The following disclosure relates generally to soil retaining systems, and more specifically to cellular sheet pile retaining systems with unconnected sheet pile tail walls, and associated structures and methods.
Marine related bulkheads constructed along the coast of Alaska experience some of the most severe environmental conditions known, including high waves and wave scour, earthquakes, ice, high tide variations, high phreatic water levels, weak soils, exposed or near-surface bedrock, heavy live loads, and difficult construction conditions. The need for low-cost, high load capacity docks and structures that allow field adaptation to changing field conditions has resulted in a development of various sheet pile retaining structures.
Flat steel sheet piles have been used in simple structures featuring primarily tension or membrane action. Foundation designs of cellular cofferdams are discussed in detail in the text by Joseph E. Bowles, Foundation Analysis and Design (1977) herein incorporated in its entirety by reference. One configuration, a closed cell flat sheet pile structure, had been successfully used for many years for a wide variety of structures including cofferdams and docks. The most common use for flat sheet piles has been in closed cellular bulkhead structures of various geometrical arrangements. Another configuration includes a diaphragm closed cell structure. By closing the cell structure, the entire structure acts as a deadman anchor in the retaining system to provide additional retaining support. However, positive structural aspects of these closed cell structures are often offset by high construction costs. Several factors have contributed to higher costs, including, for example: multiple templates required for construction alignment; close tolerances; difficulty with driving through obstacles and holding tolerance; backfilling operations using buckets or conveyors; and difficulty compacting the backfill.
Another sheet pile retaining form has been the tied back wall masterpile system with flat sheet piles acting as a curved tension face. Tieback anchors with deadmen are connected to the curved tension face to provide lateral retaining strength. This configuration allows a higher load to be retained with fewer sheet piles used as the anchors and the sheets work in concert to retain the earth load. However, tied back sheet pile walls often require deep toe embedment for lateral strength, and if that toe embedment is removed for any number of reasons, wall failure will result. This configuration further requires excavation for placement of the soil anchors, or an expensive and time consuming drilling operation to install the soil anchors, at the appropriate depth to integrate them with the sheet pile wall. Additionally, tied back walls are at risk in environments where waves overtop the wall and result in scour. Scour undermines the base of the bulkhead and the needed toe support resulting in failure of the bulkhead. The tied back walls are subject to failure during seismic events at the tied back connection to the wall and failure due to corrosion either at the tied back connection to the wall or the wall itself where corrosion of the exposed wall at the air/water interface occurs.
Several embodiments of the disclosure are described below with reference to soil retaining systems, and more particularly, with reference to cellular sheet pile retaining wall systems with unconnected tail walls, and associated methods of use. In one embodiment, for example, a retaining system includes a face wall having a plurality of interconnected face wall sheet piles. The individual face wall sheet piles have a first length and extend a first depth into soil. The face wall sheet piles form an exterior surface facing an exterior environment, such as water, shoreline, beach, river, valley, etc. The system also includes a first tail wall including a plurality of interconnected first tail wall sheet piles extending from the face wall away from the exterior environment. The individual first tail wall sheet piles anchor the face wall and have a second length greater than the first length. Moreover, the individual first tail wall sheet piles extend a second depth into the soil that is greater than the first depth. The system further includes a second tail wall spaced apart from and unconnected to the first tail wall. The second tail wall has a plurality of interconnected second tail wall sheet piles extending from the face wall away from the exterior environment to further anchor the face wall. The individual second tail wall sheet piles have a third length approximately equal to or greater than the second length. Moreover, individual second tail wall sheet piles extend a third depth into the soil, the third depth being equal to or greater than the second depth.
Specific details are identified in the following description with reference to
Many of the details, dimensions, angles and/or other portions shown in the Figures are merely illustrative of particular embodiments of the disclosure. Accordingly, other embodiments can have other details, dimensions, angles and/or portions without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. In addition, further embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced without several of the details described below, while still other embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced with additional details and/or features.
As described below in detail with reference to
Referring next to
In
In
The face wall piles 213 and the tail wall piles 215 can be made from various materials including, for example, steel, aluminum, vinyl, plastic, wood, concrete, fiberglass, metallic and non-metallic alloys, and any other suitable materials. In certain embodiments, the tail wall 106 can include an anchor 237 spaced apart from the face wall 104. The anchor can be configured to increase the pull-out resistance of the face wall 104. For example, the anchor 237 can be a tie-back anchor or dead weight that is operably coupled to the tail wall 106. In certain embodiments, the anchor 237 can be integrally formed with the tail wall 106. For example, the anchor 237 can be integrally formed with the final tail wall pile 215 in the tail wall 106. In other embodiments, however, the anchor 237 can be attached to the tail wall 106 (e.g., by welding, via a cable or rod, etc.).
According to one feature of the illustrated embodiment, the tail wall 106 is embedded in the soil 216 at a depth that is deeper than that of the face wall 104. Moreover, at least some of the tail wall piles 215 are longer than the face wall piles 213 (i.e., in the axial direction of these piles). More specifically, the tail wall 106 includes a first group G1 of tail wall piles 215 and a second group of tail wall piles G2. In the illustrated embodiment, the first group G1 includes 8 tail wall piles 215, and the second group G2 includes 31 tail wall piles 215. In other embodiments, however, the first group G1 and the second group G2 can include greater than or less than 8 and 31 tail wall piles 215, respectively. The face wall piles 213 and the tail wall piles 215 of the first group G1 have a first length, and the tail wall piles 215 of the second group G2 have a second length that is greater than the first length. In one embodiment, for example, the first length can be approximately 69 feet and the second length can be approximately 77 feet. In other embodiments, however, the first and second lengths can be greater than or less than 69 feet and 77 feet, respectively, depending, for example, on the conditions and environment where the system 100a is constructed.
As also shown in the illustrated embodiment, the first group G1 of tail wall piles 215 forms an upper staggered or stepped portion 224 of the tail wall 106 extending from a first upper surface 226 of the face wall 104 to a second upper surface 228 of the tail wall 106. The tail wall 106 also includes a lower staggered or stepped portion 225 extending from a first lower surface 234 of the face wall 104 to a second lower surface 236 of the tail wall 106. In one embodiment, for example, the individual tail wall piles 215 in the first group G1 can be staggered from each other by a height of approximately 6-18 inches, or approximately 12 inches. In other embodiments, however, these piles can be staggered by a height less than 6 inches or greater than 18 inches.
Several more features of the tail wall 106 are described with reference to a tail wall elevation 230 at the second upper surface 228 of the tail wall 106. For example, the first upper surface 226 is at a first height H1 from the tail wall elevation 230, and an exterior surface 232 of the backfill 218 is at a second height H2 from the tail wall elevation 230. Moreover, the lower exterior level 214 of the exterior environment 212 is at a third height H3 below the tail wall elevation 230. In addition, the first bottom surface 234 of the face wall 104 is at a fourth height H4 from a second bottom surface 236 of the tail wall 106. In certain embodiments, the first height H1 can be approximately 10 feet, the second height H2 can be approximately 9 feet, the third height H3 can be approximately 30 feet, and the fourth height H4 can be approximately 18 feet. In other embodiments, however, these heights can be greater than or less than these values to allow staggering tail walls both up and down.
As also shown in
The staggered portion of the tail wall 106 allows the second group G2 of tail wall piles 215 to be embedded in the soil 216 at a greater depth than the face wall 104. Moreover, the tail wall piles 215 of the second group G2, which are longer in the longitudinal direction than the face wall piles 213, contribute to the extended depth of the second bottom surface 236 of the tail wall 106 with reference to the first bottom surface 234 of the face wall 104. In certain embodiments, for example, the second bottom surface 236 of the tail wall 106 can be approximately 18 feet below the first bottom surface 234 of the face wall 104. Accordingly, the second bottom surface 234 of the tail wall 106 can be approximately 78 feet from the first upper surface 226 of the face wall 104. In other embodiments, however, these distances can be greater or less than these values.
These features of the tail wall 106 (e.g., that the tail wall 106 that is embedded deeper than the face wall 104, and the longer tail wall piles 215 of the second group G2) provide several advantages over conventional retaining walls. For example, the illustrated tail wall 106 provides an increased pull-out resistance of the face wall 104, which accordingly yields a higher ultimate tension. This configuration also improves the stability of the system 100a while also advantageously allowing the tail wall 106 to have a shorter distance D extending away from the face wall 104 compared to conventional retaining wall systems. For example, in areas with limited property rights or in soft soils, the deeper tail wall 106 with longer tail wall piles 215 can reduce the distance D of the tail wall 106 extending away from the face wall 104. These deeper tail wall piles 215 can also anchor the tail wall 106 into denser or stiffer soil below the soil failure zone as described below with reference to
As also shown in the embodiment illustrated in
The system 400 illustrated in
Although the staggered pattern of the embodiment shown in
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Certain aspects and/or features described in the context of particular embodiments may be combined or eliminated in other embodiments. Further, although advantages associated with certain embodiments have been described in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the disclosure. The following examples provide further embodiments of the disclosure.
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/241,838, titled “OPEN CELL SHEET PILE RETAINING WALLS AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF USE AND MANUFACTURE”, filed Sep. 11, 2009, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
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