Patent Grant
8096352
This application claims priority to Argentinean Patent Application No. P08 01 01553, entitled “A CENTRALIZER FOR TUBULAR ELEMENTS MANUFACTURED FROM TWO MATERIALS AND A PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING SAID CENTRALIZER”, filed Apr. 16, 2008, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to centralizers and, in particular, to a centralizer having a body formed from two materials, one arranged within an inner part of the body and one arranged in an outer part of the body.
2. Description of the Related Art
Currently available centralizers are manufactured from a single material, generally a plastic material. The material is injected on the tubular element to be centralized, more specifically on a both hollow and solid pumping rod. The material may be further arranged by employing a two-piece fitting joint or it assembly by other mechanisms.
In those cases where the material is injected on the tubular element, a centralizer is obtained that has a molecular framework and an attachment level to the tubular element that varies significantly on the basis of the injecting conditions. However, under normal production conditions, the molecular framework of the centralizer can be adjusted to be as crystalline as possible, increasing the attachment to the tubular element. Generally, either surface modification (such as sandblasting) or slot machining may be used for improving attachment of the centralizer to the tubular element.
When the centralizer is arranged by assembling multiple pieces, the attachment is much weaker than using injection. Even more, some additional insertions may be added, such as pivots, screws, etc. to allow for positioning of the parts. On the other hand, assembling centralizers is advantageous because they can be more easily fitted in either position which may be desired.
Regarding the material properties of these centralizers, the plastic is generally highly hard and resistant to deterioration and corrosion. Engineered polymers are those which meet the requirements to operate in oil wells. The most popular engineered polymers include polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), high temperature polyamides (PA), polyphthalamide (PPA), polyphenylene ether (PPE).
These engineered polymers may be further modified by aggregates such as glass, minerals, or aramid fibers. Ceramic enhancers may be employed for maintaining mechanical properties at high temperatures. While the base polymers provide chemical resistance during use, the enhancing elements provide resistance to creep (“creep resistance”). The resulting composite material improves the properties of the base polymer, which may be beneficial to ensure the expected performance in very hard environments.
Although these materials have shown excellent performance in aggressive environments, they are expensive and may cause deterioration of the metallic piece against which they move. For example, metallic damage due to the employment of a PPS centralizer in some oil wells has been reported. The presence of glass fibers as enhancer in the above mentioned centralizer has increased erosion and damage of the metallic surface, and has resulted in significant thickness reduction. Furthermore, long term contact with high temperature environments that also deteriorates the mechanical properties of these materials, resulting in detachment.
It may be assumed that each possibility of having a single material for manufacturing a centralizer has a clear disadvantage and a related problem as well, which in the end causes early extraction and replacement of the piece. Documents US 2006/231250, U.S. Pat. No. 6,585,043, WO 98/50669, CA 2101677, U.S. Pat. No. 3,963,075, RU 2211911, US 2005/0241822, US 2004/0112592, US 2003/0070803, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,793,412, 7,156,171, 7,182,131, 7,140,432 and 6,484,803 disclose centralizers made from a single material, including rollers or blades.
From the forgoing, then, it may be understood that there is an ongoing need for improved centralizers.
Embodiments of the present disclosure present centralizers for use in centering tubular elements. The centralizers may be employed for centering the tubular elements in structures such as well bores and other pipe strings. Tubular elements may include solid and hollow mechanical pumping rods, where movement of the pipe string is alternately upwards and downwards. In alternative embodiments, the centralizers may be employed with tubular elements such as progressing cavity pump (PCP) type, where movement of the pipe string is rotative. The body of the centralizer is formed by two materials, one of them is arranged within the inner part of said body, and the other one within the outer part of said body.
In an embodiment, a centralizer for tubular elements is provided. The centralizer comprises an inner part formed by a first material having high mechanical performance and chemical stability. The centralizer further comprises an outer part arranged on said inner part formed by a second material. The second material is substantially autolubricating, possesses a low coefficient of friction; and further possesses lower mechanical performance and chemical stability than the first material.
In another embodiment, a process of manufacturing the centralizer is provided. The process comprises injecting a first material forming an inner part on a tubular element and injecting a second material on said formed inner part. The first material may comprise polyphenylene sulfide. The second material may comprise polyamide.
Embodiments of the present disclosure may be better understood on the basis of the following drawings, namely:
In an embodiment, a two-material centralizer is disclosed. The two material centralizer comprises an inner part manufactured from a strong, rigid material with high detachment strength, and an outer part manufactured from an autolubricating, and non-erosive material with a low coefficient of friction.
In further embodiments, the centralizer may be manufactured by a double injection process. Firstly, the inner part may be injected. Then, the remaining volume may be filled with the outer material. Within the interface, no chemical attachment may be needed between both materials to allow the outer part rotate around the inner part when torque is applied. The possibility of rotating around a core may reduce the friction between the centralizer and the metallic surface. Additionally, the blades of the centralizer no longer move along a straight line during alternative movement of the centralizer but rather during contact with the whole inner tubular surface. Therefore, erosion of the metallic surface is not localized and total damage of the tubular piece is reduced.
The centralizer of the present invention further solves two important problems related to the performance of centralizers during operation: resistance to detachment of the tubular element and a low coefficient of friction, together with low deterioration and damage to the metallic piece.
Another advantage of embodiments of the presently disclosed centralizer is that the rotative outer part diminishes the strength detaching the centralizer. This is due to the fact that, even if the volume covered by the stronger material is lower than an eventual unique material centralizer, it does not substantially deteriorate the resistance to detachment.
Embodiments of the disclosed centralizer bear operation conditions with substantially no detachment of the tubular part to which it is attached, and with substantially no damage to the metallic surface to which it is in contact during movement.
The two-material centralizer also substantially reduces the torque applied to the interface between the centralizer and the tubular element to which it is attached. This can be reached through a rotative outer part, which rotates around the inner part.
The rotating movement has an additional advantage: the blades of the centralizer can continuously rotate, substantially inhibiting localized erosion of the metallic surface.
As a consequence, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for the above mentioned problems, namely the usage of two materials, which may be formed by injection-casting of polymeric materials, one over the other. The geometries of both parts are compatible based on the fact that the outer part, in certain embodiments, may be allowed to rotate around the inner part. In further embodiments, the outer part may possess helicoidal blades. The material forming the inner part may possess a higher elastic modulus than that forming the outer part, as well as improved mechanical properties, even at high temperatures. The material forming the outer part may also possess a low coefficient of friction and may be auto-lubricating, providing a good interface for continuous operation in contact with the tubular element walls.
The rotative outer part may further allow for reduction of net torque, increasing the service life of the centralizer. In certain embodiments, the centralizer may rotate approximately 360° when in contact to the metallic surface, substantially reducing localized erosion and the damage borne by the metallic surface.
In an embodiment, the process of localizing the centralizer comprises injecting the inner material on the tubular element, where the inner material possesses high mechanical performance and chemical stability. An example of such a material may include, but is not limited to, PPS. Subsequently, the outer material is injected on the core. An example of the outer material may include, but is not limited to, polyamide, having a low friction index but with lower mechanical performance and chemical stability than the inner material.
In this manner, a PPS core may be formed, which may be useful as an anchor to prevent the polyamide from detaching from the axial position taken by the device within the tubular element. In both cases, the grip may be adjusted by means of a tightening effect on the plastic around the tubular element and the centralizer core. This effect may be achieved by the volumetric contraction of the materials upon cooling after the injection process.
In alternative embodiments, depending on the application, the outer material may not rotate around the core. For example, a plurality of locks may be positioned circumferentially, longitudinally, or a combination thereof, about the periphery of the inner part of the centralizer.
As a result, it is possible to manufacture centralizers meeting both options. In embodiments where the centralizer is designed to rotate, the first injection may be configured without locks. Such configurations may be advantageous under circumstances of elevated torque for which. In other embodiments where the centralizer is designed to be fixed, the first injection may be configured with locks.
In further embodiments, depending on the application of the pumping rod, two geometric types for centralizers may be defined. One of them is substantially straight, with longitudinal blades for the case of mechanical pumping rods. The other one may be substantially helicoidal, with helicoidal blades, for the PCP pumping rods, as previously described herein.
In embodiments where the tubular elements comprise mechanical pumping rods, where the pipe string has an upwards and downwards movement, the blades may be substantially longitudinal. In embodiments where the tubular elements comprise PCP pumping rods, and the pipe string has rotative movement, the blades may be helicoidal.
In an example, a selected number of locks may be arranged on the periphery of the inner part 2, 2′. The locks 5 may be arranged circumferentially, longitudinally, and combinations thereof. In a further example, approximately 16 substantially equispaced locks may be positioned both circumferentially and longitudinally on the periphery of the inner part 2,2′, as illustrated on
In an embodiment, the process of localization of a centralizer, such as centralizer 1 or 1′ comprises of injecting, on the tubular element, the inner material forming the inner part or core 2, 2′. As discussed above, the inner material possesses high mechanical performance and chemical stability, for example PPS. Subsequently, the outer material is injected on said the inner part 2, 2′ in order to form the outer part 3, 3′. The outer material comprises a material possessing a low friction index but lower mechanical performance and chemical stability than the inner material, for example polyamide.
Depending on the application of the pumping rod, in alternative embodiments, it may be desired that the outer part 3, 3′ not rotate around the inner part 2, 2. Consequently, centralizers 1, 1′ may be manufactured to meet both options.
In the case of applications involving elevated torque, it may be desired for the centralizer 1, 1′ to be rotative. Thus, the inner part 2, 2′ may be fabricated without locks 5 arranged on the periphery of the inner part 2, 2′.
In the case of applications where it is desired that the centralizer 1, 1′ be fixed, the inner part 2, 2′ may include substantially equispaced locks 5. The locks 5 may be arranged circumferentially and longitudinally arranged on the periphery of the inner part 2, 2′.
Although the foregoing description has shown, described, and pointed out the fundamental novel features of the present teachings, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form of the detail of the apparatus as illustrated, as well as the uses thereof, may be made by those skilled in the art, without departing from the scope of the present teachings. Consequently, the scope of the present teachings should not be limited to the foregoing discussion, but should be defined by the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| P080101553 | Apr 2008 | AR | national |
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