Claims
- 1. A cementitious mixture comprising a hydraulic cement; greater than about 10% by weight of a pozzolanic cement replacement selected from the group consisting of fly ash, slag, natural pozzolans, and mixtures thereof based on the weight of said hydraulic cement and cement replacement; and a compatabilizing admixture, wherein the compatabilizing admixture comprises a polycarboxylate polymer dispersant, in combination with an accelerator for concrete, wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polycarboxylate backbone polymer containing polyoxyalkylene group side chains.
- 2. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the hydraulic cement is portland cement.
- 3. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 containing at least 50% portland cement based on the weight of said hydraulic cement and cement replacement.
- 4. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 further including at least one of silica fume and metakaolin.
- 5. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 including greater than about 15% of the cement replacement by weight of hydraulic cement and cement replacement.
- 6. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the cement replacement comprises fly ash in the amount of at least about 15% by weight of hydraulic cement and cement replacement.
- 7. The cementitious mixture of claim 6 wherein the cement replacement comprises Class C fly ash.
- 8. The cementitious mixture of claim 6 wherein the cement replacement comprises Class F fly ash.
- 9. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the cement replacement comprises slag in the amount of at least about 25% by weight of hydraulic cement and cement replacement.
- 10. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the cement replacement comprises natural pozzolan in the amount of at least about 24% by weight of hydraulic cement and cement replacement.
- 11. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 further including aggregate.
- 12. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the compatabilizing admixture is chloride free.
- 13. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the accelerator comprises at least one of
- a) a nitrate salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- b) a nitrite salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- c) a thiocyanate of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- d) an alkanolamine;
- e) a thiosulphate of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- f) a hydroxide of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- g) a carboxylic acid salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum; or,
- h) a polyhydroxylalkylamine.
- 14. The cementitious mixture of claim 13 wherein the accelerator comprises an aqueous solution of
- a) 0 to about 60% of said nitrate salt;
- b) 0 to about 60% of said nitrite salt;
- c) 0 to about 10% of said thiocyanate;
- d) 0 to about 10% of said alkanolamine;
- e) 0 to about 10% of said thiosulphate;
- f) 0 to about 10% of said hydroxide;
- g) 0 to about 20% of said carboxylic acid salt;
- h) 0 to about 5% of said polyhydroxylalkylamine;
- wherein at least one of components a through h is present, and the remaining percentage of the solution comprises about 1 to about 20% of said polycarboxylate dispersant and water.
- 15. The cementitious mixture of claim 13 wherein the compatabilizing admixture contains an alkali metal compound, wherein the metal is Na or K, and the anion is selected from the group consisting of a, b, c, e, f, g, and mixtures thereof.
- 16. The cementitious mixture of claim 13 wherein the compatabilizing admixture contains an alkaline earth metal compound, wherein the metal is Ca or Mg, and the anion is selected from the group consisting of a, b, c, e, f, g, and mixtures thereof.
- 17. The cementitious mixture of claim 13 wherein the compatabilizing admixture contains an aluminum metal compound, wherein the anion is selected from the group consisting of a, b, c, e, f, g, and mixtures thereof.
- 18. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the compatabilizing admixture contains
- a) a nitrate salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- b) a thiocyanate of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum; and,
- c) optionally an alkanolamine; and,
- d) optionally, a polyhydroxylalkylamine.
- 19. The cementitious mixture of claim 18 wherein the compatabilizing admixture comprises an aqueous solution of
- a) about 20 to about 40% of said nitrate salt;
- b) about 1 to about 4% of said thiocyanate;
- c) 0 to about 1% of said alkanolamine; and,
- d) 0 to about 4% of said polyhydroxylalkylamine;
- and the remaining percentage of the solution comprises about 3 to about 8% of said polycarboxylate dispersant and water.
- 20. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the compatabilizing admixture contains calcium nitrate, sodium thiocyanate, triethanolamine and tetrahydroxyethylene diamine.
- 21. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the compatabilizing admixture contains calcium nitrate, sodium thiocyanate, and triethanolamine.
- 22. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the active components of the compatabilizing admixture is present in an amount of about 0.09 to about 2 parts per 100 parts by weight of hydraulic cement and cement replacement.
- 23. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polyvinyl carboxylate polymer, derivatized with at least one of carboxyl, sulfonate, and phosphonate functional moeities.
- 24. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein said polyoxyalkylene side chains comprise at least one of i) ethylene oxide units, and ii) propylene oxide units.
- 25. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula I: ##STR16## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.5 are each independently C.sub.2 -C.sub.3 alkyl,
- R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.6 are each independently H, or C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl,
- and R.sub.7 is one of O(R.sub.5 O), CH.sub.2 O(R.sub.5 O), COO(R.sub.5 O), and CONH(R.sub.5 O);
- M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH.sub.4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
- n+m=3 to about 100,
- when m=0, n=about 5 to about 100,
- when n=0, m=about 3 to about 100,
- p and q are each independently 1 to about 100,
- u, v, and w, are each independently 1 to about 100,
- with the proviso that when both n>0 and m>0, one of u, v or w may be zero,
- when present, the ratio of u to (v+w) is from about 1:10 to about 10:1,
- the ratio of u to v is from about 1:1 to about 100:1,
- m+p=about 10 to about 400;
- x, and y are each independently 1 to about 100,
- the proviso that when both n>0 and m>0, one of x or y may be zero,
- when both are present, the ratio of x to y is about 1:10 to about 10:1,
- n+q=about 10 to about 400,
- and corresponding acid and alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or ammonium salt derivatives of the anhydride group "v".
- 26. The cementitious mixture of claim 25 wherein one of m and n are zero.
- 27. The cementitious mixture of claim 25 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer polymer includes styrene as monomer (u); at least one of maleic anhydride, maleic acid and salts thereof as monomer (v); polyalkylene glycol as monomer (w); at least one of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and salts thereof as monomer (x); and, as monomer (y), at least one of polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxy polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxy polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxy polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, ethoxy polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, ethoxy polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, ethoxy polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, and mixtures thereof.
- 28. The cementitious mixture of claim 25 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula IV: ##STR17##
- 29. The cementitious mixture of claim 28 wherein (R.sub.1 --O).sub.p --R.sub.2 is a polyalkylene glycol chain, R.sub.5 is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2, R.sub.6 is CH.sub.3, and R.sub.7 is CH.sub.2 O(R.sub.5 O).
- 30. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula V: wherein
- R.sub.8 is H or CH.sub.3, X is CH.sub.2 or CH.sub.2 -.sub..O slashed., and Y is CH.sub.2 or C.dbd.O,
- M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH.sub.4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
- a+b+c+d=1, r is about 10 to about 1000, and s=2 to about 500.
- 31. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula VI: ##STR18## wherein R.sub.10 is H or CH.sub.3, R.sub.11 is CH.sub.2 or C.dbd.O, R.sub.12 is CH.sub.2 or CH.sub.2 -.O slashed.,
- M is at least one of Hi, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH.sub.4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
- e+f+g+h=1, j is about 10 to about 1000, k=2 to about 500.
- 32. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula VII: ##STR19## wherein Z is a monomer capable of copolymerizing with the monomers of groups a' and b',
- R.sub.10 is H or CH.sub.3,
- M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH.sub.4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
- a'+b'+c'=1, d' is about 10 to about 10,000, and k=2 to about 500.
- 33. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula VIII: ##STR20## wherein R.sub.10 is H or CH.sub.3, R.sub.13 is CH.sub.3,
- M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH.sub.4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
- e':f' is about 2:1 to about 100:1, and g' is about 10 to about 1000.
- 34. The cementitious mixture of claim 1 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula IX: ##STR21## wherein R.sub.14 is CH.sub.3 or t-butylene,
- m'=1 to about 100, and n'=about 10 to about 1000.
- 35. A compatabilizing admixture for cementitious mixtures containing hydraulic portland cement and greater than about 10 percent pozzolanic cement replacement by weight of the portland cement and cement replacement, comprising a polycarboxylate polymer dispersant, in combination with an accelerator for concrete, wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polycarboxylate backbone polymer containing polyoxyalkylene group side chains.
- 36. The admixture of claim 35 wherein the compatabilizing admixture is chloride free.
- 37. The admixture of claim 35 wherein the accelerator comprises at least one of
- a) a nitrate salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- b) a nitrite salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- c) a thiocyanate of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- d) an alkanolamine;
- e) a thiosulphate of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- f) a hydroxide of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- g) a carboxylic acid salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum; or,
- h) a polyhydroxylalkylamine.
- 38. The admixture of claim 37 wherein the accelerator comprises an aqueous solution of
- a) 0 to about 60% of said nitrate salt;
- b) 0 to about 60% of said nitrite salt;
- c) 0 to about 10% of said thiocyanate;
- d) 0 to about 10% of said alkanolamine;
- e) 0 to about 10% of said thiosulphate;
- f) 0 to about 10% of said hydroxide;
- g) 0 to about 20% of said carboxylic acid salt;
- h) 0 to about 5% of said polyhydroxylalkylamine;
- wherein at least one of components a through h is present, and the remaining percentage of the solution comprises about 1 to about 20% of said polymer and water.
- 39. The admixture of claim 35 wherein the compatabilizing admixture contains
- a) a nitrate salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- b) a thiocyanate of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum; and,
- c) optionally an alkanolamine; and,
- d) optionally, a polyhydroxylalkylamine.
- 40. The admixture of claim 39 wherein the compatabilizing admixture comprises an aqueous solution of
- a) about 20 to about 40% of said nitrate salt;
- b) about 1 to about 4% of said thiocyanate;
- c) 0 to about 1% of said alkanolamine; and,
- d) 0 to about 4% of said polyhydroxylalkylamine;
- and the remaining percentage of the solution comprises about 3 to about 8% of said polycarboxylate dispersant and water.
- 41. The admixture of claim 35 wherein the compatabilizing admixture contains calcium nitrate, sodium thiocyanate, triethanolamine and tetrahydroxyethylene diamine.
- 42. The admixture of claim 35 wherein the compatabilizing admixture contains calcium nitrate, sodium thiocyanate, and triethanolamine.
- 43. The admixture of claim 35 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polyvinyl carboxylate polymer, derivatized with at least one of carboxyl, sulfonate, and phosphonate functional moeities.
- 44. The admixture of claim 35 wherein said polyoxyalkylene side chains comprise at least one of i) hydrophilic ethylene oxide units, and ii) hydrophobic propylene oxide units.
- 45. The admixture of claim 35 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula I: ##STR22## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.5 are each independently C.sub.2 -C.sub.3 alkyl,
- R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.6 are each independently H, or C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl,
- and R.sub.7 is one of O(R.sub.5 O), CH.sub.2 O(R.sub.5 O), COO(R.sub.5 O), and CONH(R.sub.5 O);
- M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH.sub.4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
- n+m=3 to about 100,
- when m=0, n=about 5 to about 100,
- when n=0, m=about 3 to about 100,
- p and q are each independently 1 to about 100,
- u, v, and w, are each independently 1 to about 100,
- with the proviso that when both n>0 and m>0, one of u, v or w may be zero,
- when present, the ratio of u to (v+w) is from about 1:10 to about 10:1,
- the ratio of u to v is from about 1:1 to about 100:1,
- m+p=about 10 to about 400;
- x, and y are each independently 1 to about 100,
- the proviso that when both n>0 and m>0, one of x or y may be zero,
- when both are present, the ratio of x to y is about 1:10 to about 10:1,
- n+q=about 10 to about 400,
- and corresponding acid and alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or ammonium salt derivatives of the anhydride group "v".
- 46. The admixture of claim 45 wherein one of m and n are zero.
- 47. The admixture of claim 45 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer polymer includes styrene as monomer (u); at least one of maleic anhydride, maleic acid and salts thereof as monomer (v); polyalkylene glycol as monomer (w); at least one of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and salts thereof as monomer (x); and, as monomer (y), at least one of polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxy polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxy polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxy polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, ethoxy polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, ethoxy polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, ethoxy polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, and mixtures thereof.
- 48. The admixture of claim 45 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula IV: ##STR23##
- 49. The admixture of claim 48 wherein (R.sub.1 --O).sub.p --R.sub.2 is a polyalkylene glycol chain, R.sub.5 is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2, R.sub.6 is CH.sub.3, and R.sub.7 is CH.sub.2 O(R.sub.5 O).
- 50. The admixture of claim 35 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula V: wherein
- R.sub.8 is H or CH.sub.3, X is CH.sub.2 or CH.sub.2 -.sub..O slashed., and Y is CH.sub.2 or C.dbd.O,
- M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH.sub.4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
- a+b+c+d=1, r is about 10 to about 1000, and s=2 to about 500.
- 51. The admixture of claim 35 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula VI: ##STR24## wherein R.sub.10 is H or CH.sub.3, R.sub.11 is CH.sub.2 or C.dbd.O, R.sub.12 is CH.sub.2 or CH.sub.2 -.O slashed.,
- M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH.sub.4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
- e+f+g+h=1, j is about 10 to about 1000, k=2 to about 500.
- 52. The admixture of claim 35 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula VII: ##STR25## wherein Z is a monomer capable of copolymerizing with the monomers of groups a' and b',
- R.sub.10 is H or CH.sub.3,
- M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH.sub.4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
- a'+b'+c'=1, d' is about 10 to about 10,000, and k=2 to about 500.
- 53. The admixture of claim 35 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula VIII: ##STR26## wherein R.sub.10 is H or CH.sub.3, R.sub.13 is CH.sub.3,
- M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH.sub.4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
- e':f' is about 2:1 to about 100:1, and g' is about 10 to about 1000.
- 54. The admixture of claim 35 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula IX: ##STR27## wherein R.sub.14 is CH.sub.3 or t-butylene,
- m'=1 to about 100, and n'=about 10 to about 1000.
- 55. A method for preparing a cementitious material comprising mixing a hydraulic cement with a pozzolanic cement replacement selected from fly ash, slag, natural pozzolans, and mixtures thereof, and a compatibilizing admixture, wherein the compatabilizing admixture comprises a polycarboxylate polymer dispersant, in combination with an accelerator for concrete, wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polycarboxylate backbone polymer containing polyoxyalkylene group side chains.
- 56. The method of claim 55 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polyvinyl carboxylate polymer, derivatized with at least one of carboxyl, sulfonate, and phosphonate functional moeities.
- 57. The method of claim 55 wherein said polyoxyalkylene side chains comprise at least one of i) hydrophilic ethylene oxide units, and ii) hydrophobic propylene oxide units.
- 58. The method of claim 55 including additionally mixing aggregate with the cement and cement replacement.
- 59. The method of claim 55 including additionally mixing water in an amount sufficient to effect hydraulic setting of the cement, cement replacement and aggregate mixture.
- 60. The method of claim 55 including additionally mixing at least one of silica fume and metakaolin with the cement and cement replacement.
- 61. The method of claim 55 wherein the accelerator comprises at least one of
- a) a nitrate salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- b) a nitrite salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- c) a thiocyanate of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- d) an alkanolamine;
- e) a thiosulphate of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- f) a hydroxide of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
- g) a carboxylic acid salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum; or,
- h) a polyhydroxylalkylamine.
- 62. The method of claim 55 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula I: ##STR28## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.5 are each independently C.sub.2 -C.sub.3 alkyl,
- R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.6 are each independently H, or C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl,
- and R.sub.7 is one of O(R.sub.5 O), CH.sub.2 O(R.sub.5 O), COO(R.sub.5 O), and CONH(R.sub.5 O);
- M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH.sub.4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
- n+m=3 to about 100,
- when m=0, n=about 5 to about 100,
- when n=0, m=about 3 to about 100,
- p and q are each independently 1 to about 100,
- u, v, and w, are each independently 1 to about 100,
- with the proviso that when both n>0 and m>0, one of u, v or w may be zero,
- when present, the ratio of u to (v+w) is from about 1:10 to about 10:1,
- the ratio of u to v is from about 1:1 to about 100:1,
- m+p=about 10 to about 400;
- x, and y are each independently 1 to about 100,
- the proviso that when both n>0 and m>0, one of x or y may be zero,
- when both are present, the ratio of x to y is about 1:10 to about 10:1,
- n+q=about 10 to about 400,
- and corresponding acid and alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or ammonium salt derivatives of the anhydride group "v".
- 63. The method of claim 62 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer polymer includes styrene as monomer (u); at least one of maleic anhydride, maleic acid and salts thereof as monomer (v); polyalkylene glycol as monomer (w); at least one of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and salts thereof as monomer (x); and, as monomer (y), at least one of polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxy polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxy polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxy polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, ethoxy polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, ethoxy polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, ethoxy polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, and mixtures thereof.
- 64. The method of claim 62 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula IV: ##STR29##
- 65. The method of claim 64 wherein (R.sub.1 --O).sub.p --R.sub.2 is a polyalkylene glycol chain, R.sub.5 is CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2, R.sub.6 is CH.sub.3, and R.sub.7 is CH.sub.2 O(R.sub.5 O).
- 66. The method of claim 55 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula V: wherein
- R.sub.8 is H or CH.sub.3, X is CH.sub.2 or CH.sub.2 -.sub..O slashed., and Y is CH.sub.2 or C.dbd.O,
- M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH.sub.4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine
- a+b+c+d=1, r is about 10 to about 1000, and s=2 to about 500.
- 67. The method of claim 55 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula VI: ##STR30## wherein R.sub.10 is H or CH.sub.3, R.sub.11 is CH.sub.2 or C.dbd.O, R.sub.12 is CH.sub.2 or CH.sub.2 -.O slashed.,
- M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH.sub.4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
- e+f+g+h=1, j is about 10 to about 1000, k=2 to about 500.
- 68. The method of claim 55 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula VII: ##STR31## wherein Z is a monomer capable of copolymerizing with the monomers of groups a' and b',
- R.sub.10 is H or CH.sub.3,
- M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH.sub.4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
- a'+b'+c'=1, d' is about 10 to about 10,000, and k=2 to about 500.
- 69. The method of claim 55 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula VIII: ##STR32## wherein R.sub.10 is H or CH.sub.3, R.sub.13 is CH.sub.3,
- M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH.sub.4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
- e':f' is about 2:1 to about 100:1, and g' is about 10 to about 1000.
- 70. The method of claim 55 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula IX: ##STR33## wherein R.sub.14 is CH.sub.3 or t-butylene,
- m'=1 to about 100, and n'=about 10 to about 1000.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/046,617, filed May 15, 1997.
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