Patent Grant
6921882
The invention relates to a ceramic cooktop comprising a cooking plate of glass ceramic or glass, an electric heat conductor layer and an insulating layer between the cooking plate and the heat conductor layer. The invention further relates to a method of producing such a ceramic cooktop.
Such a ceramic cooktop is for instance known from DE 31 05 065 C2 or from U.S. Pat. No. 6,037,572.
The known ceramic cooktop comprises a cooking plate of a glass ceramic, at the lower side of which a grounded metal layer is sprayed, onto which an insulating layer of aluminum oxide is sprayed. At the lower side of the ceramic insulating layer a heat conductor is applied by a printing technique.
Such a ceramic cooktop can provide a more energy saving heating than with previously known ceramic cooktops, wherein heating is substantially performed by means of irradiation energy. Herein initial cooking power is considerably enhanced.
The insulating layer between the heat conductor layer and the cooking plate is necessary, since a glass ceramic, such as Ceran®, comprises an NTC characteristic, i.e. with rising temperature also the electric conductivity raises considerably.
Therefore, the electric insulating layer must have a breakdown resistance of about 3,750 Volts at operating temperatures, to guarantee the necessary safety requirement according to VDE.
To this end it is necessary to produce the ceramic insulating layer with a considerable layer thickness, such as for instance 200-500 μm, when utilizing Al2O3 as insulating layer.
However, it has been found that the ceramic material tends to fracture formation at such a high layer thickness and, in addition, the thermal stresses that result from the differences between the coefficients of thermal expansion between glass ceramic (±0.15×10−6 K−1) and ceramic (≈8.0×10−6 K−1 for Al2O3) considerable thermal stresses result during operation, so that the ceramic insulating layer tends to chip off.
Thus it is a first object of the invention to disclose a ceramic cooktop having an improved operating, safety.
It is a second object of the invention to disclose a ceramic cooktop having a good long term stability in rough daily operation. In particular, the cooktop shall have a high stability during long term operation while ensuring the necessary electric breakdown resistance of the insulating layer at the same time.
It is a third object of the invention to disclose a ceramic cooktop that is easy to produce in a cost-effective way.
It is a forth object of the invention to disclose a method of producing such a ceramic cooktop.
These and other objects are solved according to the invention by designing the insulating layer with a plurality of layers that have porosities that decrease toward the heat conductor layer.
The object of the invention is solved completely in this way. Namely, it has been found that a gradual matching of coefficient of thermal expansion to the coefficient of thermal expansion of glass ceramic can be reached by means of the special utilization of such gradient layers. A higher porosity leads to a decrease of the elasticity module and, thereby, to an improved tolerance against thermal stresses. Thus by dividing the insulating layer into at least two individual layers, the first one of which having a higher porosity is in contact with the cooking plate, and the second one having a lower porosity faces the heat conductor layer, thus a better tolerance against stresses can be reached. In particular, the risk of fracture can be avoided even at a larger total thickness of the insulating layer. Simultaneously a good stability of the total layer composite also with respect to high temperature cycling during operation of such a ceramic cooktop is ensured.
Preferably, the individual layers of the insulating layer are prepared by thermal spraying.
Herein the different porosities of the individual layers can be generated by different powder qualities or by utilizing different burners, preferably by means of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS), or by varying the process parameters during the coating process.
In addition, an electrical conductive intermediate layer, which is preferably grounded, may be provided between the insulating layer and the cooking plate.
According to a preferred development of the invention this electrical conductive intermediate layer consists of a cermet or of an electrically conductive ceramic. While by means of a cermet a good electrical conductivity is ensured simultaneously with a relatively small coefficient of thermal expansion, the utilization of an electrically conductive ceramic, such as e.g. results from TiO2 by means of oxygen loss during thermal spraying, offers the particular advantage of a good chemical compatibility and adherence to the surface of the cooking plate together with an even smaller coefficient of thermal expansion than encountered with a cermet.
Also the electrically conductive intermediate layer is, preferably, prepared by thermal spraying.
By applying such an electrically conductive grounded intermediate layer, the ceramic insulating layer may have a smaller breakdown resistance, wherein about 1,500 V are sufficient for a cooking operation. In case of failure when the heat conductor electrically breaks down to the cooking plate, due to the grounding of the cooking plate a safety device, basically known in the art, is triggered.
According to an advantageous development of the invention the layers occupy an area diminishing toward the heat conductor layer.
Herein, the layers preferably are centered with respect to each other, in particular, are arranged concentrically. By a gradual steady transition in the rim area to the respective adjacent layer stresses in the rim area are avoided.
Thus by such a design it is avoided that the rim layers chip off from the adjacent layers under the influence of thermal stresses.
Without such a design there is an increased risk of chipping off, in particular in the rim area.
It has been found to be particularly advantageous to design the layers as circular shaped layers, since thus the thermally induced stresses are smallest during operation. However, in addition, depending on the particular application, also differently shaped layers, e.g. square shaped layers or oval layers may be utilized.
If the cooktop comprises several cooking areas, such as four cooking areas, then preferably the insulating layer and the respective other layers are only provided in the region of the respective cooking area, to keep the total stresses as low as possible.
Preferably, the individual layers of the insulating layer consist of aluminum oxide which offers a particularly good adhesion and a particularly good breakdown resistance. Apart from that also layers of mullite, of cordierite, of aluminum oxide with additions of titanium oxide, of zirconium oxide or mixtures of zirconium oxide and magnesium oxide are conceivable. Mullite and cordierite offer the advantage of a small coefficient of thermal expansion, however do not have such a good adhesion to a glass ceramic surface such as aluminum oxide. In addition, it is not possible to generate layers of mullite or cordierite directly by thermal spraying on a glass ceramic surface, since the latter would be damaged thereby.
Preferably, to this end initially a bonding layer, which may for instance consist of aluminum oxide, of titanium oxide or mixtures thereof, would have to be sprayed onto the surface of the glass ceramic, before the insulating layer of mullite or of cordierite can be applied by spraying.
According to a further development of the invention the cooking plate comprises an annular groove at its side facing the heat conductor layer, the groove extending close to the rim region of the layer sprayed onto the cooking plate.
This measure in addition serves to reduce stresses in the rim region.
It will be understood that the afore mentioned features of the invention and to be described hereinafter are not applicable only in their given combinations but also in different combinations or individually without going beyond the scope of the invention.
Further features and advantages of the invention can be taken from the following description of preferred embodiments with reference to the drawings. In the drawings:
In
It will be understood that the representation is merely of exemplary nature and that, in particular, the dimensional relations are not drawn to scale.
The ceramic cooktop 10 comprises a cooking plate 12 of a glass ceramic, such as of Ceran® of Schott, which is designed flat and serves to support cooking utensils.
The lower side of the cooking plate 12, at the areas at which a heating shall be possible, is provided with an insulating layer designated in total with numeral 14. Onto the lower surface of the insulating layer a heat conductor layer 22 is applied.
It will be understood that such a ceramic cooktop 10 may comprise a plurality of cooking areas, such as four cooking areas for household purposes. However, in
The insulating layer according to
Preferably, the individual layers 16, 18, 20 are configured circular and occupy areas diminishing toward the heat conductor layer 22. Herein the individual layers 16, 18, 20 are arranged concentrically to each other.
This measure serves to avoid that layers in the rim region chip off.
The individual insulating layers 16, 18, 20 may, e.g. consist of aluminum oxide and may each have a porosity that diminishes from the cooking plate 12 into the direction of the heat conductor layer 22.
Thus for instance the first partial layer might be applied to the surface of the cooking plate by thermal spraying and may have a porosity in the range of 15 to 20 volume percent, while the subsequent partial layer 18 may have a porosity of about 5 to 10 volume percent, and the last partial layer 20 might have a porosity as small as possible, such as 1% or even lower.
All the layers 16, 18, 20 are applied by thermal spraying (preferably by atmospheric plasma spraying).
To ensure a sufficiently high breakdown resistance, i.e. at least 3,750 V at operating temperature, the total thickness of the insulating layer 14 is up to about 500 μm when utilizing aluminum oxide.
Before thermal spraying the cooking plate 12 is not pretreated by sandblasting as common in the prior art, since this would lead to a damage of the glass ceramic surface, by contrast, it is only cleaned, e.g., degreased using acetone.
The precise delimitation of the individual layers 16, 18, 20 from the respective surface lying there under can each be ensured by a masking process.
On the lower side of the lowest partial layer 20 of the insulating layer 14 a heat conductor layer 22 is produced. This heat conductor layer 22 comprises a meander-like wound heat conductor 24 which may, e.g., be produced by a screen printing operation generally known in the art.
Alternatively, for producing the heat conductor 24 also a thermal spraying process in combination with a masking operation is suitable, this having advantages over the production by a known screen printing operation, since in screen printing the metal conductors have a glassy fraction of usually more than 5%, to lower the flow temperatures during layer firing. However, this glassy fraction reduces the metal fraction of the partial segments of the respective conductor track. The conductor track having a locally increased glass fraction has in this region a higher resistance which may possibly lead to an overheating and to a material breakdown during current flow.
These problems are avoided by a thermally sprayed heat conductor 22.
Also laser spraying is particularly suited to produce conductor tracks.
Preferably, the individual insulating layers 16, 18, 20 consist of aluminum oxide, whereby a particularly good adhesion to the surface of the cooking plate 12 can be reached. At the same time aluminum oxide offers a good breakdown resistance. By the gradient design with porosities decreasing toward the heat conductor layer 22 problems caused by thermal stresses are considerably avoided which result from differences between the coefficients of thermal expansion (about 8.0×10−6 K−1 for Al2O3 and about ±0.15×10−6 K−1 for Ceran®).
Also cordierite (2MgO.2Al2O3.5SiO2) are mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO2) may be utilized advantageously as ceramic insulation material, since this offers a considerably lower coefficient of thermal expansion α of about 2.2 to 2.3×10−6 K−1 for cordierite and of 4.3 to 5.0×10−6 K−1 for mullite.
However, it is not possible to apply a mullite layer or a cordierite layer directly onto a glass ceramic by thermal spraying, since this would lead to fracture formation and to a damage of the surface of the glass ceramic.
In this case initially a thin bonding layer on the order of about 10 to 150 μm, preferably of about 50 to 100 μm, would have to be sprayed onto the surface of the glass ceramic, before the subsequent insulating layers are applied.
E.g. aluminum oxide, titanium oxide or mixtures thereof are suited as bonding layers.
In addition in
In
This embodiment differs from the embodiment described before by the fact that the insulating layer 14′ consists only of two partial layers 16′, 18′, and in that between the insulating layer 14′ and the cooking plate 12 an intermediate layer 26 of an electrically conductive material was produced. This intermediate layer 26 is grounded, as indicated by numeral 28.
In case of failure during breakdown of the heat conductor 24 to the cooking plate 12 a safety device of the cooking plate 12 (not shown) generally known in the art, is triggered, due to the grounding.
Due to this measure the insulating layer 14′ can have a smaller overall thickness, since the breakdown resistance now must only be 1,500 V at operating temperature, to ensure the necessary safety according to VDE.
This leads to the consequence that the overall layer thickness of the insulating layer 14′ merely can be designed half as thick or even smaller than with the embodiment according to FIG. 1.
While according to the embodiment of
The intermediate layer 26 could theoretically also consist of metal which, however, would have again drawbacks due to the considerably higher coefficients of thermal expansion of metals.
Therefore, it is preferred to produce the intermediate layer 26 of an electrically conductive ceramic, such as of TiO2 which during thermal spraying operation undergoes such a high oxygen loss, that it becomes electrically conductive. A further alternative for producing the intermediate layer 26 is the utilization of a cermet, such as of a nickel/chromium/cobalt alloy in which carbides, such as tungsten carbide particles and chromium carbide particles, are dispersed.
With such a cermet a particularly good conductivity can be reached, however, naturally the coefficient of thermal expansion is higher than that for instance TiO2, however, still is smaller than that of common metallic layers.
Again the heat conductor layer 22, as mentioned before, is applied by thermal spraying in combination with a masking process to the lower side off the lowest partial layer 18′ of the insulating layer 14′.
The individual layers 16, 18, 20 according to
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 101 12 234 | Mar 2001 | DE | national |
This is a continuation application of copending International patent application PCT/EP02/01743 filed on Feb. 19, 2002 and designating the United States which was not published in English under PCT Article 21(2), and claiming priority of German patent application DE 101 12 234.9 filed on Mar. 6, 2001. Additional copending applications are PCT/EPO2/01751 and PCT/EPO2/01742.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3110571 | Alexander | Nov 1963 | A |
| 3978315 | Martin et al. | Aug 1976 | A |
| 4764341 | Flaitz et al. | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4952903 | Shibata et al. | Aug 1990 | A |
| 5532458 | Kratel et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 6037572 | Coates et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6448538 | Miyata | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6762396 | Abbott et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 31 05 065 | Aug 1982 | DE |
| 0 560 708 | Sep 1993 | EP |
| 0 866 642 | Sep 1998 | EP |
| 0 951 202 | Oct 1999 | EP |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040112886 A1 | Jun 2004 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/EP02/01743 | Feb 2002 | US |
| Child | 10647811 | US |
