Chemical synthesis of reagents for peptide coupling

BACKGROUND

[0003] The chemoselective ligation of peptides can be used to effect the total chemical synthesis of proteins.1 The most common ligation method, native chemical ligation, relies on the presence of a cysteine residue at the N-terminus of each ligation junction.2,3 Recently, we have reported4 a peptide ligation method, a “Staudinger Ligation,” that is universal, i.e., independent of the presence of any particular side chain This method is based on the Staudinger reaction, wherein a phosphine reduces an azide via a stable iminophosphorane intermediate.5 Acylation of this iminophosphorane yields an amide.6,7

[0004] Scheme 1 illustrates our Staudinger Ligation which is further described in PCT application PCT/01/15440, filed May 11, 2000. A peptide fragment having a C-terminal phosphinothioester (2) reacts with another peptide fragment having an N-terminal azide (3). The resulting iminophosphorane (4) leads, after an S- to N-acyl shift, to an amidophosphonium salt (5). The P—N bond of the amidophosphonium salt is hydrolyzed readily to produce the amide product (6) and a phosphine oxide (7). Importantly, no residual atoms remain in the amide product.4,6b, so the ligation is traceless. The phosphinothioester (2) is prepared by reaction of a of phosphinothiol reagent (1), such as Ph2CH2—SH, where Ph is a phenyl group. The Staudinger Ligation can generally be employed to form peptide bonds and as such can be employed to ligate two amino acids, a peptide or a protein with an amino acid or peptide or two proteins. More generally, the Staudinger Ligation can be employed to form amide bonds. The amide bond is formed between a thioester and an azide. In general, the reaction functions for any thioester and any azide. The thioester is converted into a phosphinothioester which then reacts with the azide. For example, the thioester group may be formed, at the carboxy group of an amino acid or at the carboxy terminus of a peptide or protein or at an acid side group of an amino acid or one or more amino acids in a peptide or protein. The azido group may be formed, for example, at the amino group of an amino acid or at the amino terminus of a peptide or protein or at a basic side group of an amino acid or one or more amino acids in a peptide or protein. The Staudinger Ligation may also be employed to ligate an amino acid, peptide or protein group to a carbohydrate group, which may be a mono-, di-, tri- or polysaccharide, or to a nucleoside. The Staudinger Ligation may also be employed to ligate an amino acid, a peptide or protein group to a reporter group, tag or label (e.g., a group whose presence can be detected by optical or mass spectrometry or other instrumental method), including a fluorescent or phosphorescent group, an isotopic label or a radiolabel.

[0005] All natural α-amino acids except glycine have a stereogenic center at their α-carbon.8 To be an effective tool for the total chemical synthesis of proteins, a peptide ligation reaction must proceed without epimerization. The coupling of thioesters in native chemical ligation, which like the Staudinger Ligation (Scheme 1) involves transthioesterification followed by an S- to N-acyl shift,2,3 is known to proceed without detectable racemization.9 We have demonstrated that the Staudinger Ligation (Scheme 1) proceeds in near quantitative yield without detectable epimerization.

[0006] The Staudinger Ligation of Scheme 1 employs a phosphinothiol reagent (1). Previously reported methods of synthesis of such reagents4a, 4b generally proceed in low yield. Synthesis of the phosphinothiol of formula 1 where R and R′ are phenyl groups requires four synthetic steps, two of which are problematic, with an overall yield of about 39%. Difficulties can also be encountered in the synthesis of reagents of formula 1 where R and R′ are small alkyl groups, such as ethyl groups, due to instability of the reagent itself. Use of the Staudinger Ligation for the formation of amide bonds between a variety of species would be facilitated by the development of improved methods for the synthesis of phosphinothiol reagents and the development of such reagents with increased stability. This invention provides improvements for carrying out the Staudinger Ligation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The present invention provides improved methods for synthesis of phosphinothiol reagents, as well as novel protected reagents, for use in formation of amide bonds, and particularly for peptide ligation as exemplified in Scheme 1 and Scheme 2.

[0008] In a specific embodiment, the invention provides improved methods for synthesis of phosphinothiols, e.g., 1 (Scheme 1), which were the most effective known phosphinothiols for effecting the Staudinger Ligation of peptides. In one aspect, the invention provides a synthesis of phosphinothiols themselves. In another aspect, the invention provides a protected phosphinothiol reagent (10, Scheme 2) which are phosphine-borane complexes which can be employed in the Staudinger Ligation to prepare phosphinothioesters.

[0009] A phosphinothiol reagent of this invention (1) is synthesized as illustrated in generalized Scheme 3 by reacting a protected alkylating agent of formula (20) where PR is a protecting group, particularly an acyl group -COR5 (defined below) and X is a leaving group (LG) with a phosphine-borane complex of formula (25, where R, R′ and R″ are defined as in formula 10, below) on deprotonation of the phosphine-borane complex to generate the protected phosphine-borane addition complex (10). The phosphinothiol reagent (1) is generated by disruption of the phosphine-borane complex (10) and removal of the protecting group (PR).

[0010] In specific embodiments, the protecting group PR is a —CO—R5 where R5 is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a substituted alkyl or a substituted aryl group. In specific embodiments, R and R′ are aryl groups, particularly phenyl groups. In specific embodiments, R2 and R3 are H or alkyl groups. In specific embodiments, R″ are all hydrogen or are all small alkyl groups. In specific embodiments, X is a “good leaving group” as that term is understood in the art and specifically X can be a halogen, or a OTs, Otf, or OMs group.

[0011] Alternatively, the phosphine-borane complex of formula 10 can be used The invention also provides phosphine-borane complexes of formula:

[0012] where:

[0013] PR is a suitable protecting group, which can include, among others, —CO—R5 groups where R5 can be selected from H, alkyl or aryl groups or substituted alkyl or aryl groups, where the substituents do not affect the function of PR as a protecting group for reactions illustrated herein;

[0014] R and R′, independently of one another, are alkyl or aryl groups or substituted alkyl or aryl groups where the substituents do not significantly detrimentally affect the reactions as illustrated herein, R and R′ may be the same or different groups, R and R′ may be covalently linked to each other;

[0015] R″, independently of other R″ in the compound, can be H, an alkyl or aryl group or a substituted alkyl or aryl group where the substituents do not significantly negatively affect the formation of the phosphine-borane complex or significantly negatively affect the properties of B(R″)3 as a protective groups for the phosphine; all three of R″ may be the same or each may be different, any two or three of R″ may be covalently linked to each other; and

[0016] R2 and R3, independently of one another, can be selected from H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a substituted alkyl group or a substituted aryl group, where the substituents do not significantly negatively affect the function of the phosphine-borane complex in the Staudinger Ligation, particularly as illustrated in Scheme 2; R2 and R3 may be covalently linked to each other.

[0017] In specific embodiments, the invention provides phosphine-borane complexes for use as peptide ligation reagents in which R and R′ are alkyl groups, particularly ethyl groups, propyl groups or butyl groups, or aryl groups, particularly phenyl groups or substituted phenyl groups; R″ are all H or small alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl groups); R2 and R3 are H or small alkyl groups (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl groups) and PR is a —CO—R5 group where R5 is H, and alkyl group or an aryl group.

[0018] In more specific embodiments, the invention provides phosphine-borane complexes of formula 10 in which R and R′ are alkyl groups, particularly ethyl groups, propyl groups or butyl groups; R″ are all H or small alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl groups); R2 and R3 are H and PR is a —CO—R5 group where R5 is H, an alkyl group or an aryl group.

[0019] In other specific embodiments, the invention provides phosphine-borane complexes of formula 10 in which R and R′ are phenyl groups; R″ are all H or small alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl groups); R2 and R3 are H and PR is a —CO—R5 groups where R5 is H, an alkyl group or an aryl group.

[0020] In another aspect, the invention provides phosphine-borane complexes of formula 12:

[0021] where R, R′, R″, R2 and R3 are as defined above and AA is an amino acid, peptide or protein or a fully or partially protected derivative thereof. The AA group can be linked to the thio group of the complex of formula 12 by formation of a thioester at the COOH group of the amino acid (i.e. PRNHC(RA)COOH→PRNHC(RA)CO—S—C(R2R3)-⊕PRR′-⊖BR″3, where PR is an amine protecting group and RA is an amino acid side-group) , at the carboxyl terminus of a peptide or protein (i.e., PRNH-peptide-COOH→PRNH-peptide-CO—S—C(R2R3)-⊕PRR′-⊖BR″3) or at a carboxyl group of an amino acid side group RA. Dependent upon where the thioester linkage is formed the AA group can be protected, if needed, with appropriate PR groups at its COOH terminus or at a COOH group on an amino acid side-group. The complex of formula 12 indicates formation of one thioester linkage, however, in cases in which AA is an amino acid with a carboxylate on RA or a peptide or protein containing one or more RA containing one or more carboxylates, multiple phosphine-borane complexes in which two or more carboxyl groups (most generally n) of the amino acid or peptide are ligated to the phosphine borane complex of formula 12 can be formed, as illustrated in formula 12d:

[0022] where n is the number of thioesters linkages in the complex, n can be 1, 2, 3, or more. AA can be any naturally-occurring or synthetically prepared amino acid or any naturally-occurring or synthetically-prepared peptide, protein or protein fragment.

[0023] In a specific embodiment, AA is a naturally-occurring (D- , L-, achiral or racemic)amino acid and specifically can be selected from the group consisting of any one or more of (D-, L-, achiral or racemic) glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, serine, methionine, proline, tyrosine, tryptophan, lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartate, glutamate, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, methionine, hydroxyproline, γ-carboxyglutamate, O-phosphoserine, ornithine, homoarginine and various protected derivatives thereof. Amino acid protecting groups can be selected from any of those known in the art including, but not limited to, Mtr, Pmc, Tos, Mts, Mbh, Tmob, Trt, Xan, tBu, Bzl, OcHEX, Acm, S-tBu, MeBzl, Mob, Bum, Dnp, Bom, Z, ClZ, Boc, CHO or BrZ where conventional abbreviations have been employed to name protecting groups. Those of ordinary skill can select from among the known amino acid protecting groups including those specifically listed, a protecting groups appropriate for a given amino acid and a given moiety within a given amino acid and for a group that is chemically compatible for use in the reactions of this invention.

[0024] In additional specific embodiments, the invention provides phosphine-borane complexes of formula 12d where R and R′ are alkyl groups or aryl groups which may optionally be substituted and particularly those in which R and R′ are both ethyl groups. In other specific embodiments, the invention provides phosphine-borane complexes of formula 12d where R2, R3 are H. In other specific embodiments, the invention provides phosphine-borane complexes of formula 12d where R″ are all H or all small alkyl, e.g., methyl or ethyl.

[0025] In other specific embodiments, the invention provides phosphine-borane complexes of formula 10 in which R and R′ are alkyl groups or phenyl groups; R″ are all H; R2 and R3 are H and PR is a —CO—R5 groups where R5 is H, an alkyl group or an aryl group.

[0026] The invention further provides kits for the ligation of amino acids, peptides or proteins which comprise one or more phosphine-borane complexes of formula 10, 12 in combination with instructions for carrying out a Staudinger Ligation as illustrated in Scheme 2 or more generally for formation of an amide bond between a thioester and an azide. The phosphine-borane reagents of formula 10, 12 can be provided in one or more suitable containers or receptacles in the kit and may be pre-weighed to provide sufficient reagent for conducting a ligation reaction on a selection scale for a selected amount of starting amino acids, peptide or proteins to be ligated. The kits may additional contain one or more protected amino acid starting materials or other starting materials for ligation. The kit may further contain one or more solvents for conducting the reaction, a deprotecting agent for deprotecting the phosphine-borane complex or other useful reagents or materials useful in the purification of starting materials for ligation or end-products of ligation.

[0027] The Staudinger Ligation can be employed generally to form amide bonds. The amide bond is formed between a thioester and an azide and the reaction most generally functions, for any thioester and any azide. In the reaction, the thioester group may be formed, at the carboxy group of an amino acid or at the carboxy terminus of a peptide or protein or at an acid side group of an amino acid or one or more amino acids in a peptide or protein. The azido group may be formed, for example, at the amino group of an amino acid or at the amino terminus of a peptide or protein or at a basic side group of an amino acid or one or more amino acids in a peptide or protein. The reagents of this invention may also be employed to ligate an amino acid, peptide or protein group to a carbohydrate group, which may be a mono-, di-, tri- or polysaccharide, or to a nucleoside. The reagents of this invention may also be employed to ligate an amino acid, a peptide or protein group to a reporter group, tag or label (e.g., a group whose presence can be detected by optical or mass spectrometry or other instrumental method), including a fluorescent or phosphorescent group, an isotopic label or a radiolabel. The invention provides kits comprising one or more phosphine-borane complexes of formula 10, 12 for formation of an amide bond and more specifically for ligation of an amino acid, peptide or protein to a carbohydrate, a nucleoside or to a reporter group, tag or label.

[0028] This invention also provides an improved method for forming an amide bond by Staudinger Ligation which employees a phosphine-borane reagent of formula 10, 12.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0029] This invention relates generally to improved methods for forming amide bonds and more specifically to improved synthetic methods for forming reagents useful in forming amide bonds and improved reagents for forming amide bonds.

[0030] The following terms are defined for use herein:

[0031] Alkyl groups refer to saturated hydrocarbon groups which may be linear, branched or cyclic. Small alkyl groups are those having from one to six carbon atoms. Alkyl groups may be substituted so long as the substituents do not significantly detrimentally affect the function of the compound or portion of the compound in which it is found.

[0032] Aryl groups refer to groups which contain at least one aromatic ring which can be a five-member or a six-member ring. The one or more rings of an aryl group can include fused rings. Aryl groups may be substituted with one or more alkyl groups which may be linear, branched or cyclic. Aryl groups may also be substituted at ring positions with substituents that do not significantly detrimentally affect the function of the compound or portion of the compound in which it is found. Substituted aryl groups also include those having heterocyclic aromatic rings in which one or more heteroatoms (e.g., N, O or S, optionally with hydrogens or substituents for proper valence) replace one or more carbons in the ring.

[0033] Scheme 3A provides a generalized method for synthesis of a phosphinothiol reagent (1) of this invention. The synthesis is based on the reaction of an alkylating agent 20 and a borane-organophosphine complex 25. The phosphine of the phosphine-borane complex 25 is deprotonated with base followed by alkylation with 20 to give phosphine-borane complex 10. Phosphine-borane complexes 10 are stable to air and moisture and can be stored at room temperature for months without any sign of oxidation or decomposition.

[0034] The borane complex 10 is disrupted by mild heating, in the presence of an amine, preferably with DABCO in toluene for 4 hr to generate a protected phosphinothiol 11 (PR in this case should be resistant to deprotection under the conditions of complex disruption IIIa). A preferred protecting group is an —CO—R5 group, particularly an acyl group, which can be removed as previously described4b to give the phosphinothiol 1. The use of and methods for removal of other suitable protecting groups is known in the art.

[0035] Useful bases for deprotonation of the phosphine-borane complex 25 in the first step of the synthesis of Scheme 3A are NaH, LiH, KH, KOtBu, NaOMe, NaOEt and the use of NaH is preferred. Amine bases are not preferred, as they can remove the BH3 protecting group. While DMF is a preferred solvent for this first step, other useful solvents include THF, toluene, DMA and more generally any solvent that will dissolve the various components and not significantly detrimentally affect the desired reaction. Solvents including thiols, thioethers, and amines should not be used.

[0036] The preferred reagent for disrupting the borane complex 10 is DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), but primary, secondary, tertiary or aromatic amines, thiols or thioethers can also be used in this step. Amines such as pyridine, N,N,N′, N′-tetra-methylethylenediamine, diethylamine, triethylenediamine, or dimethylsulfide can specifically be used. The preferred solvent for this step is toluene, but benzene, THF, or any solvent that will dissolve the reagents can be used.

[0037] The protecting group of the acyl phosphinothiol can be removed by reaction with base in alcohol. Preferred deprotection agent is 1 eq. NaOH in MeOH. Other reagents include excess NaOH, (1 equivalent or excess) LiOH, KOH, NH3, NH2OH NaHCO3 in H2O/THF, LiAlH4 in ether, AgNO3 in MeOH or a lipase enzyme. Methanol is the preferred solvent, but other alcohols (including EtOH, iPrOH) or H2O can be employed. Oxygen gas should be removed from the solvent to prevent oxidation of the phosphene to a phosphene oxide. DMSO should be avoided as a solvent in this step

[0038] The protecting group of the acyl phosphinothiol can be removed by reaction with base in alcohol. Preferred deprotection agent is 1 eq. NaOH in MeOH. Other reagents include excess NaOH, (1 equivalent or excess) LiOH, KOH, NH3 or NH2OH. Methanol is the preferred solvent, but other alcohols (including EtOH, iPrOH) or H2O can be employed. O2 (g) should be removed from the solvent to prevent oxidation of phosphene to a phosphene oxide. DMSO should be avoided as a solvent in this step.

[0039] Scheme 3B illustrates the synthesis of a specific phosphinothiol 1b where R and R′ are both phenyl groups and R2 and R3 are both hydrogens. The illustrated synthesis of Scheme 3B gave an overall yield of about 74%. See the Examples for experimental details.

[0040] With respect to starting reagents in Scheme 3A, R and R′ can generally be any organic moiety (including alkyl and aryl) that does not contain an amine, thiol or thioether. The R′ and R groups can be linked to P via a C—P or O—P bond. More specifically, R′ and R are optionally substituted alkyl group alkoxide group, aryl group or aryloxy group. Alkyl groups include straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl groups. Aryl groups may contain one or more (preferably one or two) aromatic rings which may be carbocyclic or heterocylic rings. Preferred alkyl groups are optionally substituted ethyl groups. Preferred alkoxy groups are ethoxy groups. Preferred aryl groups are optionally substituted phenyl groups including phenyl groups and halogen (particularly fluorine)-substituted or carboxy-substituted phenyl groups.

[0041] Various known protecting groups (PR) can be employed in the starting reagents of Scheme 3A. One or ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein and what is well-known in the art can selected appropriate protecting groups from those available in the art. Preferred protecting groups are —CO—R5 groups where R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or substituted alkyl or substituted aryl groups (R5 can specifically be hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or other small alkyl group, a —CH2—Ph group (Ph =phenyl), a —CH2—Ph(Y)n group where Y is a substituent and n is the number of substituents (Y can, for example, be a halogen, including fluorine, or —OR7 where R7 is an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl group.)

[0042] In all cases, optional substituents include halogens and alkoxy groups and for appropriate groups can be alkyl, and or aryl substituents. Optional substituents do not include amines, thiols or thioester groups.

[0043] In Scheme 3A in the thioester reagent is a “good leaving group”, as that term is generally known and accepted in the art, that does not include an amine, a thiol or a thioether group. Preferred X are halogens (Br, Cl or I), OTs (tosyl, CH3C6H4SO2—), OTf (triflate, CF3SO2—), or OMs (mesyl, CH3SO2—). The most preferred X is Br.

[0044] The leaving group X is preferably separated from S by a —CR2R3— group, e.g., —CH2— here R and R3are both hydrogens, as illustrated in Schemes 3A and 3B. However, the linker to S can also be —CH2—CH2— or an o-substituted Phe group as in

[0045] where R2 and R3 groups, independent of other R2 and R3 groups in the same molecule, are as defined above and where Ar is an optionally substituted aryl group which may contain one or more aromatic rings. PR is preferably an acyl group, e.g., a —COR5 group as defined above.

[0046] Starting materials and reagents for the reactions of Scheme 3A are readily available either from commercial sources, by use of known synthetic methods or by routine adaptation of known synthetic methods.

[0047] Scheme 4A provides two related generalized methods for synthesis of protected reagents 10 of this invention. The synthesis is based on the addition of an aldehyde or ketone (31) to a phosphine-borane complex (not specifically shown) to form the phosphine-borane complex alcohol 35. The phosphine of the initial phosphine-borane complex formed is deprotonated with base followed by addition of the aldehyde or ketone to give the derivatized alcohol phosphine-borane complex 35. The alcohol -containing phosphine-borane complex (35) is activated by introduction of an activating group A by reaction with AX (37). The alcohol is activated for reaction with a protected thiol (39), such as an acyl thiol, particularly thioacetic acid to form the phosphine-borane complex 10. Complexes 10 are stable to air and moisture and can be stored at room temperature for months without any sign of oxidation or decomposition.

[0048] Alternatively, reaction IVB can be used to directly prepare complex 10 by replacing aldhyde or ketone 31 with the sulfur analogs 32.

[0049] The borane complex 10 can be disrupted by mild heating, in the presence of an amine, preferably with DABCO in toluene to generate a protected phosphinothiol 11 (PR in this case should be resistant to deprotection under the conditions of complex disruption). A preferred protecting group is an acyl group, e.g., a —CO—R5 group, particularly an acetyl group, which can be removed as described in references 4a and b to give a phosphinothiol of formula 1 which can be employed as illustrated in Scheme 3A in the Staudinger Ligation to form a thioester. The use of and methods for removal of other suitable protecting groups is known in the art.

[0050] However, rather than generating the phosphinothiol 1, complex 10 can be used to generate derivatized amino acid, peptide or protein reagents of formula 12, which can be employed in the Staudinger Ligation as illustrated in Scheme 2. The complex of formula 10 is coupled with an amino acid, peptide or protein that is activated by incorporation of a good leaving group LG. The amino acid, peptide or protein of the complex of formula 12 is provided with appropriate protecting groups to allow the reaction to proceed as indicated in the first reaction of Scheme 2. It has been found that derivatized amino acid, peptide or protein complexes of formula 12, on disruption of the phosphine-borane complex, react with azides as indicated in Scheme 2. Scheme 2 illustrates the Staudinger Ligation to form a n amide bond between two peptides. Complexes of formula 12d can also be employed to form amide bonds between any two of an amino acid, peptide or protein. Complexes of formula 12d can further be employed to form an amide bond between an amino acid, a peptide or a protein and a carbohydrate, a nucleoside or a suitable reporter, tag or label.

[0051] The method of Scheme 2 is preferred for use with phosphinothiols that are unstable, for example those in which R and R′ are ethyl groups.

[0052] Amine bases are not preferred, for use in the reactions of Schemes 2 and 4A, unless otherwise stated, as they can remove the BH3 protecting group. In additional to the preferred base KOH, for formation of complexes 35 and 36, other bases including NaH, LiH, KH, KOtBu, NaOMe, and NaOEt can be used. While THF is a preferred solvent for this reaction, other useful solvents include THF, toluene, DMA and more generally any solvent that will dissolve the various components and not significantly detrimentally affect the desired reaction. Solvents including thiols, thioethers, and amines should not be used in the reactions of Schemes 2 and 4A, unless otherwise indicated.

[0053] The preferred reagent for disrupting the phosphine-borane complexes is DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), but primary, secondary, tertiary or aromatic amines, thiols or thioethers can also be used in this step. Amines such as pyridine, N,N,N′, N′-tetra-methylethylenediamine, diethylamine, triethylenediamine, or dimethylsulfide can specifically be used. The preferred solvent for this step is toluene, but benzene, THF, or any solvent that will dissolve the reagents can be used.

[0054] The protecting group of the protected complex 10 can be removed, if desired, for example by reaction with base in alcohol. Other reagents include excess NaOH, (1 equivalent or excess) LiOH, KOH, NH3, NH2OH NaHCO3 in H2O/THF, LiAlH4 in ether, AgNO3 in MeOH or a lipase enzyme. Oxygen gas should be removed from the solvent to prevent oxidation of the phosphene to a phosphene oxide.

[0055] Scheme 4B illustrates the synthesis of a specific phosphine-borane complex 10c where R and R′ are both ethyl groups and R and R are both hydrogens.

[0056] As noted above complexes of formula 12 and 12d can be employed as illustrated, for example, in Scheme 2 to form amide bonds between amino acids, peptides or proteins or between an amino acid and another species, such as a carbohydrate (e.g., a saccharide) a nucleoside or simply to an appropriate reporter group, tag or label. If desired, the complex 12 or 12d can be disrupted as illustrated in Scheme 2 (page 2) employing DABCO or other amine.

[0057] Starting materials and reagents for the reactions of Scheme 4A are readily available either from commercial sources, by known synthetic methods or routine adaptation of known synthetic methods.

[0058] Several non-glycyl α-azido acids were prepared to examine epimerization during the Staudinger ligation. The azido benzamides of both the D and L enantiomers of phenylalanine, serine, and aspartic acid were prepared (Scheme 5). The azido group was prepared by diazo transfer;10 the benazmide was prepared by DCC/HOBt coupling with benzyl amine. Phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and serine were chosen as being representative of three distinct side chains and moderate (phenylalanine) to high (aspartate and serine) propensity to epimerize during standard peptide couplings.16

[0059] Each of these azido acids was coupled with phosphinothioester 51 (which is AcGlySCH2PPh2;Table 1). The couplings were carried out in THF/H2O (3:1) for 12 h at room temperature with a 1:1 stoichiometry of starting materials. The resulting peptides were purified by flash chromatography to give a nearly quantitative yield of each product (Table 1). The high yield of this equimolar reaction of phosphinothiol 1 with non-glycyl azides is consistent with those observed previously4b. The preparation of phosphinothioester 51 was modified from that described in references 4a and b in which coupling using DCC alone led to lower yields and several undesired side products. Pretreatment of N-acetyl glycine with HOBt and DCC followed by addition of the phosphinothiol 1 improved the yield dramatically. See the Examples.

[0060] The chirality of the Staudinger Ligation products from the reaction of the D and L α-azido acids was analyzed by HPLC using a D-phenylglycine chiral column. The chromatographic conditions enabled the baseline resolution of the two possible enantiomeric products (FIG. 1). Materials to be analyzed were injected onto a D-phenylglycine analytical HPLC column and eluted with 30% (v/v) isopropanol in hexanes (isocraticO for 20 min followed by a shallow gradient to 50% (v/v) isopropanol for 40 min. After reaction of the D epimer, there was no evidence of product containing the L epimer, and vice versa. Thus, the Staudinger Ligation proceeds without detectable epimerization of the a-carbon of the azido acid. The detection limit of the HPLC chromatographic analysis used is estimated to be ≧0.5%, so that the Staudinger Ligation proceeds with ≧99.5% retention of chirality.

[0061] Those or ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that starting materials, reagents, solvents, temperature and other reaction conditions other than those specifically disclosed, can be employed in the practice of this invention without resort to undue experimentation. All such art-recognized equivalents are included to be encompassed by this invention. All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In particular, published PCT application WO 01/87920 is cited herein and incorporated by reference herein to provide details of the Stauding Ligation and method for amide bond formation using the phosphinothiol reagents (1) and the phosphine-borane complexes 10, 12 and 12d.

THE EXAMPLES

[0062] Amino acids were from NovaBiochem (San Diego, Calif.) and all other chemicals and solvents were from Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis.). Reactions were monitored by thin-layer chromatography using Whatman TLC plates (AL SIL G/UV) with visualization by UV light or staining with ninhydrin or 12. Silica gel used in flash chromatography was obtained from SiliCycle (Quebec, Canada). Chiral HPLC was performed with a D-phenylglycine analytical chiral column from MetaChem (Torrance, Calif.). NMR spectra were obtained with a Varian INOVA-500 MHz spectrometer or a Bruker AC-300 300 MHz spectrometer at the University of Wisconsin nuclear magnetic resonance facility. Carbon-13 and phosphorus-3 1 NMR spectra were both proton-decoupled and phosphorus-3 1 spectra were referenced against an external standard of deuterated phosphoric acid (0 ppm). Mass spectra were obtained with electrospray ionization (ESI) techniques on a Micromass LCT instrument.

[0063] Borane-Thioacetic Acid S-[(Diphenylphosphanyl)-Methyl] Ester Complex (10b).

[0064] Borane-diphenylphosphine complex 25b (10.33 g, 51.6 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF under Ar(g) and cooled to 0° C. NaH (1.24 g, 51.6 mmol) was added slowly, and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. until bubbling ceased. Alkylating agent 20b13 (8.73 g, 51.6 mmol) was then added, and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 12 h. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% v/v EtOAc in hexanes). Compound 10b was isolated as a colorless oil in 86% yield. Spectral data. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.74-7.67 (m, 4 H), 7.54-7.41 (m, 6H), 3.72 d, J=6 Hz, 2 H, 2.23 (s, 3 H), 1.51-0.53 (broad m, 3H) ppm; 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 192.94, 132.26 (d, J=9.2 Hz), 131.61 (d, J=2.3 Hz), 128.71 (d, J=10.2 Hz), 127.43 (d, J=55.4 Hz), 29.87, 23.59 (d, J=35.5. Hz) ppm; 31P NMR (121 MHz, CDCl3) 19.40 (d, J=59.3 Hz) ppm; MS (ESI) m/z 311.0806 (MNa+[C15H18BOPSNa]=311.0807).

[0065] Thioacetic Acid S-[(Diphenylphosphanyl)-Methyl] Ester (11b).

[0066] Compound 10b (4.00 g, 13.9 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (0.14 L) under Ar(g). DABCO (1.56 g, 13.9 mmol) was added, and the mixture was heated at 40° C. for 4 h. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in CH2Cl2 and washed with both 1 N HCl and saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO4(s), and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Compound 11b was isolated in 95% yield, and was used without further purification. Spectral Data. As reported previously.4b

[0067] (Diphenylphosphino)methanethiol (1b).

[0068] Compound 11b (17.27 g, 63.0 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous methanol and Ar(g) was bubbled through the solution for 1 h. Sodium hydroxide (2.52 g, 63 mmol) was then added, and the mixture was stirred under Ar(g) for 2 h. Solvent was then removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in methylene chloride. This solution was washed twice with 2 N HCl and once with brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO4(s) and filtered, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (alumina, 25% v/v ethyl acetateinhexanes) to afford 1b as a clear oil in 94% yield. Alternatively, phosphinothiol 1b can be used in its crude form for formation of phosphinothioesters. Spectral data. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.41-7.38 (m, 4 H), 7.33-7.26 (m, 6 H), 3.02 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2 H), 1.38 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1 H) ppm; 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ 132.54 (d, J=17.1 Hz), 128.86, 128.36, 128.14, 20.60 (d, J=21.7 Hz) ppm; 31p NMR (CDCl3, 121 MHz) δ-7/94 ppm; MS (EST) m/z 232.05 (MH+=233.0, fragments at 183.0, 155.0, 139.0, 91.2).

[0069] 2(S)-Azido-N-Benzyl-3-Phenyl-Propionamide (48-L).

[0070] N3(L)PheOH (1 SL) was synthesized from L-phenylalanine essentially by the procedure of Lundquist and Pelletier.17 N3(L)PheOH (1.08 g, 5.7 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (40 mL). HOBt (0.87 g, 5.7 mmol) was then added, followed by DCC (1.17 g, 5.7 mmol). Once precipitate was observed in the reaction, benzyl amine (0.62 mL, 5.7 mmol) was added. The reaction was allowed to stir under Ar(g) for 3 h. The resulting precipitate (DCU) was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a yellow oil. This oil was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 35% v/v/ethyl acetate in hexanes). N3(L)Penh (48-L) was isolated as an off-white solid in 90% yield. The procedure was repeated with D-phenylalanine to give N3(D)Penh products (D and L enantiomers) are identical. N3(L)Penh (48-L) 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3δ 7.31-7.12 (m, 8 H), 7.11 (m, 2 H), 6.55 (bus, 1 H), 4.38 (m, 2 H), 4.22 (did, J=7.8, 4.6 Hz, 1 H), 3.34 (did, J=14.0, 4.5 Hz, 1 H), 3.07 (did, J=14.1, 7.5 Hz, 1 H) ppm; 3C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 168.30, 137.35, 135.96, 129.51, 128.61, 128.66, 128.61, 128.55, 127.70, 127.68, 127.66, 127.57, 127.16, 65.40, 43.41, 38.41 ppm; MS (ESI) m/z 303.1235 (MNa+[C16H16N4ONa]=303.1222).

[0071] 3(S)-Azido-N-Benzyl-Succinamic Acid Methyl Ester (49-L).

[0072] Benzyl-protected L-aspartate was used in the procedure of Lundquist and Pelletier17 to give N3(L)Asp(OMe)OH (46-L). Under these conditions, we observed transesterification to give the methyl ester product as opposed to the benzyl ester. N3(L)Asp(OMe)OH (46-L) was produced as a yellowish oil in 78% yield. N3(L)Asp(OMe)OH (46-L) was then coupled with benzylamine as above to give N3(L)Asp(OMe)NHBn (49-L) as a yellowish oil in 90% yield (70% overall, two steps). The procedure above was repeated with benzyl-protected D-aspartate to give N3(L)Asp(OMe)NHBn (49-D) as a yellowish oil in 67% overall yield. Spectral Data. The spectral data for both N3Asp(OMe)OH (D and L enantiomers) and both N3Asp(OMe)NHBn (D and L enantiomers) products are identical. N3(L)Asp(OMe)OH (46-L) 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 10.24 (bs, 1 H), 4.47 (dd, J=7.4, 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.76 (s, 3 H), 2.91 (dd, J=16.9, 5.1 Hz, 1 H), 2.79 (dd, J=16.8, 7.6 Hz) ppm; 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 174.68, 170.12, 50.09, 52.44, 35.84 ppm; MS (ESI) m/z 196.0340 (MNa+[C5H7N3O4Na]=196.0334). N3(L)Asp(OMe)NHBn (49-L) 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.38-7.27 (m, 5 H), 6.83 (bs, 1 H), 4.54 (m, 3 H), 3.75 (s, 3 H), 3.18 (dd, J=17.1, 3.7 Hz, 1 H), 2.75 (dd, J=17.3, 8.7 Hz, 1 H) ppm; 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 170.77, 167.90, 137.35, 128.81, 127.80, 127.77, 60.32, 52.24, 43.71, 37.00 ppm; MS (ESI) m/z 285.0953 (MNa+[C12H12N4O3Na]=285.0964).

[0073] 2(S)-Azido-N-Benzyl-3-Benzyloxy-Propionamide (50-L).

[0074] Benzyl-protected L-serine was used in the procedure above to give N3(L)Ser(Bzl)NHBn (50-L) as a yellowish oil in 93% yield. The procedure was repeated with benzyl-protected D-serine to give N3(D)Ser(Bzl)NHBn (50-D) as a yellowish oil in 90% yield. Spectral data. The spectral data for both N3Ser(Bzl)NHBn products (D and L enantiomers) are identical. N3(L)Ser(Bzl)NHBn (50-L) 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.36-7.23 (m, 10 H), 6.86 (bs, 1 H), 4.57 (s, 2 H), 4.43 (m, 2 H), 4.25 (dd, J=6.9, 3.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.01 (dd, J=10.3, 3.5 Hz, 1 H), 3.83 (10.1, 6.7 Hz, 1 H), ppm; 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.81, 137.40, 137.22, 128.65, 128.40, 127.81, 127.59, 127.54, 73.45, 70.54, 63.28, 43.38 ppm; MS (ESI) m/z 333.1337 (MNa+[C17H18N4O2Na]=333.1327).

[0075] Acetylamino-Thioacetic Acid S-[(Diphenylphosphanyl)-Methyl] Ester (51).

[0076] N-Acetylglycine (1.90 g, 16.2 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (75 mL). HOBt (2.48 g, 16.2 mmol) was added to the resulting solution followed by DCC (3.34 g, 16.2 mmol). Once precipitate (DCU) was observed, phosphinothiol 1b was added (3.77 g, 16.2 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir under Ar(g) for 3 h. The precipitate was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a white solid. This solid was dissolved in ethyl acetate and purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, ethyl acetate). Compound 51 was isolated in 96% yield. Spectral Data. As reported previously.4b

[0077] 2(S)-(2-Acetylamino-Acetylamino)-N-Benzyl-3-Phenyl-Propionamide (52-L).

[0078] N-Acetylglycylphosphinothioester 9 (0.166 g, 0.5 mmol) and N3(L)PheNHBn (18-L) (0.140 g, 0.5 mmol) was dissolved in THF/H2O (3:1, 4 mL), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% v/v methanol in dichloromethane). AcGly(L)PheNHBn (52-L) was obtained as a white solid in 90% yield. The procedure was repeated with N3(D)PheNHBn (48-D) to give AcGly(D)PheNHBn (22-D) in 93% yield. Spectral Data. The spectral data for both dipeptide products (D and L enantiomers) are identical.

[0079] AcGly(L)PheNHBn (52-L)

[0080]

1
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3:CD3OD 1:1) δ 7.30-7.22 (m, 6H), 7.19-7.16 (m, 2 H), 7.16-7.11 (m, 2 H), 4.63 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.33 (dd, J=31.1, 14.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.79 (dd, J=33.1, 16.7Hz, 2 H), 3.12 (dd=J13.8, 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.98 (dd, J=13.7, 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 1.98 (s, 3 H) ppm; 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3:CD3OD 1:1) δ 171.98, 170.93, 169.33, 137.29, 136.00, 128.76, 128.05, 127.97, 127.03, 126.75, 126.41, 54.16, 42.79, 42.37, 37.52, 21.56 ppm; MS (ESI) m/z 376.1624 (MN+[C20H23N3O3Na]=376.1637).

[0081] 3(S)-(2-Acetylamino-Acetylamino)-N-Benzyl-Succinamic Acid Methyl Ester (53-L).

[0082] N3(L)Asp(OMe)NHBn (49-L) was used in the procedure above to give AcGly(L)Asp(OMe)NHBn (53-L) as a white solid in 91% yield. The procedure was repeated with N3(D)Asp(OMe)NHBn (49-D) to give AcGly(D)Asp(OMe)NHBn (53-D) as a white solid in 95% yield. Spectral Data. The spectral data for both AcGlyAsp(OMe)NHBn products (D and L enantiomers) are identical. AcGly(L)Asp(OMe)NHBn (53-L) 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3:CD3OD 1:1) δ 7.34-7.23 (m, 5 H), 4.84 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.34 (s, 2 H), 3.84 (q, J=16.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.69 (s, 3 H), 2.87 (m, 2 H), 2.01 (s, 3 H) ppm; 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3:CD3OD 1:1) δ 177.24, 176.43, 175.18, 174.58, 142.56, 133.17, 133.03, 131.93, 131.78, 56.46, 54.13, 47.91, 47.81, 47.67, 40.11, 26.59 ppm; MS (ESI) m/z 358.1388 (MNa+[C16H21N3O5Na]=358.1379).

[0083] 2(S)-(2-Acetylamino-Acetylamino)-N-Benzyl-3-Benzyloxy-Propionamide (54-L).

[0084] N3(L)Ser(Bzl)NHbn (50-L) was used in the procedure above to give AcGly(L)Ser(Bzl)NHBn (54-L) as a white solid in 92% yield. The procedure was repeated with N3(D)PheNHBn (50-D) to give AcGly(D)Ser(Bzl)NHBn (54-D) as a white solid in 99% yield. Spectral Data. The spectral data for both AcGlySer(Bzl)NHBn products (D and L enantiomers) are identical. AcGly(L)Ser(Bzl)NHBn (54-L) 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3:Cd3OD 1:1) δ 7.34-7.21 (m, 10 H), 4.60 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.43 (dd, J=23.9, 14.9 Hz, 2 H), 3.85 (m, 3 H), 3.69 (dd, J=9.6, 4.6 Hz, 1 H), 1.98 (s, 3 H) ppm; 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3:CD3OD 1:1) δ 172.19, 169.86, 169.61, 137.49, 127.87, 127.31, 127.23, 127.76, 126.59, 72.88 69.07, 52.93, 42.71, 42.49, 21.38 ppm; MS (ESI) m/z 406.1750 (MNa+[C21H25N3O4Na]=406.1743.

[0085] To a solution of borane dimethylsulfide complex (IOM in THF, 2.5 mL) in freshly distilled tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was added diethylphosphine (30b, 2 mL, 17.45 mmol). The solution was stirred under nitrogen for 2 hours. The reaction was carefully quenched with ice, and then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×10 mL), dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The crude phosphine-borane complex was dissolved in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) and aqueous formaldehyde (37%, 10 mL). Potassium hydroxide (1 g, 17.86 mmol) was added to the solution, and kept stirring under nitrogen for 4 hours. The volatile solvent was removed under vacuum, and the aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×10 mL), dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified with flash chromatography (2:1 hexanes:ethyl acetate) to yield the alcohol (35b) as colorless oil (2.34 g, 100% yield over 2 steps). 1H NMR (CDCl3) 3.96 (s, 2H), 1.63-1.76 (m, 4H), 1.10-1.18 (m, 6H), −0.13-0.77 (m, 3H) 31P NMR (CDCl3) 23 (q, J=56.7 Hz).

[0086] A solution of the alcohol 35b (743 mg, 5.58 mmol) and triethylamine (1.2 mL, 8.6 mmol) in freshly distilled methylene chloride (10 mL) was cooled to 0° C. To this solution, mesyl chloride 37b (600 μL, 7.75 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen for over night. The solution was washed with water (2×5 mL), HCl (0.5M, 5 mL) and water (5 mL). The organic layer was dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (3:1 hexanes:ethyl acetate) to yield the mesylate 38b as pale yellowish oil (794 mg, 67% yield). 1H NMR (CDCl3) 4.46 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 2H), 3.07 (s, 3H), 1.49-1.84 (m, 4H), 1.11-1.22 (m, 6H), −0.13-0.75 (m, 3H) 31P NMR (CDCl3) 26.08 (q, J=42.8 Hz).

[0087] The mesylate 38b (228 mg, 1.04 mmol) was dissolved in dry amine-free N,N-dimethylformamide (2 mL), followed by addition of thiolacetic acid 39b (85 μL, 1.19 mmol). The solution was cooled to 0° C. and cesium carbonate (340 mg, 1.04 mmol) was added. After stirring under nitrogen for over night, the dark colored solution was filtered and concentrated. /The residue was purified by flash chromatography (3:1 hexanes:ethyl acetate) to yield the thiolacetate 10c as slightly yellowish oil (174 mg, 87% yield). 1H NMR (CDCl3) 6.31 (d, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.66 (dq, J=10.2, 7.6 Hz, 4H), 1.14 (dt, J=16.1, 7.9 Hz, 6 H), −0.04-0.86 (m, 3H) 13C NMR 193.44, 30.23, 20.28 (d, J=112.27 Hz), 15.49 (d, J=141.00 Hz), 3.66 (d, J=9.6 Hz) 31P NMR (CDCl3) 25.92 (q, J=47.6 Hz).

[0088] The thiolacetate 10c (190 mg, 1 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (5 mL), followed by addition of sodium methoxide solution (1M in methanol, 1 mL). The solution was stirred under nitrogen for 10 minutes. The solution was neutralized by pH 6.5 phosphate buffer, extracted with ethyl acetate (2×5 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×5 mL), dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was dissolved in freshly distilled methylene chloride (5 mL) with Boc-Asp-OBzl (323 mg, 1 mmol), a protected amino acid. To this solution, catalytic DMAP (2 mg) and DCC (206 mg, 1 mmol) were added. The solution was kept stirring under nitrogen for 2 hours. The volatile solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (3:1 hexanes:ethyl acetate) to yield the thiolester 63 as colorless oil (430 mg, 95.4% yield over two steps). 1H NMR (CDCl3) 7.31 (m, 5H) 5.44 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 4.57 (m, 1H), 3.20 (broad s, 2H), 3.08 (d, J=6Hz), 1.59 (qt, J=6.9Hz, 4H), 1.40 (s, 9H), 1.07 (dt, J=16.2, 8.4Hz), −0.26-0.51 (m, 3H) 13C NMR (CDCl3) 234.85, 194.66, 170.24, 134.93, 128.49, 128.42, 129.19, 80.26, 67.55, 50.52, 28.15, 20.07 (d, J=28 Hz), 15.34 (d, J=35.6 Hz), 6.55 (d, J=2.4 Hz) 31P NMR (CDCl3) 26.17 (d J=142.8 Hz).

[0089] The phosphine-borane complex 63 (170 mg, 0.373 mmol) and DABCO (84 mg, 0.75 mmol) were dissolved in freshly distilled toluene. The solution was heated under argon at 80° C. for 2 hours. The solution was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a plug of silica gel under nitrogen. The phosphinothiolester 64 was collected as an oil (131 mg, 80% yield). 1H NMR (CDCl3) 7.35 (m, 5H), 5.44 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 4.59 (m, 1H), 3.18-3.25 (mn, 2H), 3.01 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 1.44 (m, 13H), 1.05 (dt, J=18.6, 9.3 Hz, 6H). Due to the instability of this compound, no 13C NMR was performed.

1TABLE 1Staudinger Ligation of AcGlySCH2PPh2 (51) andNon-Glycyl α-Azido Acidsyieldα-azido acidpeptide(%)b

AcGly(L)PheNHBn9048-L52-L

AcGly(D)PheNHBn9348-D52-D

AcGly(L)Asp(OMe)NHBn9149-L53-L

AcGly(D)Asp(OMe)NHBn9549-D53-D

AcGly(L)Ser(Bn)NHBn9250-L54-L

AcGly(D)Ser(Bn)NHBn9950-D54-DaReaction conditions: THF/H2O (3:1) at room temperature for 12 h. bIsolated yield of product after purification by flash chromatography.

References

[0090] (1) For recent reviews of peptide ligation methodology, see: (a) Tam, J. P.; Yu, Q.; Miao, Z. Biopolymers 1999, 51, 311-332. (b) Dawson, P. E.; Kent, S. B. H. Annu. Rev. Biochem 2000, 69, 923-960. (c) Borgia, J. A.; Fields, G. B. Trends Biotechnol. 2000, 15, 243-251. (d) Miranda, L. P.; Alewood, P. F. Biopolymers 2000, 55, 217-226. (e) Tam, J. P.; Xu, J.; Eom, K. D. Biopolymers 2001, 60, 194-205.

[0091] (2) Wieland, T.; Bokelmarin, E.; Bauer, L.; Lang, H. U.; Lau, H Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1953, 583, 129-149. (b) Dawson, P. E.; Muir, T. W.; Clark-Lewis, I.; Kent, S. B. H. Science 1994, 266, 776-779.

[0092] (3) Cysteine is uncommon, comprising only 1.7% of the residues in proteins (McCaldon, P.; Argos, P. Proteins 1988, 4, 99-122). Modern peptide synthesis is typically limited to peptides of ≦50 residues (ref 1) Hence, most proteins cannot be prepared by any method that allows for the coupling of peptides only at cysteine residues.

[0093] (4) (a) Nilsson, B. L.; Kiessliug, L. L.; Raines, R. T. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 1939-1941. (b) Nilsson, B. L.; Kiessling, L. L.; Raines, R. T. Org Lett. 2001, 3, 9-12. For a review, see: (c) Gilbertson S. Chemtracts—Org. Chem. 2001, 14, 524-528.

[0094] (5) (a) Staudinger, H.; Meyer, J. Helv Chim. Acta 1919, 2, 635-646. For a review see: (b) Gololobov, Yu. G.; Kasukin, L. F. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 1353-1406.

[0095] (6) For examples in which the acyl donor is attached covalently to the phosphine, see: ref 4 and (a) Saxon, E.; Bertozzi, C. R. Science 2000, 287, 2007-2010. (b) Saxon, E.; Armstrong, J. I.; Bertozzi, C. R. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 2141-2143. (c) Kiick, K. L.; Saxon, E.; Tirrell, D. A.; Bertozzi, C. R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002, 99, 19-24.

[0096] (7) For examples in which the acyl donor is not attached to the phosphine, see: (a) Garcia, J.; Urpi, F.; Vilarrasa, J. Tetrahedron Lett 1984, 25, 4841-4844 (b) Garcia, J.; Vilarrasa, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27, 639-640. (c) Urpi, F; Vilarrasa, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27, 4623-4624. (d) Bosch, I.; Romea, P.; Urpi, F.; Vilarrasa, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 4671-674. (e) Inazu, T.; Kobayashi, K. Synlett. 1993, 869-870. (f) Molina, P.; Vilaplana, M. J. Synthesis-Stuttgart 1994, 1197-1218. (g) Bosch, I.; Urpi, F.; Villarrasa, J. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 91-92. (h) Shalev, D. E.; Chiacchiera, S. M.; Radkowsky, A. E.; Kosower, E. M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 1689-1701. (i) Bosch, I.; Gonzalez, .; Urpi, F.; Vilarrasa, J. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5638-5643. (j) Maunier, V.; Boullanger, P.; Lafont, D. J. Carbohydr. Res. 1997, 16, 231-235. (k) Afonso, C. A. M. Synthetic Commun. 1998, 28, 261-276. (l) Tang, Z; Pelletier, J. C. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 4773-4776. (m) Ariza, X.; Urpi, F.; Viladomat, C.; Vilarrasa J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 9101-9102. (n) Mizuno, M; Murarmoto, I.; Kobayashi, K.; Yaginuma, H.; Inazu, T. Syrthesis-Stuttgart 1999, 162-165. (o) Mizuno, M.; Haneda, K.; Iguchi, R.; Muramoto, I.; Kawakami, T.; Aimoto, S.; Yamamoto, K; Inazu, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 284-290. (p) Boullaner P.; Maunier, V.; Lafont, D. Carbohydr. Res 2000, 324, 97-106. (q) Velasco, M. D.; Molina, P.; Fresneda, P. M.; Sanz, M. A. Tetrahedron 2000, 56, 4079-4084. (r) Malkinson, J. P.; Falconer, R. A; Toth, I. J Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 5249-5252. (s) Ariza, X.; Pineda, O.; Urpi, F.; Vilarrasa, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4995-4999.

[0097] (8) For information on exploiting the chirality of α-amino acids, see: Coppola, G. M.; Schuster, H. F. Asymmetric Synthesis. 1987. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

[0098] (9) Lu, W.; Qasim, M. A.; Kent, S. B. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8518-8523.

[0099] (10) Zaloom, J.; Roberts, D. C. J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 5173-5176.

[0100] (11) Because the reaction products herein are enantiomers, we actually probe “racemization” (Reist, M.; Testa, B.; Carrupt, P. -A.; Jung, M.; Schurig, V. Chirality 1995, 7, 396-400). We use the term “epimerization” to focus attention on the chirality of the α-carbon.

[0101] (12) For reviews of borane protection of phosphines see: (a) BruneI, J. M.; Faure, B.; Maffei, M. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1998, 180, 665-698. (b) Carboni, B. , Monnier, L. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 1197-1248.

[0102] (13) Farrington, G. K.; Kumar, A.; Wedler, F. C. Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 1989, 21, 390-392.

[0103] (14) Imamoto, T.; Oshiki, T.; Onozawa, T.; Kusumoto, T.; Sato, K. J. Am. Chern. Soc. 1990, 112, 5244-5252.

[0104] (15) Brisset, H.; Gourdel, Y.; Pellon, P.; Le Corre, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 4523-4526.

[0105] (16) Romoff, T. T.; Goodman, M. J. Peptide Res. 1997, 49, 281-292.

[0106] (17) Lundquist, J. T., IV; Pelletier, J. C. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 731-783.

Chemical synthesis of reagents for peptide coupling

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