CHEMICALLY BONDED AMORPHOUS INTERFACE BETWEEN PHASES IN CARBON FIBER AND STEEL COMPOSITE

Abstract

Carbon fiber reinforced steel matrix composites have carbon fiber impregnated in the steel matrix and chemically bonded to the steel. Chemical bonding is shown by the presence of a unique amorphous carbon layer at the carbon fiber/steel interface, and by canting of steel crystal edges adjacent to the interface. Methods for forming carbon fiber reinforce steel composites include sintering steel nanoparticles around a reinforcing carbon fiber structure, thereby chemically bonding a sintered steel matrix to the carbon fiber. This unique bonding likely contributes to enhanced strength of the composite, in comparison to metal matrix composites formed by other methods.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to carbon fiber reinforced metal matrix composite materials and, more particularly, to such materials having novel chemical binding between metal and carbon phases.

BACKGROUND

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it may be described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present technology.

Light weight steel has numerous uses. In automobiles and airplanes, it will improve fuel efficiency by reducing the weight of the vehicle. Because mild steel has a density of 7.88 g/cm³ and the density of certain reinforcing materials, such as carbon fiber, is about 2 g/cm³, the composite of the two materials will have an overall reduced weight versus just steel, providing a lightweight material with considerable strength.

Conventional methods for forming metal matrix composites contact the reinforcing material to the metal by mere physical interaction, or in some instances use adhesives. Such contact points may lack the strength inherent to the component materials themselves, thus reducing the strength of the composite. Methods enabling formation of such a composite material with chemical bonding between the metal matrix and the reinforcing material would be desirable.

SUMMARY

This section provides a general summary of the disclosure, and is not a comprehensive disclosure of its full scope or all of its features.

In various aspects, the present teachings provide a composite material. The composite material includes a continuous matrix of sintered steel nanoparticles, and at least one reinforcing carbon fiber component that is at least partially encapsulated within the steel matrix. The composite material further includes an interface region disposed between the continuous steel matrix and a surface of the at least one reinforcing carbon fiber, the interface region comprising an amorphous carbon layer.

In other aspects, the present teachings provide a composite material. The composite material includes at least one reinforcing carbon fiber component, and a continuous steel matrix, of sintered steel nanoparticles, disposed around the at least one carbon fiber component. The composite material further includes an interface region disposed between the continuous steel matrix and a surface of the at least one reinforcing carbon fiber, the interface region comprising an amorphous carbon layer.

In still other aspects, the present teachings provide a method for making a composite material. The method includes a step of providing steel nanoparticles, and a step of combining the steel nanoparticles with a reinforcing carbon fiber component to produce an unannealed combination. The method further includes a step of sintering the steel nanoparticles to convert the steel nanoparticles to a continuous steel matrix, and to form an interface between the continuous steel matrix and the reinforcing carbon fiber component. The interface includes an amorphous carbon layer chemically bonding a surface of the reinforced carbon fiber component with the continuous steel matrix.

Further areas of applicability and various methods of enhancing the above coupling technology will become apparent from the description provided herein. The description and specific examples in this summary are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present teachings will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a composite disk having a steel matrix with two layers of reinforcing carbon fiber, the composite having a cutaway to reveal an interior view;

FIG. 2 is a perspective top view of a composite gear having an integrated carbon fiber fabric, and with the steel matrix rendered partially transparent to reveal an interior view;

FIG. 3A is a scanning electron micrograph of a carbon fiber/steel interface in the composite gear of FIG. 2;

FIG. 3B is a line drawing reproduction of the scanning electron micrograph of FIG. 3A;

FIG. 3C a scanning transmission electron micrograph, at 25,000,000× magnification, of a carbon fiber/steel interface in the composite gear of FIG. 2; showing the presence of an amorphous carbon layer at the interface;

FIG. 3D is a line drawing reproduction of the scanning transmission electron micrograph of FIG. 3C; and

FIG. 4A is a scanning transmission electron micrograph, at 12,000,000× magnification, of a carbon fiber/steel interface in the composite gear of FIG. 2; the micrograph shows rearrangement of the steel crystal indicative of chemical bonding of steel to the amorphous carbon phase;

FIG. 4B is a line drawing reproduction of the scanning transmission electron micrograph of FIG. 4A; and

FIG. 5 is a pictorial view of a portion of a method for forming a composite material of the type shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.

It should be noted that the figures set forth herein are intended to exemplify the general characteristics of the methods, algorithms, and devices among those of the present technology, for the purpose of the description of certain aspects. These figures may not precisely reflect the characteristics of any given aspect, and are not necessarily intended to define or limit specific embodiments within the scope of this technology. Further, certain aspects may incorporate features from a combination of figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure generally relates to composite materials including a steel matrix with a reinforcing carbon fiber integrated into the matrix. The composite materials have a substantially lower density than steel, and have appreciable strength. Methods for forming polymer-steel composites include combining a reinforcing carbon fiber component, such as an aromatic polyamide, with steel nanoparticles and sintering the steel nanoparticles in order to form a steel matrix with a reinforcing carbon fiber integrated therein.

Conventional steel melts at temperatures of greater than about 1200° C. Such high temperatures would instantly destroy various reinforcing carbon fibers on contact, which decomposes at about 800° C. or less under conventional conditions. Accordingly, the present technology for forming a steel/polymer composite employs steel nanoparticles, lowering the melting point of steel to less than about 450° C. When combined and heated, this allows for the steel nanoparticles to sinter around the reinforcing carbon fiber component, without destroying the reinforcing carbon fiber component. The result is organized layer(s) or extending fibers of a reinforcing carbon fiber interpenetrated in a steel matrix.

A composite of the present disclosure can have significantly lower density than conventional steel, as low as 60% in one example. The composite can also provide considerable structural strength, including tensile strength.

FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a disk-shaped carbon fiber reinforced steel matrix composite (CF-SMC) 100, including a cutaway portion to reveal a view of the interior. The CF-SMC 100 includes a continuous steel matrix 110 and at least one reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 that is at least partially encapsulated within the steel matrix. As shown, the reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 can be provided as a layer of fabric, cloth, weave, woven yarn, etc. In other instances, the reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 can be provided as a fiber, yarn, or a plurality of aligned fibers. In various aspects, the arrangement or alignment of fibers, cloths, weaves, etc. can be asymmetrical in order to coordinate with a structural design or to maximize mechanical performance for a particular task. As such, organized layouts of fiber patterns can be used that may not be available for use with conventional metal matrix composite (MMC) technology.

The continuous steel matrix 110 generally includes sintered steel nanoparticles, and compositionally includes an alloy of at least iron and carbon. The continuous steel matrix 110 can optionally include any, several, or all, of: manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, boron, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, cobalt, niobium, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon. Relative ratios of the various elemental components of the steel matrix 110 can depend on the desired application, and will generally be selectable based on common knowledge to one of skill in the art. For example, an application requiring stainless steel can include chromium present at greater than or equal to 11%, by weight, of the total weight. In one disclosed Example, the steel matrix consists of iron, carbon, and manganese present at 99.08%, 0.17%, and 0.75%, respectively, by weight of the steel matrix. It will be understood that the term “weight” as used here is interchangeable with the term “mass”.

In some implementations, the continuous matrix 110 can be formed of another high melting temperature/high sintering temperature metal, in addition to or in place of steel. Non-limiting examples of high sintering temperature metals from which the matrix can alternatively be formed, include titanium, tungsten, tantalum, vanadium, zirconium, ruthenium, platinum, rhodium, and rhenium. It will be understood that, as used herein, the phrase “continuous steel matrix 110” can alternatively refer to a continuous matrix of any of the above metals.

In some implementations, the term “continuous”, as used in the phrase, “continuous steel matrix 110” can mean that the steel matrix is formed as, or is present as, a unitary, integral body. In such implementations, and as a negative example, a structure formed of two distinct steel bodies held together such as with an adhesive or with a weld would be discontinuous. In some implementations, the term “continuous” as used herein can mean that a continuous steel matrix 110 is substantially compositionally and structurally homogeneous throughout its occupied volume. For simplicity, the continuous steel matrix 110 will be alternatively referred to herein as “steel matrix 110”, i.e. the word “continuous” will at times be omitted without changing the meaning.

In some implementations of the CF-SMC 100, the at least one reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 can be fully encapsulated within the continuous steel matrix 110. In various implementations, the expression, “encapsulated within the continuous steel matrix 110” can mean that the at least one reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 is, partially or fully: encased in, enclosed in, enveloped in, integrated into, or otherwise contactingly surrounded by, the continuous steel matrix 110. In some implementations, the expression, “encapsulated within the continuous steel matrix 110” can mean that at least a portion of individual fibers comprising the at least one reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 are contactingly surrounded by the continuous steel matrix 110. In some implementations, the expression, “encapsulated within the continuous steel matrix 110” can mean that the continuous steel matrix 110 is, partially or fully: formed around or otherwise contactingly disposed around the at least one reinforcing carbon fiber component 120.

In some implementations, the expression stating that the at least one reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 is “encapsulated within the steel matrix” means that the steel matrix 110 is formed around and within the reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 with sufficiently high contact between surfaces of the steel matrix 110 and surfaces of the reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 to hold the reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 in place relative to the steel matrix 110. In some implementations, the expression stating that the reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 is “encapsulated within the steel matrix” means that an interacting surface of the steel matrix 110 is presented to and bonded with all sides of individual polymer fibers that constitute the reinforcing carbon fiber component 120.

In some variations, the reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 can include a combination of carbon fiber and ceramic fiber. In one non-limiting example, such a ceramic fiber can include a basalt or silica cloth. In some such variations, the reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 can include a weave or cloth formed of both carbon fiber and ceramic fiber.

In various implementations, the expression, “sufficiently high contact between surfaces of the steel matrix and surfaces of the reinforcing carbon fiber to hold the reinforcing carbon fiber in place relative to the steel matrix can mean that at least 50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70% or at least 80%, or at least 90% of the surface area of the reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 is contacted by the steel matrix.

In general, the CF-SMC 100 will have a total density that is less than the density of pure steel. For example, mild steel such as AISI grades 1005 through 1025 has a density of about 7.88 g/cm³. In contrast, an exemplary CF-SMC 100 of the present disclosure has a density of 4.8 g/cm³, about 61% of the density of mild steel. In comparison to this, recently developed steel-aluminum alloys have a density approximately 87% that of mild steel.

While FIG. 1 illustrates a CF-SMC 100 having two layers of reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 encapsulated within the steel matrix 110, it is to be understood that the composite material can include any number of layers of reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 greater than or equal to one. Stated alternatively, the at least one reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 can, in some implementations, include a plurality of mutually contacting or spatially separated layers of reinforcing carbon fiber. It is further to be understood that the weight ratio of reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 to steel matrix 110 within the CF-SMC 100 can be substantially varied, and that such variation will have a direct influence on the density of the CF-SMC 100 given the considerably different densities of various polymers, such as aromatic polyamides (about 2.1 g/cm³), and steel.

Thus, in some implementations, a CF-SMC 100 of the present disclosure will have density less than 7 g/cm³. In some implementations, a CF-SMC 100 of the present disclosure will have density less than 6 g/cm³. In some implementations, a CF-SMC 100 of the present disclosure will have density less than 5 g/cm³.

FIG. 2 shows perspective view of another example of a CF-SMC 100, the example of FIG. 2 being a gear having a metal matrix 110 formed of sintered steel nanoparticles. The composite gear of FIG. 2 includes a carbon fiber fabric serving as reinforcing carbon fiber component 120, the carbon fiber fabric is cut to the shape of the gear, but with slightly smaller perimeter scale, so that it does not extend to any exterior surface of the gear.

FIG. 3A shows a scanning electron micrograph (SEM) at about 500× magnification, of a portion of the gear of FIG. 2, and FIG. 3B shows a line drawing reproduction of the SEM of FIG. 3A. The SEM image of FIGS. 3A and 3B is directed to an interface region between the metal (steel) matrix 110 and the reinforcing carbon fiber component 120, and clearly shows a steel region 210 and carbon fiber region 220.

FIG. 3C shows a high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) image, at 25,000,000× magnification, of a smaller portion of the carbon fiber/steel interface shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, while FIG. 3D shows a line drawing reproduction of the HAADF-STEM image of FIG. 3C. The higher magnification image of FIGS. 3C and 3D shows the presence of an amorphous carbon layer 230 at the interface, located between the steel region 210 and the carbon fiber region 220. The steel region 210, carbon fiber region 220, and amorphous carbon layer 230 are positively identified by Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) of the STEM micrograph (FFT data not shown), showing crystalline atomic patterns in the steel region 210 and carbon fiber region 220, and an amorphous atomic pattern in the amorphous carbon layer 230. In the section of FIGS. 3C and 3D, the amorphous carbon layer 230 is about 0.5 nm thick.

FIG. 4A is a HAADF-STEM image, at 12,000,000× magnification, of a section showing a carbon fiber/steel interface of the gear of FIG. 2, and FIG. 4B is a line drawing reproduction of the HAADF-STEM image of FIG. 4A. In the section of FIGS. 4A and 4B, the amorphous carbon layer 230 has varying thickness, from a minimum of about 3.5 nm to a maximum of about 8 nm. The HAADF-STEM images of FIGS. 4A and 4B show that the edge of the steel phase crystal structure is canted, or angled, with respect to the rest of the steel crystal grain. In particular, the edge lines 300 show an array of steel crystal grain edges distal to the amorphous carbon layer 230, and having a first angle. Region 240 highlights a binding region in the steel region 210 adjacent to the amorphous carbon layer 230, with an array of steel crystal grain edges having a second angle. Within the binding region 240, lines 300b show an imaginary extension of native steel edge lines 300. Lines 305 show the canted steel crystal edge lines, with altered angle (i.e. the difference between the first and second angles referenced above), adjacent to the amorphous carbon layer 230. This change in local crystallographic configuration shows that the amorphous carbon layer 230 between the steel region 210 and carbon fiber region 220 is chemically bonded to the steel region 210. In the example of FIGS. 4A and 4B, the canting of steel crystal edge lines is at an angle of about 5°. In some implementations, the canting of steel crystal edge lines between the bulk steel region (i.e. regions of the steel phase distal to the steel-carbon interface) and the binding region (i.e. regions of the steel phase adjacent to the steel-carbon interface) can be within a range of from about 2° to about 10°.

Additionally, the continuity evident in the HAADF-STEM data between the amorphous carbon layer 230 and carbon fiber region 220 also indicates that the amorphous carbon layer 230 is chemically bonded to the carbon fiber region 220 as well, and not simply mechanically connected through physical association.

In some implementations, the amorphous carbon layer 230 can form a layer on surfaces of the carbon fiber region 220 with a thickness within a range of from about 0.5 nm to about 10 nm. In some implementations, the amorphous carbon layer 230 can form a layer on surfaces of the carbon fiber region 220 with a thickness within a range of from about 0.5 nm to about 5 nm. It will be understood that the thickness of the carbon fiber region 220 can, in some instances, be less than completely uniform. In such instances, thickness of the carbon fiber region 220 can refer to an average thickness across a distance in one dimension or within an area. It will be further understood that if such an average thickness is measured by electron microscopy, such as by the data shown in FIGS. 3C and 3D or FIGS. 4A and 4B, the average thickness will generally be measured across a distance in one dimension.

It will be understood that the chemical bonding between the steel region 210 and the carbon fiber region 220, as mediated by the amorphous carbon layer 230, makes this composite compositionally unique beyond a simple mechanical consolidation of the two phases through sintering of the steel, and enhances the strength of the composite.

Also disclosed is a method for forming a CF-SMC 100. With reference to FIG. 5, the method includes a step of providing steel nanoparticles 310. The term “steel nanoparticles 310” refers generally to a sample consisting predominantly of particles of steel having an average maximum dimension less than 100 nm. Individual particles of the steel nanoparticles 310 will generally consist of any alloy as compositionally described above with respect to the steel matrix 110 of the CF-SMC 100. As such, individual particles of the steel nanoparticles 310 will generally include iron and carbon; and can optionally include any, several, or all, of: manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, boron, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, cobalt, niobium, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon.

As described above with respect to the steel matrix 110 of a CF-SMC 100, relative ratios of the various elemental components of the steel nanoparticles 310 can depend on the desired application, and will generally be selectable based on common knowledge to one of skill in the art. In a disclosed Example, the individual particles of the steel nanoparticles 310 consist of iron, carbon, and manganese present at 99.08%, 0.17%, and 0.75%, respectively, by weight.

In various aspects, the average maximum dimension of the steel nanoparticles 310 can be determined by any suitable method, including but not limited to, x-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, Photon Correlation Spectroscopy, Nanoparticle Surface Area Monitoring, Condensation Particle Counter, Differential Mobility Analysis, Scanning Mobility Particle Sizing, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, Aerosol Time of Flight Mass Spectroscopy, or Aerosol Particle Mass Analysis.

In some implementations, the average maximum dimension will be an average by mass, and in some implementations will be an average by population. In some instances, the steel nanoparticles 310 can have an average maximum dimension less than about 50 nm, or less than about 40 nm, or less than about 30 nm, or less than about 20 nm, or less than about 10 nm.

In some aspects, the average maximum dimension can have a relative standard deviation. In some such aspects, the relative standard deviation can be less than 0.1, and the steel nanoparticles 310 can thus be considered monodisperse.

With continued reference to FIG. 5, the method for forming CF-SMC 100 additionally includes a step of combining 315 the steel nanoparticles 310 with a reinforcing carbon fiber structure 320 to produce an unannealed combination. The reinforcing carbon fiber structure 320 is in all respects identical to the reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 as described above with respect to a CF-SMC 100, with the exception that the reinforcing carbon fiber structure 320 is not yet integrated into, or encapsulated within, a steel matrix 110 as defined above. Thus, the reinforcing carbon fiber structure 320 can include, for example, carbon fibers or tows formed in any configuration designed to impart tensile strength in at least one dimension, in some aspects in at least two-dimensions.

In many implementations, the combining step 315 will include sequentially combining at least one layer of steel nanoparticles 310 and at least one layer of reinforcing carbon fiber structure 320, such that the unannealed combination consists of one or more layers each of steel nanoparticles 310 and reinforcing carbon fiber structure 320. Any number of layers of steel nanoparticles 310 and any number of layers of reinforcing carbon fiber structure 320 can be employed. It will be understood that in implementations where reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 is desired at an exterior surface of the CF-SMC 100, a reinforcing carbon fiber structure 320 will be the first and/or last sequentially layered component in the unannealed combination; and in implementations were reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 is desired between exterior surfaces of the CF-SMC 100, a layer of reinforcing carbon fiber structure 320 will be preceded and followed by a layer of steel nanoparticles 310.

The combining step 315 will generally include combining the steel nanoparticles 310 and the reinforcing carbon fiber structure 320 within a die, cast, mold, or other shaped structure having a void space corresponding to the desired shape of the CF-SMC 100 to be formed. In some particular implementations, the at least one layer of steel nanoparticles 310 and the at least one layer of reinforcing carbon fiber structure 320 will be combined within a heat press die 250.

In some implementations, the method for forming CF-SMC 100 can include a step of manipulating steel nanoparticles 310 in the unannealed combination into interstices in the reinforcing carbon fiber structure 320. Such a manipulating step can be effective to maximize surface area of contact between steel nanoparticles 310 and the reinforcing carbon fiber structure 320 in the unannealed combination, improving the effectiveness of integration of the reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 into the steel matrix 110 of the eventually formed CF-SMC 100. Manipulating steel nanoparticles 310 into interstices in the reinforcing carbon fiber structure 320 can be accomplished by any procedure effective to increase surface area of contact between steel nanoparticles 310 and reinforcing carbon fiber structure 320, including without limitation: pressing, agitating, shaking, vibrating, sonicating, or any other suitable procedure.

The method for forming CF-SMC 100 additionally includes a step of sintering the steel nanoparticles 310, converting the steel nanoparticles 310 into a steel matrix 110 such that the reinforcing carbon fiber structure 320 becomes reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 integrated into the steel matrix 110. The sintering step further forms an amorphous carbon layer 230 at the interface of the reinforcing carbon fiber component 120 and the steel matrix 110 and chemically bonds the carbon fiber and steel matrix to the amorphous carbon layer 230. The sintering step thus converts the unannealed combination into CF-SMC 100. The sintering step generally includes heating the unannealed combination to a temperature less than 450° C. and sufficiently high to sinter the steel nanoparticles 310. In some implementations, the sintering step can include heating the unannealed combination to a temperature greater than 400° C. and less than 450° C. In some implementations, the sintering step can include heating the unannealed combination to a temperature greater than 420° C. and less than 450° C.

In some implementations, the sintering step can be achieved by hot compaction, i.e. by applying elevated pressure 260 simultaneous to the application of elevated temperature. In some implementations employing hot compaction, the elevated pressure can be at least 30 MPa; and in some implementations, the elevated pressure can be at least 60 MPa. Depending on the sintering conditions of temperature and pressure, the duration of the sintering step can vary. In some implementations, the sintering step can be performed for a duration within a range of 2-10 hours, and in one disclosed Example is performed for a duration of 4 hours.

The carbon fiber reinforced steel matrix composite (CF-SMC) is made by charging a die with alternating layers of steel powder and carbon fiber cloth. The steel powder used can be nanoparticles, <45 micron powder, or a mixture of the two size regimes. The weave of the carbon fiber cloth is loose enough to allow penetration between the fibers so that the steel matrix around the reinforcement is allowed to be continuous after consolidation.

The carbon fiber cloth and steel powder are assembled in the die under an inert atmosphere (inside an argon glove box) to prevent oxidized surfaces from forming. The final punch and die assembly is then compacted at 900° C. with 60 MPa of pressure for 1 hour, under an argon flow.

The carbon fiber has a lower density than steel (by a factor of ˜3.75) and has a higher tensile strength. Addition of multiple carbon fiber layers to the steel matrix lowers the weight of the final composite (as a function of the lower carbon fiber density) and increases the tensile strength as a function of its contribution to the mechanical strength of the composite.

It will be appreciated that in some instances, providing steel nanoparticles 310 having a desired composition, average maximum dimension, and/or relative standard deviation of the average maximum dimension may be difficult to achieve by conventional methods. For example, “top down” approaches involving fragmentation of bulk steel into particulate steel via milling, arc detonation, or other known procedures will often provide steel particles that are too large and/or too heterogeneous for effective sintering into a uniform, robust steel matrix 110. “Bottom up” approaches, such as those involving chemical reduction of dissolved cations, will often be unsuitable for various alloy nanoparticles due to incompatible solubilities, or even unavailability, of the relevant cations. For example, cationic carbon, that is suitable for chemical co-reduction with cationic iron to form steel, may be difficult to obtain. Further, even where these techniques or others may be effective to produce steel nanoparticles 310 of a given composition at laboratory scale, scale up may prove unfeasible or uneconomical.

For these reasons, the step of providing steel nanoparticles 310 can in many implementations be performed by a novel steel nanoparticle 210 synthesis using Anionic Element Reagent Complexes (AERCs). An AERC generally is a reagent consisting of one or more elements in complex with a hydride molecule, and having a formula:

Q⁰.X_y  Formula I,

wherein Q⁰ represents a combination of one or more elements, each formally in oxidation state zero and not necessarily in equimolar ratio relative to one another; X represents a hydride molecule, and y is an integral or fractional value greater than zero. An AERC of Formula I can be formed by ball-milling a mixture that includes: (i) powders of each of the one or more elements, present at the desired molar ratios; and (ii) a powder of the hydride molecule, present at a molar ratio relative to the combined one or more elements that corresponds to y. In many implementations, the hydride molecule will be a borohydride, and in some specific implementations the hydride molecule will be lithium borohydride.

Contacting an AERC of Formula I with a suitable solvent and/or ligand molecule will result in formation of nanoparticles consisting essentially of the one or more elements, the one or more elements being present in the nanoparticles at ratios equivalent to which they are present in the AERC.

Thus, an AERC suitable for use in steel nanoparticle 210 synthesis generally has a formula:

Fe_aC_bM_d.X_y  Formula II,

where Fe is elemental iron, formally in oxidation state zero; C is elemental carbon, formally in oxidation state zero; M represents one or more elements in oxidation state zero, each of the one or more elements selected from a group including Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, B, Ti, V, W, Co, Nb, P, S, and Si; X is a hydride molecule as defined with respect to Formula I; a is a fractional or integral value greater than zero; b is a fractional or integral value greater than zero; d is a fractional or integral value greater than or equal to zero; and y is a fractional or integral value greater than or equal to zero. It will be appreciated that the values of a, b, and c will generally correspond to the molar ratios of the various components in the desired composition of steel. It is further to be understand that M and d are shown as singular values for simplicity only, and can correspond to multiple elements present at non-equimolar quantities relative to one another. An AERC of Formula II can alternatively be referred to as a steel-AERC.

Formation of a steel-AERC can be accomplished by ball-milling a mixture that includes: (I) a powder of a hydride molecule, such as lithium borohydride; and (II) a pre-steel mixture that includes (i) iron powder; (ii) carbon powder; and (iii) optionally, powder(s) of one or more elements selected from a group including Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, B, Ti, V, W, Co, Nb, P, S, and Si. This mixture is to include iron powder, carbon powder, and optional powder(s) of one or more selected elements, at weight ratios identical to the weight ratios of these various components in a desired steel product. For example, in order to synthesis a stainless steel type 316 product having, by weight, 12% Ni, 17% Cr, 2.5% Mo, 1% Si, 2% Mn, 0.08% C, 0.045% P, and 0.03 S, the pre-steel mixture, to be combined with powder of a hydride molecule for ball milling, should include powders of each of these elements present in the listed percentages by weight.

Thus, in some implementations, a disclosed process for synthesizing steel nanoparticles includes a step of contacting a steel-AERC, such as one defined by Formulae I or II, with a solvent. In some implementations, the disclosed process for synthesizing steel nanoparticles includes a step of contacting a steel-AERC, such as one defined by Formulae I or II, with a ligand. In some implementations, the disclosed process for synthesizing steel nanoparticles includes a step of contacting a steel-AERC, such as one defined by Formulae I or II, with a solvent and a ligand. Contacting a steel-AERC with a suitable solvent and/or ligand will result in formation of steel nanoparticles 310 having alloy composition dictated by the composition of the steel-AERC, and thus by the composition of the pre-steel mixture from which the steel-AERC was formed.

Non-limiting examples of suitable ligands can include nonionic, cationic, anionic, amphoteric, zwitterionic, and polymeric ligands and combinations thereof. Such ligands typically have a lipophilic moiety that is hydrocarbon based, organosilane based, or fluorocarbon based. Without implying limitation, examples of types of ligands which can be suitable include alkyl sulfates and sulfonates, petroleum and lignin sulfonates, phosphate esters, sulfosuccinate esters, carboxylates, alcohols, ethoxylated alcohols and alkylphenols, fatty acid esters, ethoxylated acids, alkanolamides, ethoxylated amines, amine oxides, nitriles, alkyl amines, quaternary ammonium salts, carboxybetaines, sulfobetaines, or polymeric ligands. In some particular implementations, a ligand can be at least one of a nitrile, an amine, and a carboxylate.

Non-limiting examples of suitable solvents can include any molecular species, or combination of molecular species, capable of interacting with the constituents of an AERC by means of non-bonding or transient-bonding interactions. In different implementations, a suitable solvent for synthesis of steel nanoparticles 310 from a steel-AERC can be a hydrocarbon or aromatic species, including but not limited to: a straight-chain, branched, or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy; or a monocyclic or multicyclic aryl or heteroaryl. In some implementations, the solvent will be a non-coordinating or sterically hindered ether. The term solvent as described can in some variations include a deuterated or tritiated form. In some implementation, a solvent can be an ether, such as THF.

The present invention is further illustrated with respect to the following examples. It needs to be understood that these examples are provided to illustrate specific embodiments of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.

Example 1. Steel Nanoparticle Synthesis

To a ball mill jar is added 0.0136 g carbon, 0.06 g manganese, 7.9264 g iron, and 6.28 g lithium borohydride. This is ball-milled under an inert atmosphere for 4 hours. The steel-AERC product is washed with THF, resulting in formation of steel nanoparticles having a composition 99.08% Fe, 0.17% C, and 0.75% Mn. The formed steel nanoparticles are isolated.

Example 2. Formation of Composite Steel

The steel nanoparticles of Example I are loaded into a punch and die with dispersed layers of a weave of carbon fibers. The steel nanoparticle powder is encouraged into the gaps between fibers of the weave of carbon fibers during this loading step. The material is then sintered at 900° C. and 60 MPa for from about one to four hours. The product, a composite steel having reinforcing carbon fiber integrated into a steel matrix as illustrated in FIG. 1, is machined to finished size and polished.

Example 3. High-Angle Annular Dark Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis

A xenon focused ion-beam (FIB) lift-out of a sample area of a composite is performed at the interface of the carbon fiber and steel HAADF STEM images of the lift out sample are collected using a JEOL NEOARM microscope operated at 200 kV.

The foregoing description is merely illustrative in nature and is in no way intended to limit the disclosure, its application, or uses. As used herein, the phrase at least one of A, B, and C should be construed to mean a logical (A or B or C), using a non-exclusive logical “or.” It should be understood that the various steps within a method may be executed in different order without altering the principles of the present disclosure; various steps may be performed independently or at the same time unless otherwise noted. Disclosure of ranges includes disclosure of all ranges and subdivided ranges within the entire range.

The headings (such as “Background” and “Summary”) and sub-headings used herein are intended only for general organization of topics within the present disclosure, and are not intended to limit the disclosure of the technology or any aspect thereof. The recitation of multiple embodiments having stated features is not intended to exclude other embodiments having additional features, or other embodiments incorporating different combinations of the stated features.

As used herein, the terms “comprise” and “include” and their variants are intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation of items in succession or a list is not to the exclusion of other like items that may also be useful in the devices and methods of this technology. Similarly, the terms “can” and “may” and their variants are intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation that an embodiment can or may comprise certain elements or features does not exclude other embodiments of the present technology that do not contain those elements or features.

The broad teachings of the present disclosure can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this disclosure includes particular examples, the true scope of the disclosure should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the specification and the following claims. Reference herein to one aspect, or various aspects means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment or aspect. The appearances of the phrase “in one aspect” (or variations thereof) are not necessarily referring to the same aspect or embodiment.

While particular embodiments have been described, alternatives, modifications, variations, improvements, and substantial equivalents that are or may be presently unforeseen may arise to applicants or others skilled in the art. Accordingly, the appended claims as filed and as they may be amended, are intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications variations, improvements, and substantial equivalents.

Claims

1. A composite material comprising: a continuous matrix of sintered steel nanoparticles;at least one reinforcing carbon fiber component that is at least partially encapsulated within the steel matrix; andan interface region disposed between the continuous steel matrix and a surface of the at least one reinforcing carbon fiber component, the interface region comprising an amorphous carbon layer.

2. The composite material as recited in claim 1, wherein the amorphous carbon layer has a thickness within a range of from about 0.5 nm to about 10 nm.

3. The composite material as recited in claim 1, wherein a portion of the continuous matrix of sintered steel nanoparticles distal to the amorphous carbon layer comprises steel crystal edges defining a first array of parallel lines, and a binding region of the continuous matrix of sintered steel nanoparticles adjacent to the amorphous carbon layer comprises steel crystal edges defining a second array of parallel lines canted relative to the first array of parallel lines.

4. The composite material as recited in claim 3, wherein the second array of parallel lines is canted at an angle within a range of from about 2° to about 10° relative to the first array of parallel lines.

5. The composite material as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one reinforcing carbon fiber component is partially encapsulated within the continuous matrix.

6. The composite material as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one reinforcing carbon fiber component comprises a plurality of spatially separated layers of reinforcing carbon fiber.

7. The composite material as recited in claim 1, wherein the continuous matrix comprises an alloy of iron, carbon, and at least one element selected from a group including: Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, B, Ti, V, W, Co, Nb, P, S, and Si.

8. A composite material comprising: at least one reinforcing carbon fiber component;a continuous steel matrix, of sintered steel nanoparticles, disposed around the at least one carbon fiber component; andan interface region disposed between the continuous steel matrix and a surface of the at least one reinforcing carbon fiber component, the interface region comprising an amorphous carbon layer.

9. The composite material as recited in claim 8, wherein the amorphous carbon layer has a thickness within a range of from about 0.5 nm to about 10 nm.

10. The composite material as recited in claim 8, wherein a portion of the continuous matrix of sintered steel nanoparticles distal to the amorphous carbon layer comprises steel crystal edges defining a first array of parallel lines, and a binding region of the continuous matrix of sintered steel nanoparticles adjacent to the amorphous carbon layer comprises steel crystal edges defining a second array of parallel lines canted relative to the first array of parallel lines.

11. The composite material as recited in claim 10, wherein the second array of parallel lines is canted at an angle within a range of from about 2° to about 10° relative to the first array of parallel lines.

12. The composite material as recited in claim 9, wherein the continuous steel matrix comprises an alloy of iron, carbon, and at least one element selected from a group including: Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, B, Ti, V, W, Co, Nb, P, S, and Si.

13. A method for making a composite material, the method comprising: providing steel nanoparticles;combining the steel nanoparticles with a reinforcing carbon fiber component to produce an unannealed combination; andsintering the steel nanoparticles to convert the steel nanoparticles to a continuous steel matrix, and to form an interface between the continuous steel matrix and the reinforcing carbon fiber component, the interface comprising an amorphous carbon layer chemically bonding a surface of the reinforced carbon fiber component with the continuous steel matrix.

14. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the amorphous carbon layer has an average thickness within a range of from about 0.25 nm to about 10 nm.

15. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein sintering the steel nanoparticles forms a binding region in the continuous steel matrix, adjacent to an interface of carbon and steel portions of the composite material, the binding region having parallel steel edges canted relative to a bulk region of the continuous steel matrix distal to the interface.

16. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the steel nanoparticles have an average maximum dimension less than about 20 nm.

17. The method as recited in claim 15, comprising synthesizing the steel nanoparticles by: contacting an Anionic Element Reagent Complex (AERC) with a solvent, the AERC having a formula: FeaCbMd.Xy,where Fe is elemental iron, formally in oxidation state zero; C is elemental carbon, formally in oxidation state zero; M represents one or more elements in oxidation state zero, each of the one or more elements selected from a group including Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, B, Ti, V, W, Co, Nb, P, S, and Si; X is a hydride molecule; a is a fractional or integral value greater than zero; b is a fractional or integral value greater than zero; d is a fractional or integral value greater than or equal to zero; and y is a fractional or integral value greater than or equal to zero.

18. The method as recited in claim 16, comprising forming the AERC by ball-milling a mixture comprising: a powder of a hydride molecule; anda pre-steel mixture that includes iron powder; andcarbon powder.

19. The method as recited in claim 17, wherein the pre-steel mixture comprises a powder of one or more elements selected from a group including Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, B, Ti, V, W, Co, Nb, P, S, and Si.

20. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein providing steel nanoparticles includes synthesizing steel nanoparticles by a process comprising: contacting a steel-AERC with a ligand, the steel-AERC having a formula: FeaCbMd.Xy,where Fe is elemental iron, formally in oxidation state zero; C is elemental carbon, formally in oxidation state zero; M represents one or more elements in oxidation state zero, each of the one or more elements selected from a group including Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, B, Ti, V, W, Co, Nb, P, S, and Si; X is a hydride molecule; a is a fractional or integral value greater than zero; b is a fractional or integral value greater than zero; d is a fractional or integral value greater than or equal to zero; and y is a fractional or integral value greater than zero.