Patent Application
20050220470
This application is based on applications No. 2004-104001, No. 2004-104015 and No. 2004-104034 filed in Japan, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to a charging device and an image forming apparatus provided with the device. In particular, the present invention relates to a charging device suitable for charging an electrostatic latent image carrier that serves as an object to be charged and an image forming apparatus provided with the device. As the image forming apparatus, there are typically enumerated copiers, printers, facsimiles and composite apparatuses of these apparatuses.
As the charging device of this kind of image forming apparatus, there has conventionally been widely known a device of a system in which a charging member such as a roller, a pad, and a sheet is brought in contact or proximity with a photoreceptor drum (the device being hereinafter referred to as a “contact charging device”).
As described in a first patent document JP 63-149668A for example, a pulsating voltage (Vdc+Vac) obtained by superimposing a dc voltage Vdc on an ac voltage Vac is generally applied between the charging member and the photoreceptor drum, and the peak-to-peak voltage value (Vpp) of the pulsating voltage is set two or more times the charging start voltage value (Vth) of the photoreceptor drum in order to obtain uniform charge. That is, the peak-to-peak voltage value (Vpp) is set at Vpp≧2Vth.
However, this setting has a problem that the toner disadvantageously adheres to the charging member and causes defective charging because opposite charge is imparted (injected) from the charging member to the toner, which remains on the surface of the photoreceptor drum in the transfer process, when the residual toner passes along the charging member. Moreover, according to a system in which a developing device (hereinafter referred to as a “contact developing device”) brought in contact with the photoreceptor drum and the aforementioned charging device are provided to carry out development while collecting the residual toner by the contact developing device (the so-called cleanerless system), there is a problem that, when the opposite charge is imparted to the residual toner on the photoreceptor drum, the collection of toner by the contact developing device becomes insufficient, generating a defective image.
As a measure against the toner adhesion to the charging member, there has conventionally been known the technique of “mechanically” removing the residual toner on the surface of the charging member by bringing a pad-shaped cleaning member in contact with the charging member. Moreover, as described in a second patent document JP 2001-188405A, there has been known the technique of “electrically” transferring the residual toner on the charging member onto the photoreceptor drum by switching the polarity of the discharge electric field formed between the object to be charged and the charging member.
However, the aforementioned “mechanical” technique has the problem of causing the complication and cost increase (including the number of assembling processes) of the apparatus due to the addition of the cleaning member. Moreover, the aforementioned “electrical” technique has the problem of needing complicated troublesome voltage control for switching the discharge electric field and so on, causing the complication and cost increase of the apparatus.
For example, a third patent document JP 8-190269A proposes the technique of improving the toner collection performance of a contact developing device by providing a charge control member (coloring powder contact charging member) on the upstream side (between the transfer means and the charging means) of charging means around the photoreceptor drum and applying a bias voltage that is not lower than the charging start voltage to this charge control member for the achievement of uniform electric charge (polarity) of the toner that remains on the photoreceptor drum without transferring the toner by transfer means.
However, there is a possibility that opposite charge is imparted (injected) from the charge control member to the toner that remains on the surface of the photoreceptor drum in the transfer process by the aforementioned technique. Since the electric charge (polarity) of the toner becomes nonuniform when the opposite charge is imparted to the residual toner on the photoreceptor drum, there is a problem that toner collection by the contact developing device (development process) becomes insufficient, generating a defective image. There is a further problem that the toner disadvantageously adheres to the charging member when the opposite charge is imparted to the residual toner on the photoreceptor drum, causing defective charging.
An object of the present invention is to provide a charging device capable of uniformly charging the object to be charged and preventing opposite charge from being imparted to the residual toner on the object to be charged.
Another object of this invention is to provide an image forming apparatus provided with such the charging device.
In order to achieve the aforementioned objects, a first aspect of the present invention provides a charging device comprising:
In this case, the charging member “opposed to” the outer circumferential surface of the object to be charged includes a charging member brought in contact or in proximity with the surface of the object to be charged.
When image formation is carried out by an electrophotographic system using the charging device according to this invention, the relation of Vpp≦|Vth| prevents an opposite charge from being imparted to i.e. injected into residual toner on the object to be charged, specifically, an electrostatic latent image carrier at the time of passing through the charging member. This stabilizes the charge property of the residual toner. As a result, toner adhesion to the charging member is prevented, which eliminates the possibility of causing defective charging. Therefore, the image quality is maintained satisfactory for a long term. Moreover, a contact developing device reliably collects toner even when a cleaner device is omitted in combination of the contact developing device and the charging device.
Furthermore, there is no need to provide any mechanical or electrical cleaning means intended for cleaning the charging member. Moreover, this charging device regulates the peak-to-peak voltage value Vpp of the pulsating voltage, and therefore, the complicated control of switching the discharge electric field or the like is not required. Thus, this charging device is constructed simple at low cost.
A second aspect of the present invention provides a charging device comprising:
When image formation is carried out by an electrophotographic system using the charging device according to this invention, the relation of |Vmax−Vo|>|Vth|>|Vmin−Vo| prevents an opposite charge from being imparted to i.e. injected into residual toner on the object to be charged such as an electrostatic latent image carrier at the time of passing through the charging member. Specifically, the relation of |Vmax−Vo|>|Vth| allows regular charging to be carried out to the object to be charged during applying a bias by the charging member. On the other hand, the relation of |Vth|>|Vmin−Vo| allows reverse charging not to be carried out to the object to be charged. Thus, the opposite charge is prevented from being imparted to the residual toner on the electrostatic latent image carrier at the time of passing through the charging member. As a result, toner adhesion to the charging member is prevented, which eliminates the possibility of causing defective charging and therefore, the image quality is maintained satisfactory for a long term. In addition, the same effects and advantages are obtained as in the case with the first aspect of the invention.
Furthermore, there is no need to provide cleaning means (mechanical or electrical technique) intended for cleaning the charging member. Moreover, this charging device, which regulates the maximum value (Vmax) and the minimum value (Vmin) of the pulsating voltage, therefore does not require the complicated control of switching the discharge electric field or the like. Therefore, this charging device is constructed simple at low cost.
A third aspect of the present invention provides a charging device comprising:
The relation of |Vmax−Vo|>|Vth| allows regular charging to be carried out to the object to be charged during applying a bias by the charge control member, where Vo is any one of the surface voltages Vo(i), Vo(ii) and Vo(iii) of the object to be charged under the condition of |Vo(i)<|Vo(ii)|<|Vo(iii)|. Also, the relation of |Vth|>Vpp prevents the opposite charge from being imparted to the residual toner on the object to be charged. Thus the charge property of the residual toner is stabilized, which eliminates the possibility of causing defective charging.
A fourth aspect of the present invention provides an image forming apparatus of an electrophotographic system, comprising:
The image forming apparatus according to the fourth aspect of the invention has the same effects and advantages as those of the first, second and third aspects of the invention.
The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the present invention, and wherein:
As shown in
For example, the image forming unit 1Y of yellow (Y) is provided with a charge control member 5, a charging member 3, an exposure unit 13, a developing unit 4 and a primary transfer unit 7, which are arranged in this order around a photoreceptor drum (rotated in the direction of arrow 91 by an unshown motor) 2 that serves as an object to be charged and an electrostatic latent image carrier. In this example, the charge control member 5 and the charging member 3 are each constructed of a conductive roller that is brought in contact or proximity with the surface of the photoreceptor drum 2. The charge control member 5 and the charging member 3 stabilize the charge property of the residual toner on the photoreceptor drum 2 by the method described later and uniformly charge the surface of the photoreceptor drum 2. The exposure unit 13 is constructed of, for example, a semiconductor laser device and exposes the surface of the uniformly charged photoreceptor drum 2 to light to form a latent image there. The developing unit 4 develops an image by making toner (yellow toner in this image forming unit 1Y) adhere to the latent image. In this example, the developing unit 4 is a contact developing device having a developing roller 4a that is brought in contact or proximity with the surface of the photoreceptor drum and operates also as a toner collecting section for collecting the toner that remains on the surface of the photoreceptor drum (so-called the cleanerless system). The primary transfer unit 7 has a transfer roller opposed to the photoreceptor drum 2 with interposition of the intermediate transfer belt 6 and transfers the toner on the surface of the photoreceptor drum onto the intermediate transfer belt 6 that serves as a transfer member by applying a prescribed bias voltage to this transfer roller.
The image forming units 1M, 1C and 1BK of the other colors have the same construction as that of the image forming unit 1Y except for the difference in the color of toner. The colors are overlaid every time the intermediate transfer belt 6 passes along each of the image forming units, and a full color image is finally formed on the intermediate transfer belt 6.
A secondary transfer unit 8 constructed of a transfer roller is provided in a position on the downstream side of the image forming units 1Y, 1M, 1C and 1BK of the four colors or in a position opposed to the roller 52 with interposition of the intermediate transfer belt 6 in this example. The secondary transfer unit 8 collectively transfers the color image on the intermediate transfer belt onto a sheet 9 of paper or the like by applying a prescribed bias voltage to the transfer roller. The sheet 9, onto which the color image has been transferred, is conveyed upward as indicated by arrow 93 and made to pass through a fixing section (not shown) to fix the color image.
A cleaning blade 10 is provided above the roller 52. The toner, which remains on the intermediate transfer belt 6 after the secondary transfer process, is removed from the intermediate transfer belt 6 by this cleaning blade 10, conveyed by a conveyance screw (not shown) and collected into a waste toner container (also not shown).
Moreover, as shown in
In this embodiment, the maximum value, the minimum value and the peak-to-peak voltage value of the pulsating voltage Vsp are expressed as Vmax, Vmin and Vpp, respectively. It is to be noted that Vpp=|Vmax−Vmin|. The cycle of the voltage component Vac that periodically changes is assumed to be sufficiently smaller than the period during which the surface of the photoreceptor drum 2 passes along each of the members.
If opposite charge is imparted (injected) from the charging member 3 to the toner that remains on the surface of the photoreceptor drum 2 during the transfer process, it is possible that the toner adheres to the charging member 3 brought in contact with the surface of the photoreceptor drum 2 to cause defective charging or the toner collection in the contact developing device becomes insufficient to generate a defective image. Accordingly, in order to prevent the opposite charge from being imparted to the residual toner on the photoreceptor drum 2, this image forming apparatus applies a bias voltage between the charge control member 5 and the photoreceptor drum 2 and between the charging member 3 and the photoreceptor drum 2 as follows.
It is to be noted that the photoreceptor drum 2 is constituted by providing a known photoconductive semiconductor material layer of an organic semiconductor, amorphous silicon, selenium or the like on the outer peripheral surface of a cylindrical conductor drum. The conductor drum of this photoreceptor drum 2 is grounded.
As a precondition, a surface voltage (hereinafter referred to as a “photoreceptor surface voltage”) Vo that the photoreceptor drum 2 assumed when the dc voltage Vdc was applied to the charging member 3 was first measured (Vdc versus Vo characteristic) as shown in
Moreover, as shown in
Accordingly, in this first example of bias application, as shown in
Vpp≦|Vth|≦|Vdc| (1)
between the pulsating voltage Vsp=Vdc+Vac applied to the charging member 3 and the charging start voltage value Vth of the photoreceptor drum 2.
The expression that “after the photoreceptor has reached” the charging member 3 implies the inclusion of the time when the photoreceptor is passing along the charging member 3 and has already received the bias applied and the time after the photoreceptor has passed along the charging member 3 (this hereinafter holds same).
With regard to the developing system of the developing unit 4, examples of voltage values in the case of the reverse developing system that uses toner of the same polarity (negative polarity in this case) as the charge polarity of the photoreceptor drum 2 are as follows.
First of all, with regard to the pulsating voltage Vsp applied to the charging member 3, Vdc=−900 V, Vmax=−1100 V, Vmin=−700 V and Vpp=400 V.
With regard to the photoreceptor drum 2, the charging start voltage Vth between the drum 2 and the charging member 3 is −600 V, that is, Vth=−600 V.
With regard to the surface voltage Vo of the photoreceptor drum 2, Vo=−500 V (after the photoreceptor drum has reached the charging member 3).
As shown in
According to the bias application condition of the expression (1), the regular charging is carried out for the photoreceptor drum 2 when |Vmax−Vo|>|Vth|, whereas the reverse charging (removal of electricity) is not carried out for the photoreceptor drum 2 when |Vmin−Vo|<|Vth|. Therefore, opposite charge is prevented from being imparted to the residual toner on the photoreceptor drum 2, and the charge property of the residual toner is stabilized. As a result, toner adhesion to the charging member 3 is prevented, causing no defective charging. As a result, the image quality can be maintained satisfactory for a long term. Moreover, the developing unit 4 operates as a toner collecting section to carry out reliable toner collection. Accordingly, there is no need to separately provide a cleaner device in order to collect the toner that remains on the surface of the photoreceptor drum after transfer by the primary transfer unit 7. Even if such the cleaner device is eliminated as in this image forming apparatus, the image quality can be maintained satisfactory for a long term.
Furthermore, there is no need to provide cleaning means (mechanical or electrical technique) intended for cleaning the charging member 3. Moreover, this image forming apparatus, which regulates the peak-to-peak voltage value Vpp of the pulsating voltage Vsp, therefore does not require the complicated control of switching the discharge electric field or the like. Therefore, this image forming apparatus is constructed simple at low cost.
The bias application condition of the expression (1) is applied to the charging member 3 in this first example of bias application. However, the bias application condition of the expression (1) can be applied not only to the charging member 3 but also to all the electric charge means including the charge control member 5, and similar operative effects can be produced.
|Vmax−Vo|>|Vth|>|Vmin−Vo| (2)
|Vmin|≧|Vo| (3)
between the pulsating voltage Vsp=Vdc+Vac applied to the charging member 3 and the charging start voltage value Vth of the photoreceptor drum 2. The photoreceptor surface voltage Vo before the photoreceptor reaches the charging member 3 is indicated by Vo(ii) in the left half (A) of
With regard to the developing system of the developing unit 4, examples of voltage values in the case of the reverse developing system that uses toner of the same polarity (negative polarity in this case) as the charge polarity of the photoreceptor drum 2 are as follows.
First of all, with regard to the pulsating voltage Vsp applied to the charging member 3, Vdc=−900 V, Vmax=−1100 V, Vmin=−700 V and Vpp=400 V.
With regard to the photoreceptor drum 2, the charging start voltage Vth between the drum 2 and the charging member 3 is −600 V, that is, Vth=−600 V.
With regard to the surface voltage Vo of the photoreceptor drum 2, Vo=−500 V (after the photoreceptor drum has reached the charging member 3).
According to the bias application condition of the expression (2), the regular charging is carried out for the photoreceptor drum 2 when |Vmax−Vo|>|Vth|, whereas the reverse charging (removal of electricity) is not carried out for the photoreceptor drum 2 when |Vmin−Vo|<|Vth| similarly to the bias application condition of the expression (1). Therefore, the opposite charge is prevented from being imparted to the residual toner on the photoreceptor drum 2 when the residual toner passes along the charging member 3, and the charge property of the residual toner is stabilized. As a result, toner adhesion to the charging member 3 is prevented, causing no defective charging. As a result, the image quality can be maintained satisfactory for a long term. Moreover, the developing unit 4 operates as a toner collecting section to carry out reliable toner collection. Accordingly, there is no need to separately provide a cleaner device in order to collect the toner that remains on the surface of the photoreceptor drum after transfer by the primary transfer unit 7. Even if such the cleaner device is eliminated as in this image forming apparatus, the image quality can be maintained satisfactory for a long term.
Furthermore, there is no need to provide cleaning means (mechanical or electrical technique) intended for cleaning the charging member 3. Moreover, this image forming apparatus, which regulates the peak-to-peak voltage value Vpp of the pulsating voltage Vsp, therefore does not require the complicated control of switching the discharge electric field or the like. Therefore, this image forming apparatus is constructed simple at low cost.
The reason that the bias application condition of the expression (3), i.e., the relation |Vmin|≧|Vo| should be satisfied is as follows.
As is apparent from the left half (A) of
Moreover, as is apparent from the left half (A) of
As described above, when the relation |Vmin|≧|Vo| is not satisfied, the opposite charge is to be imparted to the residual toner on the photoreceptor drum 2 when the photoreceptor drum passes along the charging member 3. Therefore, in order to prevent the opposite charge from being imparted to the residual toner on the photoreceptor drum 2, it is preferable to satisfy the bias application condition of the expression (3), i.e., the relation |Vmin|≧|Vo|.
The bias application conditions of the expressions (2) and (3) are applied to the charging member 3 in this second example of bias application. However, the bias application conditions of the expressions (2) and (3) can be applied not only to the charging member 3 but also to all the electric charge means including the charge control member 5, and similar operative effects can be produced.
|Vo(i)|<|Vo(ii)| (4)
and the relation:
|Vmax−Vo|>|Vth|>Vpp (5)
between the pulsating voltage applied to the charge control member 5 (this voltage is expressed as Vspf in order to distinguish this from the pulsating voltage Vsp applied to the charging member 3) and the charging start voltage value Vth of the photoreceptor drum 2. In the graph, the horizontal axis represents time, and the vertical axis represents voltage. It is to be noted that Vmax and Vmin represent the maximum value and the minimum value, respectively, of the pulsating voltage Vspf.
The expression that “after the photoreceptor drum has reached” the charge control member 5 implies the inclusion of the time when the photoreceptor drum is passing along the charge control member 5 and has already received the bias applied and the time after the photoreceptor drum has passed along the charge control member 5 (this hereinafter holds same).
With regard to the developing system of the developing unit 4, examples of voltage values in the case of the reverse developing system that uses toner of the same polarity (negative polarity in this case) as the charge polarity of the photoreceptor drum 2 are as follows.
First of all, with regard to the pulsating voltage Vspf applied to the charge control member 5, Vdc=−900 V, Vmax=−1100 V, Vmin=−700 V and Vpp=400 V.
Moreover, with regard to the photoreceptor drum 2, the charging start voltage Vth=−600 V between the drum and the charge control member 5.
With regard to the surface voltage Vo of the photoreceptor drum 2, Vo(i)=−300 V and Vo(ii)=−500 V.
As is apparent from
Furthermore, there is no need to provide cleaning means (mechanical or electrical technique) intended for cleaning the charging member 3. Moreover, this image forming apparatus, which regulates the peak-to-peak voltage value Vpp of the pulsating voltage Vsp, therefore does not require the complicated control of switching the discharge electric field or the like. Therefore, this image forming apparatus is constructed simple at low cost.
First of all,
|Vo(i) I>|Vo(ii)|, and
|Vmin−Vo|>|Vth|>Vpp.
In this example of bias application of
Next,
|Vo(i)|<|Vo(ii)|, and
|Vmax−Vo|≧|Vmin−Vo|≧|Vth|.
In this example of bias application, as shown in the left half (A) of
Next,
|Vo(i)>|Vo(ii)|, and
|Vmin−Vo|≧|Vmax−Vo|≧|Vth|.
In this example of bias application, as shown in the left half (A) of
As described above, in the case where the bias application condition of the aforementioned expression (4) or (5) is not satisfied, the opposite charge is to be imparted (injected) to the residual toner on the photoreceptor drum 2 when the photoreceptor drum passes along the charge control member 5. Therefore, it is preferable to satisfy the bias application conditions of the expressions (4) and (5) in order to prevent the opposite charge from being imparted to the residual toner on the photoreceptor drum 2.
In this third example of bias application, the bias application conditions of the expressions (4) and (5) are applied to the charge control member 5. However, the bias application conditions of the expressions (4) and (5) can be applied not only to the charge control member 5 but also to all the charging means including the charging member 3, and similar operative effects can be produced.
|Vo(i)|<|Vo(ii)|<|Vo(iii)| (6)
and the relation:
|Vmax−Vo|>|Vth|>Vpp (7)
between the pulsating voltage Vspf applied to the charge control member 5 and the charging start voltage value Vth of the photoreceptor drum 2 and between the pulsating voltage Vsp applied to the charging member 3 and the charging start voltage value Vth of the photoreceptor drum 2. In the graph, the horizontal axis represents time, and the vertical axis represents voltage. It is to be noted that Vmax and Vmin represent the maximum value and the minimum value of the pulsating voltages Vspf and Vsp, respectively. The voltage Vi(i) represents the surface voltage of the image portion of the photoreceptor drum 2 before the photoreceptor drum reaches the charge control member 5 after the transfer process by the primary transfer unit 7.
With regard to the developing system of the developing unit 4, examples of voltage values in the case of the reverse developing system that uses toner of the same polarity (negative polarity in this case) as the charge polarity of the photoreceptor drum 2 are as follows.
First of all, with regard to the pulsating voltage Vspf applied to the charge control member 5, Vdc=−500 V, Vmax=−700V, Vmin=−300 V and Vpp=400 V.
Next, with regard to the pulsating voltage Vsp applied to the charging member 3, Vdc=−900 V, Vmax=−1100 V, Vmin=−700 V and Vpp=400 V.
With regard to the photoreceptor drum 2, the charging start voltage value Vth between the drum and the charge control member 5 is Vth=−400 V, and the charging start voltage value Vth between the drum and the charging member 3 is Vth=−600 V.
With regard to the surface voltage Vo of the photoreceptor drum 2, Vo(i)=−100V, Vo(ii)=−300 V and Vo(iii)=−500 V.
As is apparent from
Furthermore, there is no need to provide cleaning means (mechanical or electrical technique) intended for cleaning the charging member 3. Moreover, this image forming apparatus, which regulates the peak-to-peak voltage value Vpp of the pulsating voltage Vsp, therefore does not require the complicated control of switching the discharge electric field or the like. Therefore, this image forming apparatus is constructed simple at low cost.
|Vo(i)|≧|Vo(ii)|, and
|Vmax−Vo|=|Vmin−Vo|=Vpp/2≧|Vth|.
In this example of bias application (dashed line graph C9), the noise level three occurs when 2000 sheets have been printed due to the contamination (toner contamination) of the charging member (conductive roller) 3, and the image noise subsequently deteriorates to the level one. In contrast to this, when the bias application conditions of the expressions (6) and (7) are used, the level four or higher level is maintained up to 20000 sheets as indicated by the solid line graph C3.
In the construction provided with the plurality of charge control members 51 and 52 as described above, assuming that the surface voltages of the photoreceptor drum 2 before and after the photoreceptor drum reaches or has reached the charge control members 51 and 52 are Vo(α) and Vo(β), respectively, then it is preferable to satisfy the relation:
|Vo(α)<|Vo(β)| (8)
and, assuming that the charging start voltage value of the photoreceptor drum 2 between the drum and the charge control members 51 and 52 is generically expressed by Vth, the surface voltage of the photoreceptor drum 2 is generically expressed by Vo, and the maximum value and the peak-to-peak voltage of the pulsating voltages Vspf1 and Vspf2 applied to the charge control members 51 and 52, respectively, are generically expressed by Vmax and Vpp, respectively, then it is preferable to satisfy the relation:
|Vmax−Vo|>|Vth|>Vpp (9)
with regard to each of the charge control members 51 and 52.
If these bias application conditions (8) and (9) are satisfied, then the charge property (polarity) of the residual toner on the photoreceptor drum 2 after the residual toner has passed along the charge control members 51 and 52 is stabilized. Moreover, the regular charging is carried out for the photoreceptor drum when |Vmax−Vo|>|Vth| during the bias applying period of the charge control members 51 and 52, while the reverse charging is not carried out for the photoreceptor drum when |Vmin−Vo|<|Vth|. Therefore, the opposite charge is prevented from being imparted (injected) to the residual toner on the photoreceptor drum 2 when the residual toner passes along the charge control members 51 and 52, and the charge property of the residual toner is stabilized.
In the aforementioned embodiments, the charge control member 5 and the charging member 3 are each constructed of the conductive roller. However, the members are not limited to these but allowed to take the form of a pad or a sheet brought in contact or proximity with the surface of the photoreceptor drum 2. Furthermore, the charge control member 5 and the charging member 3 are only required to be able to control the surface voltage Vo of the photoreceptor drum 2 that serves as the object to be charged, and they are not always be a contact type. Moreover, the object to be charged and the electrostatic latent image carrier may be constructed of a belt or the like in place of the photoreceptor drum.
Although the voltage component Vac that changes periodically with the pulsating voltage Vsp has a rectangular waveform as an example, the waveform may be a pulse waveform of a sine wave, a triangular wave, a trapezoidal wave or the like.
The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the invention may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004-104001 | Mar 2004 | JP | national |
| 2004-104015 | Mar 2004 | JP | national |
| 2004-104034 | Mar 2004 | JP | national |
