Chiral separation media

Abstract

The media is an ether derivative of cyclodextrin such as a permethylated hydroxy ether of cyclodextrin or a dialkyl trifluoroacetyl ether derivative of cyclodextrin and is used in capillary gas chromatographic columns. Particular benefit is obtained using the ether derivative of cyclodextrin in a fused silica capillary.

Description

This invention relates to a composition used for separation of optical isomers or chiral compounds, as well as other isomeric and non-isomeric compounds, by means of gas chromatography and, more particularly, to the separation of enantiomers by capillary gas chromatography. The composition used is a media of an ether derivative of a cyclodextrin such as a permethylated hydroxy or a dialkyl trifluoroacetyl ether of cyclodextrin.

The configuration of a chiral molecule is generally what determines its biological and pharmaceutical activity and effectiveness. One of the enantiomers of the chiral molecule may be active and the other may be inactive or even toxic. It is therefore essential to be able to separate the different enantiomers from each other to obtain an isolated enantiomer in pure form. The isolated enantiomers are used in the pharmaceutical, pesticide and/or herbicide industries, among others.

A conventional way to separate enantiomers is by gas chromatography using a chiral stationary phase. Chiral stationary phases can rapidly and reversibly form diastereomeric association complexes with chiral analytes. Successful chiral stationary phases for wall-coated capillary tubes should have some characteristic properties. They need to be highly viscous even at elevated temperatures and have the proper surface tension to wet the capillary wall completely. They should be able to form rapid and reversible diastereomeric associate complexes with the chiral analytes via various interactions such as hydrogen bonding, dispersion, dipole-dipole and steric interactions to give reasonable chiral selectivity. Other desirable properties include high temperature stability, no racemization at elevated temperatures and low levels of bleeding.

Most of the early work on chiral stationary phases for gas chromatography used amino acids, peptides, and various derivatives thereof. Some efforts have been made to use other naturally occurring chiral molecules as chiral stationary phases such as tartaric acid, malic acid, mandelic acid and chrysanthemic acid. Despite a large amount of work in this area, the only resulting widely available and commercially viable chiral stationary phase for gas chromatography has been Chirasil-Val from Macherey-Nagel of the Federal Republic of Germany which consists of a siloxane copolymer to which L-valine-tert-butylamide was coupled.

There are a number of limitations to these early amino acid based gas chromatography chiral stationary phases. First, they do not seem to be widely applicable. Most of the reported separations were of racemic amino acid derivatives. Just as significant was the fact that, using these early chiral separation phases, the high column temperature needed for gas chromatography often results in racemization, decomposition and bleeding of the chiral stationary phase. Even the moderately successful Chirasil-Val is not recommended to be used at temperatures much above 200.degree. C. Also, the enantioselectivity of the chiral stationary phase decreases significantly at the higher temperatures needed for gas chromatography.

Previously there have been a number of efforts to use alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin as gas chromatography stationary phases. It was apparent from the early gas chromatography and more recent liquid chromatography work that cyclodextrins had potential as gas chromatographic stationary phases. Unfortunately, the cyclodextrin gas chromatography stationary phases were not as successful as the liquid chromatography bonded stationary phases. Although interesting selectivities, mainly for achiral solutes, were obtained, the efficiency and reproducibility were less than desirable. Cyclodextrins are crystalline solids and had to be dissolved or suspended in another solvent prior to coating the separation column. The fact that native cyclodextrins and their simple derivatives (dimethyl, acetyl, etc.) are crystalline solids with high melting or decomposition points, makes them difficult to use directly as gas chromatography stationary phase coatings. Recently, there have been reports on derivatized cyclodextrins that are liquids or lower melting point amorphous solids and therefore can be used directly as stationary phase coatings. All of these previous compounds are lipophilic derivatives of cyclodextrin (such as perpentyl-beta-cyclodextrin).

Cyclodextrins (also called "Schardinger dextrins") are known to be cyclic oligosaccharides composed of glucose residues bonded together by alpha 1,4 bonds. The six, seven and eight membered rings are called alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin, respectively. The cyclodextrins have different chemical and physical properties from the linear oligosaccharides derived from starch in that they are non-reducing dextrins and the ring structure is widely used as a host for the inclusion of various compounds, usually organic compounds for the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical fields.

As is also well-known, cyclodextrins are produced from starch of any selected plant variety such as corn, potato, waxy maize and the like which may be modified, or unmodified starch derived from cereal or tuber origin and the amylose or amylopectin fractions thereof. The selected starch in aqueous slurry at selected concentrations up to about 35% by weight solids is usually liquefied as by gelatinization or treatment with a liquefying enzyme such as bacterial alpha-amylase enzyme and then subjected to treatment with a transglycosylase (CGT) enzyme to form the cyclodextrins.

The amount of the individual alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins produced by treating the starch with the CGT enzyme will vary depending on the selected starch, selected CGT enzyme and processing conditions. The parameters to select for the CGT enzyme conversion for the desired result in the amount of each individual cyclodextrin to be produced is conventional and well-described in the literature.

Conventionally, the DE of the liquefied starch is maintained below about 20 DE, the starch solids concentration is below about 35% by weight, the pH for conversion may be about 4.5 to 8.5 at a selected temperature from ambient up to about 75.degree. C. for a selected period of time, typically from about 10 hours up to seven days and more. The amount of CGT enzyme used for conversion is conventional and well-known in the art.

It has now been discovered that ether derivatives of cyclodextrin such as permethylated hydroxy ethers of cyclodextrin and dialkyl trifluoroacetyl ethers of cyclodextrin can be used to separate a wide variety of optical isomers. The optical isomers resolved include chiral alcohols, diols, polyols, amines, amino alcohols, halohydrocarbons, ketones, lactones, alpha-halocarboxylic acid esters, carbohydrates, epoxides, glycidyl analogues, haloephihydrins, nicotine compounds, pyrans, furans, bicyclic and heterocyclic compounds and other miscellaneous compounds.

The permethylated hydroxy ether of cyclodextrin is hydrophilic and relatively polar compared to previous cyclodextrin derivatives used as chiral stationary phases. The dialkyl trifluoroacetyl derivative is of intermediate polarity. Both of these ether derivatives of cyclodextrin have better coating properties on fused silica capillaries than the hydrophobic cyclodextrin derivatives. The more hydrophilic permethylated hydroxy ether of cyclodextrin and the dialkyl trifluoroacetyl derivatives have different selectivities for the enantiomers as compared to the hydrophobic cyclodextrin derivatives. Also, they can be used at higher temperatures than Chirasil-Val without racemization.

With respect to the ether derivative of cyclodextrin which is a permethylated hydroxy cyclodextrin, the degree of substitution (DS) of the hydroxy ether groups for the hydroxyl groups on the underivatized cyclodextrin molecule is from about 10% to about 75% of the available hydroxyl groups on the cyclodextrin. For example, for alpha-cyclodextrin the DS for the hydroxy ether groups is about 2 to about 12; for beta-cyclodextrin, about 2 to about 14; and for gamma-cyclodextrin, about 2 to about 16. More preferably, the DS is about 25% to about 60% of the available sites and more preferred is about 40%. It is important that the degree of substitution of the cyclodextrin hydroxy groups by the ether side chains be random and non-uniform.

The DS of the methyl groups for the remaining hydroxyl groups on the cyclodextrin and the hydroxyl groups on the ether side chains of the cyclodextrin is greater than about 90% and more preferably above about 95%. Ideally, all of the available hydroxyl sites on the hydroxy ether of cyclodextrin are methylated; although this is sometimes difficult to achieve.

The permethylated hydroxy ether of cyclodextrin is made in a conventional manner starting from either individual cyclodextrin or mixtures of the alpha-, beta- and/or gamma-cyclodextrins. However, it is preferred to use only a single cyclodextrin, i.e. either alpha-, beta-, or gamma-cyclodextrin. The separation and/or purification of the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin may be done before, after, or at any stage of the derivatization process. The procedure for making the hydroxy ether of cyclodextrin and the subsequent step of methylating are accomplished in a conventional manner. The order of reaction for forming the permethylated hydroxy ether cyclodextrin derivative is first to make the hydroxy ether and then to methylate it.

In order to etherify the underivatized cyclodextrin, the cyclodextrin is suitably reacted with an epoxide. Suitable epoxides include ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, amylene oxide, glycidol (hydroxypropylene oxide), butadiene oxide, glycidyl methyl ether, glycidyl isopropyl ether, alkyl glycidyl ether, styrene oxide, and t-butyl glycidyl ether. Preferably, the epoxide is selected from the group consisting of propylene oxide, glycidyl methyl ether, glycidyl isopropyl ether, alkyl glycidyl ether, t-butyl glycidyl ether and styrene oxide. Good results have been obtained with an epoxide selected from the group consisting of propylene oxide, glycidyl methyl ether and glycidyl isopropyl ether.

As is known, the reaction of cyclodextrin with the above noted epoxides produces an ether of cyclodextrin with two hydroxy groups on adjacent carbon atoms on the side chains. Such hydroxy ethers of cyclodextrin are sometimes referred to as dihydroxyalkyl ethers of cyclodextrin.

The preferred permethylated ether derivatives of cyclodextrin for use in the present invention include hydroxy propylated cyclodextrin, hydroxy propylated methyl ether cyclodextrin, hydroxy propylated isopropyl ether cyclodextrin, hydroxy propylated vinyl ether cyclodextrin, hydroxy propylated t-butyl ether cyclodextrin, and hydroxy ethylated phenyl cyclodextrin. Good results have been obtained with hydroxy propylated cyclodextrin, hydroxy propylated methyl ether cyclodextrin and hydroxy propylated isopropyl ether cyclodextrin.

With respect to the ether derivative of cyclodextrin which is a dialkyl trifluoroacetyl cyclodextrin, the degree of substitution (DS) of the alkyl groups for the hydrogens of the hydroxyl groups on the underivatized cyclodextrin molecule to form the etherified derivative is from about 20% to about 80% of the available hydrogens on the cyclodextrin. For example, for alpha-cyclodextrin the DS for the alkyl groups is about 1 to about 15; for beta-cyclodextrin, about 1 to about 16; and for gamma-cyclodextrin, about 1 to about 18. More preferably, the DS is about 40% to about 70% of the available sites and more preferred is about 65%. Generally, the alkyl groups will substitute for the hydrogens on the 2 and 6 carbons. It is important that the degree of substitution of the cyclodextrin hydroxy groups by the ether side chains be random and non-uniform.

The DS of the trifluoroacetyl group for the hydrogen of the remaining available hydroxyl group on the cyclodextrin is greater than about 90% and more preferably above about 95%.

The dialkyl trifluoroacetyl ether of cyclodextrin is made in a conventional manner starting from either individual cyclodextrin or mixtures of the alpha-, beta- and/or gamma-cyclodextrins. However, it is preferred to use only a single cyclodextrin, i.e. either alpha-, beta-, or gamma-cyclodextrin. The separation and/or purification of the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin may be done before, after, or at any stage of the derivatization process. The procedure for making the ether of cyclodextrin and the subsequent step of esterifying are accomplished in a conventional manner. The order of reaction for forming the cyclodextrin derivative is first to make the ether derivative and then to esterify it.

In order to form the dialkylated ether derivative of cyclodextrin, the cyclodextrin is first suitably reacted with an alkyl halide to form an ether derivative. Suitable alkyl halides include chlorinated, brominated, iodiated or fluorinated alkanes such as methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane or hexane. The alkanes may be straight-chained or branched. Preferably, the alkyl halide is selected from the group consisting of n-propyl bromide, n-propyl chloride, n-butyl chloride, n-butyl bromide, n-pentyl bromide and n-pentyl chloride. Best results have been obtained with n-pentyl bromide.

Suitably, in order to esterify the ether derivative of cyclodextrin, fluorinated anhydrides are used. It is more preferred to use fluorinated anhydrides such as trifluoroacetic anhydride, trifluorobutanoic anhydride, or trifluoropropanoic anhydride. It is most preferred to use trifluoroacetic anhydride.

The preferred dialkyl trifluoroacetic ether derivatives of cyclodextrin for use in the present invention include dipentyl trifluoroacetic ether cyclodextrin, dipentyl trifluoroacetic ether cyclodextrin, dipentyl trifluorobutanoic ether cyclodextrin and dipentyl trifluoropropanoic ether cyclodextrin.

The gas chromatography is performed in a conventional manner.

It is preferred to use fused silica capillaries when performing the gas chromatography operation. Fused silica capillaries are much more flexible, practical and easier to handle than conventional glass capillaries.

The ether derivatives of cyclodextrin of the present invention are liquids at room temperature and can be used to coat undeactivated fused silica capillaries. They are nonvolatile and are thermally stable at temperatures up to about 300.degree. C. in the absence of oxygen.

The gas chromatography can also be performed by administering the ether derivative of cyclodextrin of the present invention to a packed column by means of a carrier such as polysiloxane or polyethylene glycol. The admixture of the ether derivative of cyclodextrin of the present invention with the carrier and the administration of this admixture to the column is performed in a conventional manner.

The solid support in the packed column may be any suitable support such as diatomaceous earth, Teflon powder, or fine glass beads. The selection of the type, size and shape of the solid support depends on the molecules being isolated and the flow rate desired. The determination of which solid support to use is conventional and well-known to those of skill in the art.

Although it is less common, enantioselective reversals also can occur among like-derivatized alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins. Reversals in elution order have been observed between alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin and between beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin.

Further details and advantages of the present invention may be more fully understood by reference to the following examples.

EXAMPLE 1

This example illustrates making a permethylated hydroxypropylated ether derivative of cyclodextrin of the present invention.

The permethyl hydroxypropyl ether derivative of cyclodextrin was made in two steps. First, propylene oxide, sodium hydride and the desired cyclodextrin (either alpha-, beta-, or gamma-) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 60.degree. C. and allowed to react for one hour with stirring. After cooling to room temperature for 15 hours, the mixture was further cooled in an ice bath. Excess methyl iodide was added dropwise. After 24 hours the reaction was complete.

EXAMPLE 2

This example illustrates the making of the dialkyl trifluoroacetyl ether derivative of cyclodextrin of the present invention. The alkane used herein is pentane.

3.0 g of dried cyclodextrin and excess 1-bromopentane were added to 30 ml dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The reaction was carried out at 60.degree. C. for 6 hours. Water was then added to the reaction mixture and a waxy precipitate was obtained. The raw product was dissolved in chloroform (CHCl.sub.3) and the solution was washed with water. CHCl.sub.3 was removed under vacuum and the product was used for the next reaction without further purification.

The above material and an excess of trifluoroacetic anhydride were added to 30 ml tetrahydrofuran (THF). The mixture was boiled for 2 hours, then poured over ice to precipitate the product. The precipitate was washed with cold water and dissolved in CHCl.sub.3. The CHCl.sub.3 solution was extracted three times with 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO.sub.3) and three times with water. The CHCl.sub.3 layer was collected and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4). CHCl.sub.3 was allowed to evaporate in a vacuum desiccator and the final viscous liquid was dried in a vacuum overnight to form the final product of dipentyl trifluoroacetyl ether cyclodextrin derivative.

EXAMPLE 3

This example illustrates separating optical isomers using the medium made in Example 1 above. The optical isomers were derivatized in order to decrease their volatility for better resolution in the gas chromatograph process.

Fused silica capillary tubes (0.25 mm ID) were obtained from Alltech or Supelco. The capillaries were coated with the cyclodextrin derivatives of the present invention via the static method.

Untreated 10 m capillary columns were placed in a water bath at 36.degree. C. A 0.2% w/v ether solution of the cyclodextrin derivative of the present invention filled the capillary. One end of the capillary was sealed and the other connected to a vacuum line. It took about 4 hours to coat a 10 m column. The column efficiency was tested at 100.degree. C. by using n-hydrocarbons (C11 and C12) as test solutes. Only columns that produced .gtoreq.3600 plates per column meter were used.

Racemic mixtures of amines and alcohols to be resolved were derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride, acetic anhydride or chloroacetic anhydride. Other compounds containing hydroxyl and/or amine functionalities were also derivitized. All chemicals were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co., Sigma Chemical Co., or Fluka Chemical Co. In each case, approximately 1.0 mg of the racemic analyte was dissolved in 0.5 ml of methylene chloride and 200 .mu.l of the desired anhydride added. After reacting for about 5-30 minutes, dry nitrogen was bubbled through the solution to remove excess reagent. The solution residue was dissolved in 0.5 ml of ether or methanol for chromatographic analysis. Racemic mixtures of sugars to be resolved were trifluoroacetylated by the above procedure except that tetrahydrofuran was used as the solvent. Also, because this reaction was somewhat slower and the trifluoroacetic anhydride was volatile, three additional aliquots of trifluoroacetic anhydride were added at seven minute intervals.

Both Hewlett Packard (5710A) and Varian (3700) gas chromatographs were used for all separations. Split injection and flame ionization detection were utilized. The injection and detector port temperatures were 200.degree. C. and nitrogen was used as the carrier gas. Gas velocity was about 10-15 cm/sec. A split ratio of 100/1 was used for all the columns and at all of the column temperatures. The injection volume was 0.5 .mu.l.

Referring to the following tables, the separation factor, .alpha., is a measure of the separation between the eluted peaks. The greater the separation between the peaks, the greater is .alpha.. Mathematically, .alpha. is defined as the ratio of the corrected retention times of the two peaks being compared i.e., ##EQU1## where t'=corrected retention time, t=uncorrected time and t.sub.0 =retention time of an unretained compound. Traditionally, the longest retained peak time, t.sub.2, is put in the numerator so that .alpha. will be greater than 1. An .alpha.-value of 1 means that there is no separation (the peaks co-elute).

Tables IA, IB and IC illustrate the separation results using permethylated hydroxypropyl ether cyclodextrin (PHCD) as the ether derivative of cyclodextrin. Tables IA, IB and IC show the results using alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin, respectively. The permethylated hydroxypropyl ether cyclodextrin was made in accordance with Example 1 above.

TABLE Ia__________________________________________________________________________Alpha-Cyclodextrin(DS by hydroxypropyl = average about 7, ranged between 2-12) Column Elution Length Temperature OrderStructure Compound (m) (.degree.C.) R .alpha. (if known)__________________________________________________________________________Sugars* ##STR1## allose 9 100 ##STR2## 1.10 -- ##STR3## ribose 9 100 ##STR4## 1.02 --Alcohols ##STR5## isopinocamphenol 9 90 ##STR6## 1.01 -- ##STR7## trans-1,2-dithiane- 4,5-diol 9 100 ##STR8## 1.12 -- ##STR9## 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- 1-naphthol 9 100 ##STR10## 1.03 S, RAmines ##STR11## 3-aminoheptane 9 90 ##STR12## 1.04 -- ##STR13## 2-aminoheptane 9 90 ##STR14## 1.05 -- ##STR15## 1,5-dimethylhexyl- amine 9 90 ##STR16## 1.04 -- ##STR17## 1-phenyl ethyl amine 9 90 ##STR18## 1.02 -- ##STR19## 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1- naphthylamine 9 130 ##STR20## 1.03 -- ##STR21## 1-(1-naphthyl)- ethylamine 9 150 ##STR22## 1.03 S, RAmino Alcohols ##STR23## 2-amino-1-methoxy- propane 9 100 ##STR24## 1.03 -- ##STR25## 2-amino-1-propanol 9 120 ##STR26## 1.02 -- ##STR27## 1-amino-2-propanol 9 120 ##STR28## 1.01 -- ##STR29## 2-amino-1-butanol 9 120 ##STR30## 1.02 --Bicyclic Compounds ##STR31## exo-2-amino- norbornane 9 100 ##STR32## 1.01 -- ##STR33## endo-2-amino- norbornane 9 90 ##STR34## 1.02 --__________________________________________________________________________ *only Dform is shown TABLE Ib__________________________________________________________________________Beta-Cyclodextrin(DS by hydroxypropyl = average 8, range 2-14) Column Elution Length Temperature OrderStructure Compound (m) (.degree.C.) R .alpha. (if known)__________________________________________________________________________Alcohols ##STR35## trans-1,2-dithiane- 4,5-diol 10 100 ##STR36## 1.06 -- ##STR37## isopinocamphenol 10 90 ##STR38## 1.10 -- ##STR39## 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- 1-naphthol 20 120 ##STR40## 1.07 R, S ##STR41## 1-indanol 20 110 ##STR42## 1.05 -- ##STR43## trans-cyclohexane 1,2 diol 30 ##STR44## 1.05 --Amino Alcohols ##STR45## 2-amino-1-methoxy propane 20 110 ##STR46## 1.06 -- ##STR47## 2-amino-1-propanol 20 120 ##STR48## 1.04 -- ##STR49## 1-amino-2-propanol 20 120 ##STR50## 1.06 -- ##STR51## 2-amino-1-propanol 30 120 ##STR52## 1.04 -- ##STR53## 2-amino-1-methoxy propane 30 120 ##STR54## 1.07 -- ##STR55## 2-amino-1-butanol 20 120 ##STR56## 1.05 -- ##STR57## 2-amino-3-methyl- butanol 10 120 ##STR58## 1.03 --Amines ##STR59## 2-aminopentane 9 70 ##STR60## 1.05 -- ##STR61## 1,3-dimethylbutyl- amine 9 70 ##STR62## 1.04 -- ##STR63## 3-aminoheptane 9 80 ##STR64## 1.08 -- ##STR65## 2-aminoheptane 9 80 ##STR66## 1.12 -- ##STR67## 1,5-dimethylhexyl amine 9 80 ##STR68## 1.15 -- ##STR69## 1-cyclohexyl- ethylamine 9 100 ##STR70## 1.05 -- ##STR71## 1-phenyl-ethyl-amine 9 100 ##STR72## 1.04 -- ##STR73## 1-aminoindan 20 150 ##STR74## 1.01 -- ##STR75## 1-cyclohexylethyl- amine 30 ##STR76## 1.05 -- ##STR77## 1-alpha-naphthyl)- ethylamine 30 ##STR78## 1.02 -- ##STR79## 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- 1-naphthylamine 20 150 ##STR80## 1.04 --Nicotine Compounds ##STR81## 3-(1-trifluoromethyl carbonyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine 20 140-180 ##STR82## 1.01 1.00 --Lactones ##STR83## .beta., .beta.-dimethyl-.gamma.- (hydroxymethyl)- .gamma.-bu tyrolactone 9 100 ##STR84## 1.02 -- ##STR85## .alpha.-amino-.gamma.-butyrl lactone 30 100 ##STR86## 1.03 --Sugars ##STR87## mannose 9 90 ##STR88## 1.02 -- ##STR89## galactose 9 100 ##STR90## 1.05 -- ##STR91## ribose 9 100 ##STR92## 1.08 D, L ##STR93## arabinose 9 90 ##STR94## 1.04 D, L ##STR95## xylose 9 80 ##STR96## 1.03 L, D ##STR97## lyxose 9 80 ##STR98## 1.04 D, L ##STR99## erythrose 20 80 ##STR100## 1.03 L, D ##STR101## sorbose 9 90 ##STR102## 1.12 L, D ##STR103## 1-O-methyl-.beta.-D,L- arabinopyranoside 20 90 ##STR104## 1.09 D, L ##STR105## glyceraldehyde 30 130 ##STR106## 1.04 --Bicyclic Compounds ##STR107## 5-norbornen-2-ol 9 60 ##STR108## 1.00 1.10 -- ##STR109## exo-norbornenol 9 70 ##STR110## 1.04 --Miscellaneous ##STR111## butyl lactate 9 60 ##STR112## 1.04 --__________________________________________________________________________ TABLE Ic__________________________________________________________________________Gamma-Cyclodextrin(DS by hydroxypropyl = average about 9, range between 2-16) Column Elution Length Temperature OrderStructure Compound (m) (.degree.C.) R .alpha. (if known)__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR113## 2-amino-1-propanol 9 120 ##STR114## 1.02 -- ##STR115## 1-phenyl-ethylamine 9 100 ##STR116## 1.04 -- ##STR117## 2-aminoheptane 9 90 ##STR118## 1.02 -- ##STR119## 1,5-dimethylhexylamine 9 90 ##STR120## 1.03 -- ##STR121## trans-1,2-dithiane 4,5-diol 9 100 ##STR122## 1.03 -- ##STR123## solketal 9 70 ##STR124## 1.02 --__________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 4

This example illustrates separating non-derivatized optical isomers using the medium of permethylated hydroxypropyl ether derivative of cyclodextrin as made in Example 1 above.

The capillary tubes, the gas chromatographs and the determination of .alpha. were as set forth in Example 3 above.

Tables IIa, IIb and IIc illustrate the results using alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin, respectively.

TABLE IIa__________________________________________________________________________Alpha-Cyclodextrin(DS by hydroxypropyl = average about 7, range between 2-12) Column Elution Length Temperature OrderStructure Compound (m) (.degree.C.) .alpha. (if known)__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR125## limonene oxide 9 90 1.06 1.20 -- ##STR126## limonene 9 70 1.03 -- ##STR127## carvon 9 100 1.02 -- ##STR128## 4-phenyl-1,3-dioxane 9 100 1.03 -- ##STR129## mandelic acid methyl ester 9 120 1.04 -- ##STR130## mandelic acid ethyl ester 9 120 1.03 R, SLactones ##STR131## .gamma.-phenyl-.gamma.-butyro lactone 9 130 1.02 --Bicyclic Compounds ##STR132## exo-2-bromonorbornane 9 90 1.01 --Furan and Pyran Derivatives ##STR133## 2-ethoxy-tetra hydrofuran 9 60 1.22 -- ##STR134## 3,4-dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran 9 60 1.06 -- ##STR135## 3,4-dihydro-2-ethoxy-2H-pyran 9 60 1.16 -- ##STR136## 2,5-dimethoxy-3-tetrahydrofuran carboxaldehyde 9 90 1.03 1.02 1.05 1.08 --__________________________________________________________________________ TABLE IIb__________________________________________________________________________Beta-Cyclodextrin(DS by hydropropyl = average about 8, ranged between 2-14) Column Elution Length Temperature OrderStructure Compound (m) (.degree.C.) .alpha. (if known)__________________________________________________________________________Alcohols 2-amino-4-methyl 1-butanol 30 1.11 -- ##STR137## trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol 20 120 1.04 -- ##STR138## trans-1,2-cycloheptanediol 20 120 1.03 --Nicotine Compounds ##STR139## 3-(1-trifluoromethyl carbonyl-2- pyrrolidinyl)pyridine 20 120.about.180 1.01 -- ##STR140## 3-(1-difluoromethyl-2- pyrrolidinyl)pyridine 20 140-180 1.01 --Lactones ##STR141## pantoyl lactone 20 120 1.04 -- ##STR142## N-acetyl-homocystein thiolactone 20 150 1.02 -- ##STR143## .beta.-butyrolactone 9 70 1.03 -- ##STR144## .alpha.-methyl-.gamma.-butyro lactone 9 70 1.02 -- ##STR145## .alpha.-acetyl-.alpha.-methyl- .gamma.-butyrolactone 9 90 1.06 --Furan and Pyran Derivatives ##STR146## 2-ethoxy-tetrahydrofuran 9 50 1.11 -- ##STR147## 3,4-dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran 9 50 1.03 -- ##STR148## 3,4-dihydro-2-ethoxy-2-H-pyran 9 50 1.05 -- ##STR149## tetrahydro-2-(2-propynyloxy)- 2H-pyran 9 60 1.05 -- ##STR150## 2,5-dimethoxy-3-tetrahydrofuran carboxaldehyde 9 100 1.05 1.10 1.09 1.02 --Epoxides andGlycidyl Analogues ##STR151## 1,2-epoxy-hexane 20 50 1.02 -- ##STR152## 1,2-epoxyoctane 20 50 1.01 -- ##STR153## 1,2-epoxy-7-octene 20 50 1.02 -- ##STR154## styrene oxide 9 80 1.06 -- ##STR155## limonene oxide 20 100 1.02 1.03 -- ##STR156## glycidyl methyl ether 20 45 1.04 -- ##STR157## glycidyl isopropyl ether 20 45 1.03 -- ##STR158## allyl glycidyl ether 20 45 1.05 -- ##STR159## t-butyl glycidyl ether 20 45 1.06 -- ##STR160## glycidyl methacrylate 20 70 1.01 --Bicyclic Compounds ##STR161## 2-acetyl-5-nornbornene 9 90 1.00 1.07 -- ##STR162## 3-chloro-2-norbornanone 9 90 1.00 1.05 -- ##STR163## exo-2-bromonorbornanone 9 90 1.06 --Miscellaneous ##STR164## limonene 20 100 1.03 -- ##STR165## butyl lactate 9 60 1.02 -- ##STR166## solketal 9 80 1.04 -- ##STR167## .alpha.-(trichloromethyl)benzyl acetate 20 140 1.03 --__________________________________________________________________________ TABLE IIc__________________________________________________________________________Gamma Cyclodextrin(DS by hydroxypropyl = average about 9, range between 2-16) Column Elution Length Temperature OrderStructure Compound (m) (.degree.C.) .alpha. (if known)__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR168## 2-(bromomethyl)-tetrahydrofuran 9 70 1.02 -- ##STR169## limonene oxide 9 70 1.03 1.03 -- ##STR170## 3,4-dihydro 2-ethoxy 2H-pyran 9 50 1.04 --__________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 5

This Example illustrates separating enantiomers using the medium of dipentyl trifluoroacetyl ether derivative of cyclodextrin as made in Example 2 above.

Table III illustrates the separation results using the dipentyl trifluoroacetyl ether cyclodextrin (DP-TFA-CD) as the ether derivative of cyclodextrin.

The capacity factor of the first eluted enantiomer, k, is determined as follows: ##EQU2## where k'=retention time of the eluted solute; and k"=retention time of an unretained compound.

The column in the Table for "Stationary Phase" indicates which cyclodextrin was used for the ether derivative. "A" indicates that the ether derivative was dipentyl trifluoroacetyl alpha cyclodextrin; "B" that it was dipentyl trifluoroacetyl beta cyclodextrin; and "G" that it was dipentyl trifluoroacetyl ether gamma cyclodextrin.

The capillary tubes, the gas chromatographs and the determination of .alpha. were as set forth in Example 3 above.

TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________Dipentyl Trifluoroacetyl Ether Cyclodextrin(DP-TFA-CD) StationaryStructure Compound (.degree.C.) k .alpha. Phase__________________________________________________________________________Alcohols, Diols and Polyols ##STR171## 2-butanol 40 40 0.69 0.82 1.22 1.16 B G ##STR172## 3-butyn-2-ol 70 40 0.57 0.77 1.08 1.09 B G ##STR173## 2-pentanol 40 40 1.31 1.61 1.26 1.27 B G ##STR174## 2-hexanol 40 3.75 1.31 G ##STR175## 4-methyl-2-pentanol 40 40 1.58 2.18 1.19 1.17 B G ##STR176## 2-heptanol 40 40 7.85 8.39 1.25 1.26 B G ##STR177## 3-heptanol 40 4.14 1.08 G ##STR178## 2-octanol 70 40 2.80 20.7 1.06 1.15 B G ##STR179## 2-decanol 70 40 13.4 67.1 1.18 1.22 B G ##STR180## 1,2-propanediol 70 70 2.06 1.67 1.08 1.18 A B ##STR181## 1,3-butanediol 70 70 70 4.92 4.86 4.79 1.06 1.14 1.21 A B G ##STR182## (2R, 3R)- and (2S, 3S)-butanediol 70 1.43 1.58 G ##STR183## 1,2-pentanediol 70 70 7.77 3.54 1.09 1.03 A B ##STR184## 1,4-pentanediol 90 70 5.23 13.6 1.06 1.05 B G ##STR185## 1,2-hexanediol 70 22.5 1.08 A ##STR186## 1,2-octanediol 90 10.6 1.05 B ##STR187## trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol 70 12.0 1.58 G ##STR188## trans-1,2-cycloheptanediol 70 19.6 1.15 G ##STR189## trans-1,2-cycloocanediol 70 36.0 1.12 G ##STR190## 1,2,4-butanetriol 110 8.10 1.02 B ##STR191## 1,2,6-hexanetriol 110 23.3 1.07 B ##STR192## arabitol 100 20.6 1.06 BAmino Alcohols ##STR193## 2-amino-1-propanol 100 110 100 5.88 3.81 6.53 1.07 1.16 1.99 A B G ##STR194## 1-amino-2-propanol 100 110 100 6.25 4.76 5.71 1.14 1.03 1.20 A B G ##STR195## 2-amino-1-butanol 110 110 100 7.31 3.42 7.04 1.08 1.06 1.17 A B G ##STR196## 2-amino-1-pentanol 110 100 4.33 8.93 1.14 1.14 B G ##STR197## 2-amino-3-methyl-1-butanol 110 100 2.95 6.43 1.07 1.19 B G ##STR198## 2-amino-1-hexanol 110 110 100 15.0 7.57 10.4 1.04 1.11 1.1 A B G ##STR199## leucinol 120 110 3.81 4.33 1.06 1.14 A B ##STR200## 3-amino-1,2-propanediol 140 6.14 1.12 BAmines ##STR201## 2-aminobutane 80 4.29 1.04 G ##STR202## 2-aminopentane 80 3.75 1.03 A ##STR203## 1,3-dimethylbutylamine 80 4.88 1.06 A ##STR204## 2-aminoheptane 90 80 10.3 19.6 1.07 1.02 A G ##STR205## 3-aminoheptane 90 80 7.19 13.4 1.06 1.03 A G ##STR206## 1,5-dimethylhexylamine 90 80 10.1 28.4 1.01 1.01 A G ##STR207## 1-cyclohexylethylamine 100 11.2 1.08 B ##STR208## 1-phenylethylamine 100 12.9 1.05 B ##STR209## 1-aminoindan 140 4.06 1.06 A ##STR210## 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine 140 140 6.12 8.21 1.04 1.03 A GCarboxylic Acid Esters ##STR211## lactic acid methyl ester 50 6.79 1.47 G ##STR212## lactic acid butyl ester 60 15.0 1.05 G ##STR213## mandelic acid methyl ester 110 4.00 1.04 B ##STR214## mandelic acid ethyl ester 110 120 3.57 4.11 1.03 1.09 B G ##STR215## D,L-tartaric acid dimethyl ester 90 2.79 1.04 B ##STR216## D,L-tartaric acid diisopropyl ester 90 8.57 1.07 B ##STR217## 2-chloropropionic acid methyl ester 60 60 6.25 5.00 2.69 2.14 B G ##STR218## 2-bromobutyric acid sec-butyl ester.sup.+ 80 10.0 10.6 1.22 1.07 G ##STR219## 2-bromopropionic acid methyl ester 80 80 9.38 2.44 1.12 1.47 B G ##STR220## 2-bromopropionic acid ethyl ester 80 80 3.85 3.50 1.14 1.16 B G ##STR221## 2-bromopropionic acid btuyl ester 80 8.00 1.05 G ##STR222## 2-bromopropionic acid pentyl ester 80 15.6 1.04 G ##STR223## 2-bromopropionic acid hexyl ester 80 30.9 1.04 G ##STR224## 2-bromopropionic acid sec-butyl ester.sup.+ 60 80 12.0 12.5 4.89 5.39 1.25 1.05 1.29 B G2 ##STR225## 2-bromopropionic acid sec-pentyl ester.sup.+ 60 80 21.5 22.9 8.00 8.37 1.28 1.12 1.24 B G5 ##STR226## 2-bromopropionic acid sec-hexyl ester.sup.+ 60 80 45.6 49.5 14.7 15.1 1.26 1.10 1.25 B G7 ##STR227## 2-bromopropionic acid sec-heptyl ester.sup.+ 90 15.1 15.4 1.16 1.04 G ##STR228## 2-bromopropionic acid sec-octyl ester.sup.+ 90 29.3 29.6 1.16 1.03 GHalohydrocarbons ##STR229## 2-bromo-1-chloropropane 40 40 30 4.31 4.00 7.64 1.06 1.12 1.05 A B G ##STR230## 2-chlorobutane 30 30 0.73 0.91 1.10 1.12 A G ##STR231## 3-chloro-1-butene 30 30 0.72 0.82 1.06 1.13 A G ##STR232## 2-bromobutane 30 35 30 1.65 1.74 2.44 1.38 1.04 1.09 A B G ##STR233## 2-iodobutane 40 60 30 2.92 1.31 6.36 1.04 1.24 1.06 A B G ##STR234## 1,2-dichlorobutane 60 60 2.45 0.89 1.09 1.04 B G ##STR235## (2R, 3R) and (2S, 3S) 2,3-dichlorobutane 60 60 2.15 2.05 1.59 1.60 B G ##STR236## 1,2-dibromobutane 90 70 60 4.13 4.54 8.57 1.03 1.03 1.13 A B G ##STR237## 1,3-dibromobutane 90 70 60 6.38 7.38 13.6 1.02 1.05 1.79 A B G ##STR238## 2-bromopentane 35 30 3.44 8.27 1.03 1.32 B G ##STR239## 2-bromoheptane 70 50 4.15 8.57 1.07 1.18 B G ##STR240## 2-bromo-1-phenylpropane 100 6.39 1.06 GEpoxides, Glycidyl Analogouesand Haloepihydrine ##STR241## 1,2-epoxyhexane 50 40 3.31 5.36 1.02 1.10 A G ##STR242## 1,2-epoxyoctane 50 22.3 1.04 A ##STR243## 1,2-epoxydecane 90 9.88 1.02 A ##STR244## 1,2-epoxydodecane 90 108 1.02 A ##STR245## 1,2-epoxytetradecane 100 125 1.02 A ##STR246## styrene oxide 80 80 5.57 10.7 1.01 1.57 B G ##STR247## limonene oxide.sup.+ 80 8.57 8.57 1.06 1.10 G ##STR248## trans-stilbene oxide 140 20.0 1.02 G ##STR249## .+-.-1,3-butadiene diepoxide 80 3.93 1.11 G ##STR250## glycidol 60 4.29 1.06 G ##STR251## glycidyl methyl ether 40 45 3.33 5.89 1.04 1.16 B G ##STR252## glycidyl isopropyl ether 40 45 6.00 10.5 1.04 1.04 B G ##STR253## allyl glycidyl ether 50 45 3.23 21.6 1.02 1.42 A G ##STR254## n-butyl glycidyl ether 50 45 11.8 23.2 1.02 1.04 B G ##STR255## t-butyl glycidyl ether 45 14.5 1.06 G ##STR256## glycidyl acrylate 80 10.1 1.14 G ##STR257## glycidyl methacrylate 80 10.4 1.04 G ##STR258## (2S, 3S) and (2R, 3R)-2-methyl-3-phenyl-glycidol 100 13.6 1.06 G ##STR259## epifluorohydrin 30 2.50 1.02 G ##STR260## epichlorohydrin 60 4.82 1.20 G ##STR261## epibromohydrin 60 4.82 1.20 GLactones ##STR262## .beta.-butyrolactone 110 2.73 13.7 7.14 1.14 1.62 1.20 A B G ##STR263## 3-hydroxy-4,4,4-trichlorobutyric-.beta.-lactone 120 100 3.50 15.6 1.11 1.19 B G ##STR264## .alpha.-methyl-.gamma.-butyrolactone 110 110 3.03 11.5 1.29 1.07 A B ##STR265## .alpha.-acetyl-.alpha.-methyl-.gamma.-butyrolactone 120 6.28 1.59 B ##STR266## pantoyl lactone 120 120 4.25 1.57 1.04 1.05 A B ##STR267## .beta.,.beta.'-dimethyl-.gamma.-(hydroxymethyl)-.gamma .-butyrolactone 120 12.3 1.10 B ##STR268## .gamma.-nonanoiclactone 160 4.07 1.06 B ##STR269## .alpha.-bromo-.gamma.-valerolactone.sup.+ 150 4.64 5.36 1.09 1.09 G ##STR270## .gamma.-decanolactone 140 9.24 1.05 G ##STR271## .delta.-decanolactone 140 11.8 1.02 GFuran and Pyran Derivatives ##STR272## 2-ethoxy-tetrahydrofuran 40 40 45 3.63 3.08 3.04 1.03 1.05 1.20 A B G ##STR273## 3,4-dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran 40 40 45 3.38 4.33 4.29 1.07 1.22 1.13 A B G ##STR274## 3,4-dihydro-2-ethoxy-2H-pyran 40 40 45 5.85 5.92 6.07 1.04 1.06 1.09 A B G ##STR275## tetrahydro-2-(2-propynyloxy)-2H-pyran 80 70 3.71 8.14 1.01 1.08 B G ##STR276## 2-(chloromethyl)tetrahydropyran 80 70 3.24 8.04 1.28 1.03 B G ##STR277## 2-(bromomethyl)tetrahydropyran 80 6.07 1.25 B ##STR278## 3-hydroxy-tetrahydropyran 50 7.14 1.18 G ##STR279## trans-2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran 45 8.57 1.06 G ##STR280## trans-2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran 60 1.46 1.92 GNicotine Compounds ##STR281## nicotine 160 2.14 1.13 B ##STR282## 1-methyl-2-phenyl-pyrrolidine 160 1.43 1.20 B ##STR283## 2-benzylpyrrolidine 140 10.2 1.06 BBicyclic Compounds ##STR284## endo- and exo-2-acetyl-5-norbornene.sup.+ 110 100 1.73 2.45 4.39 6.32 1.03 1.00 1.11 B G9 ##STR285## endo- and exo-2-aminonorbornane.sup.+ 110 4.71 6.21 1.18 1.10 B ##STR286## endo- and exo-2-benzoyl-5-norbornene.sup.+ 120 34.6 41.8 1.00 1.04 G ##STR287## exo-2-bromonorbornane 70 11.3 1.02 G ##STR288## exo-2-chloronorbornane 70 5.79 1.01 G ##STR289## endo- and exo-3-chloro-2-norbornanone.sup.+ 120 6.57 10.2 1.06 1.04 G ##STR290## DL-isoborneol 70 8.68 1.05 GKetones ##STR291## 2-methyl-cyclohexanone 80 5.29 1.08 G ##STR292## carvone 90 110 100 13.6 7.05 11.4 1.04 1.09 1.01 A B GMiscellaneous ##STR293## 3-chloro-2-butanone 50 60 3.46 2.43 1.62 1.59 B G ##STR294## solketal 90 60 1.57 7.86 1.04 1.07 B G ##STR295## 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol 90 3.52 1.09 B ##STR296## 2-chloropropionitrile 80 70 1.93 1.65 1.07 1.06 B G ##STR297## 2-bromopropionitrile 80 70 4.07 4.13 1.14 1.06 B G ##STR298## 1-chloro-2-propanol 70 5.21 1.02 G ##STR299## 4-phenyl-1,3-dioxane 120 7.36 1.04 G ##STR300## 2-chlorocyclopentanone 90 110 12.6 2.47 2.51 1.33 B G ##STR301## 2-amino-1-methoxy-propane 90 100 1.90 1.71 1.25 1.08 B G ##STR302## 2-chlorocyclohexanone 90 110 21.2 4.26 1.06 1.10 B G ##STR303## 2-methyl-piperidin 100 5.54 1.13 G ##STR304## 3-methyl-piperidin 100 5.00 1.14 G ##STR305## mandelonitrile 100 5.21 1.10 G ##STR306## ethyl-3-phenyl-glycidate.sup.+ 120 16.6 23.8 1.05 1.04 G__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.+ compound containing more than one chiral center.

EXAMPLE 6

This Example illustrates retention and selectivity results of homologous racemic amines, diols, and .alpha.-halocarboxylic acid esters using the medium of dipentyl trifluoroacetyl ether cyclodextrin as made in Example 2 above. These results are set forth in the following Table IV.

The capillary tubes, the gas chromatographs and the determination of .alpha. were as set forth in Example 3 above.

The capacity factor and the indication of the base cyclodextrin used were as set forth in Example 4 above.

TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________ StationaryStructure Compound (.degree.C.) k .alpha. Phase__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR307## 2-aminobutane 90 1.55 1.14 B ##STR308## 2-amino-3,3-dimethylbutane 90 2.10 1.22 B ##STR309## 2-aminopentane 90 2.40 1.22 B ##STR310## 1,3-dimethylbutylamine 90 2.80 1.22 B ##STR311## 2-aminoheptane 90 8.15 1.22 B ##STR312## 1,5-dimethylhexylamine 90 12.5 1.22 B ##STR313## 1,2-propanediol 70 1.61 1.49 G ##STR314## 1,2-pentanediol 70 3.50 1.23 G ##STR315## 1,2-hexanediol 70 6.64 1.23 G ##STR316## 1,2-octanediol 70 29.3 1.23 G ##STR317## 2-bromobutyric acid methyl ester 80 80 5.07 6.71 1.56 1.57 B G ##STR318## 2-bromobutyric acid ethyl ester 80 80 5.25 9.93 1.29 1.16 B G ##STR319## 2-bromobutyric isopropyl ester 80 6.57 1.08 G ##STR320## 2-bromobutyric acid butyl ester 80 80 15.5 20.5 1.16 1.09 B G ##STR321## 2-bromobutyric acid pentyl ester 80 80 32.3 39.5 1.16 1.08 B G ##STR322## 2-bromobutyric acid hexyl ester 80 80 66.4 80.0 1.16 1.09 B G__________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 7

A test was made to determine if the stereochemistry of the ether side chain has any effect on separation.

Three different media were prepared, permethyl-(S)-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; permethyl-(R)-hydroxypropyl-beta cyclodextrin; and permethyl-(racemic)-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

Three identical columns were coated with these materials and a series of tests were run. Each of the three columns produced essentially identical separations.

It will be understood that it is intended to cover all changes and modifications of the preferred embodiments herein chosen for the purpose of illustration which do not constitute a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A method for separation of compounds by means of gas chromatography comprising:

a) passing a mixture of compounds having different structure through a column having a dialkyl trifluoro ester ether derivative of cyclodextrin; and

b) eluting separated individual compounds from said column.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the dialkyl trifluoro ester ether of cyclodextrin has about 20% to about 80% of the hydrogens of the hydroxyl groups of the cyclodextrin substituted with alkyl side chains and at least about 90% of the hydrogens of the remaining hydroxyl groups of the alkylated ether of cyclodextrin substituted with a fluorinated ester group.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the dialkyl trifluoroester ether of cyclodextrin is selected from the group consisting of dipentyl trifluorinated acetic ether of cyclodextrin, dipentyl trifluorinated butanoic ether of cyclodextrin, and dipentyl trifluorinated propanoic ether of cyclodextrin.

4. The method of claim 2 wherein the cyclodextrin is selected from the group consisting of alpha-cyclodextrin, beta-cyclodextrin, and gamma-cyclodextrin.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the ether derivative of cyclodextrin is administered into the column by means of a carrier.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the carrier is polyethylene glycol or polysiloxane.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the column is a fused silica capillary and the dialkyl trifluoro ester ether derivative of cyclodextrin is applied as a stationary phase coating on the capillary.