 540.
Controllers/processors 540 and 580 may direct the operation at base station 510 and UE 550, respectively. Processor 580 and/or other processors and modules at UE 550 may perform or direct process 300 in
Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.
The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the disclosure herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.
In one or more exemplary designs, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
The previous description of the disclosure is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
