Patent Grant
8318896
The disclosed invention is in the field of liquid chromatography. Liquid chromatography is used by the art to analyze polymers with regard to molecular size by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and with regard to chemical composition by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This disclosure relates to HPLC analysis of polymers with regard to chemical composition.
Polyolefin polymers (such as polymers and copolymers comprising polymerized ethylene monomer and/or propylene monomer) have long been analyzed with regard to chemical composition distribution by temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF) and crystallization analysis fractionation (CRYSTAF). However, neither TREF nor CRYSTAF can be used to analyze amorphous polyolefin polymers. Furthermore, both TREF and CRYSTAF require a relatively long analysis time. Therefore, the art turned to HPLC in an attempt to reduce analysis time and to expand the scope of analysis to amorphous polymers. Macko et al. apparently were the first to do so in 2003 by studying the retention of polyethylene standards on silica and zeolite stationary phases (J. Chrom. A, 1002 (2003) 55). Wang, et al. studied the retention of polyethylene and polypropylene by zeolites in 2005 (Macromolecules, V. 38, No. 25 (2005) 10341). Heinz and Pasch used a silica stationary phase to analyze polyethylene-polypropylene blends by HPLC (Polymer 46 (2005) 12040). Albrecht, et al., used a silica stationary phase to analyze ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers by HPLC (Macromolecules 2007, 40, 5545). Albrecht, et al., used a silica stationary phase to analyze ethylene-propylene copolymers by HPLC (Macromol. Symp. 2007, 257, 46). A remaining problem for the HPLC analysis of polyolefin polymers is the limited separation efficiency obtained by the prior art methods.
In one embodiment, the invention is a method for multi-dimensional chromatography of a polyolefin polymer, comprising introducing a solution of the polyolefin polymer into a liquid flowing through a first liquid chromatography stationary phase or a field flow fractionation device and subsequently flowing the solution through a second liquid chromatography stationary phase, the second liquid chromatography stationary phase comprising graphitic carbon, the polyolefin polymer emerging from the liquid chromatography stationary phase with a retention factor greater than zero, preferably wherein the solution introduced into the first or second, or both, liquid chromatography stationary phase(s) is subjected to a temperature gradient.
Also preferably, the solution introduced into the first or second, or both, liquid chromatography stationary phase(s) can be subjected to a solvent gradient. The solution introduced into the first or second, or both, liquid chromatography stationary phase(s) can also be subjected to both a temperature and a solvent gradient. Preferably the polyolefin polymer is a copolymer consisting essentially of ethylene and an alpha-olefin, especially where the alpha-olefin consists essentially of 1-octene, or where the polyolefin polymer is a copolymer consisting essentially of propylene and an alpha-olefin. Also preferred is where the alpha-olefin consists essentially of ethylene. Desirably, the polyolefin polymer has a concentration in the solution of polyolefin polymer of greater than 0.1 milligrams per milliliter of solution.
The second liquid chromatography stationary phase preferably consists essentially of graphitic carbon. The first liquid chromatography stationary phase can also consist essentially of a GPC column or the second liquid chromatography stationary phase consists essentially of a GPC column.
Alternatively, the first liquid chromatography stationary phase can consist essentially of graphitic carbon.
In another embodiment, the invention is a method for one-dimensional chromatography of a polyolefin polymer, comprising introducing a solution of the polyolefin polymer into a liquid flowing through a liquid chromatography stationary phase, the liquid chromatography stationary phase comprising graphitic carbon, the polyolefin polymer emerging from the liquid chromatography stationary phase with a retention factor greater than zero, preferably, wherein the solution introduced into the liquid chromatography stationary phase is subjected to a temperature gradient, also preferably, wherein the solution introduced into the liquid chromatography stationary phase is subjected to a solvent gradient, or, wherein the solution introduced into the liquid chromatography stationary phase is subjected to both a temperature and a solvent gradient.
a is a TGIC chromatogram of a metallocene polymerized ethylene-octene polymer;
b is a plot of Octene mol % in the fraction collected from TGIC of a metallocene polymerized ethylene-octene polymer;
This disclosure is a method for chromatography of a polyolefin polymer, comprising the step of: introducing a solution of the polyolefin polymer into a liquid flowing through a liquid chromatography stationary phase, the liquid chromatography stationary phase comprising graphitic carbon, the polyolefin polymer emerging from the liquid chromatography stationary phase with a retention factor greater than zero. The improvement of this disclosure centers on the use of a liquid chromatography stationary phase comprising graphitic carbon.
This disclosure is also a method for determining the monomer to comonomer ratio of a copolymer consisting essentially of ethylene or propylene and an alpha olefin comonomer, comprising the steps of: (a) flowing a liquid mobile phase into contact with a liquid chromatography stationary phase comprising graphitic carbon to produce an effluent stream of liquid mobile phase from the stationary phase; (b) introducing a solution of the copolymer into the liquid mobile phase so that the copolymer emerges in the effluent stream with a retention factor that varies as a mathematical function of the monomer to comonomer ratio of the copolymer.
The term “polyolefin polymer” in this disclosure is defined as all polymers and copolymers (including high pressure low density polyethylene (LDPE), heterogeneous polymers, random, block, and graft polymers, interpolymers and copolymers) comprising one or more polymerized monomers selected from the group consisting of ethylene, an alpha olefin having from 3-20 carbon atoms (such as 1-propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene and 1-octene), 4-methyl-1-pentene, and/or acetylenically unsaturated monomers having from 2-20 carbons, and/or diolefins having from 4-18 carbons and any other monomer used in the art to modify the density of a polymer. Heterogeneous polymers include Ziegler-Natta polymerized polymers such as LLDPE and HDPE and include products such as DOWLEX™ Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) made by The Dow Chemical Company. The random copolymers include those polymerized using metallocene or constrained geometry catalyst technology and include polymers such as AFFINITY™ Polyolefin Plastomer and ENGAGE™ Polyolefin Elastomer both available from The Dow Chemical Company, and EXACT™ Polyolefin available from Exxon-Mobil. Methods for polymerizing these random copolymers are well known in the art and include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,272,236 and 5,278,272. The block copolymers include those polymerized using chain shuttling technology and two catalyst species, such as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,355,089, and include polymers such as INFUSE™ Olefin Block Copolymers made by The Dow Chemical Company. In addition the term “polyolefin polymer” in this disclosure is defined as a polymer having an average molecular weight, as determined by light scattering, greater than 1,000 grams per mole (preferably greater than 2,000 grams per mole and more preferably greater than 4,000 grams per mole and can be as high as 10 million grams per mole). The polyolefin polymer can be a copolymer consisting essentially of polymerized ethylene monomer and a polymerized alpha olefin monomer such as 1-octene. The polyolefin polymer can be a copolymer consisting essentially of polymerized propylene monomer and a polymerized alpha olefin monomer such as ethylene. Such propylene based polymers include homopolymer polypropylene, impact propylene based copolymers, and random propylene based copolymers. Other more specialized polymers also benefit from the method and apparatus disclosed herein and include ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers and ethylene/styrene interpolymers, halogenated polymers, and polymers containing maleic anhydride moeities.
In most applications the temperature of the solution of the polyolefin polymer, the temperature of the liquid chromatography stationary phase and the temperature of the detector will be controlled at an elevated temperature to increase the solubility of the polyolefin polymer, e.g., to render the polyolefin polymer soluble. The concentration of the polyolefin polymer in the solution of polyolefin polymer is preferably greater than 0.1 milligrams per milliliter of solution, especially greater than 2 mg/mL. The solvent used for the solution of the polyolefin polymer is preferably decanol when the polyolefin polymer is polyethylene or polypropylene. Any suitable liquid mobile phase can be used in the method of this disclosure. A temperature gradient mobile phase is preferred in the method of this disclosure. The temperature of the liquid chromatography stationary phase can be increased during the method of this disclosure and/or the solvent composition can be a gradient during this method. A mobile phase having no aliphatic hydrogen content (such as 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene) facilitates the use of an infrared detector for the method of this disclosure.
Any liquid chromatography stationary phase that comprises graphitic carbon can be used in the method of this disclosure. The term “graphitic carbon” in this disclosure is defined as all varieties of materials comprising the element carbon in the allotropic form of graphite irrespective of the presence of structural defects if the three-dimensional hexagonal crystalline long-range order of graphite can be detected in the material by diffraction methods (such as X-ray diffraction spectroscopy) independent of the volume fraction and the homogeneity of distribution of such crystalline domains. Carbon nanotubes and carbon “buckeyballs” are examples of forms of graphitic carbon that are useful in the method of this disclosure. Preferably, the liquid chromatography stationary phase consists essentially of graphitic carbon, especially porous graphitic carbon. The graphitic carbon is usually packed into columns and comprises flat sheets of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms at the molecular level. The graphitic carbon desirably has a particle size of from about 1 to about 10 microns, preferably an average particle size of about 3 microns, or 5 microns or 7 microns, and preferably has an average pore size of about 200 to about 300 Angstroms, more preferably an average pore size of about 250 Angstroms. The internal surface of the graphitic carbon has an area of about 100 to about 140 square meters/gram, preferably about 120 square meters/gram. The length of the columns is typically from about 30 mm to about 100 mm and can have a diameter of from about 2 mm to about 5 mm. An example of a commercially available liquid chromatography stationary phase that consists essentially of graphitic carbon is believed to include the HYPERCARB brand HPLC column from Thermo Scientific, Waltham Mass. An example of a commercially available liquid chromatography stationary phase that comprises graphitic carbon is believed to include the DISCOVERY ZR-CARBON brand HPLC column from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo. Leboda, et al, Materials Chemistry and Physics 55 (1998) pages 1-29, is a literature review of HPLC carbon adsorbents.
The method of this disclosure can be coupled, on or off line, with other analytical methods. For example, the effluent from an SEC column containing an ethylene 1-octene polyolefin copolymer of a selected molecular size can be analyzed by the method of this disclosure to determine the ratio of ethylene to 1-octene of the copolymer of the selected molecular size.
The method of this disclosure could be scaled up to include large scale fractionations of many grams or many pounds of polymer by scaling up the size of the apparatus and the graphitic column.
This disclosure could include a temperature gradient in addition to and/or a solvent gradient as a way to perform the fractionation.
In addition this disclosure could include a fractionation in a commercial process to refine the purity of the comonomer distribution of the commercial product.
The crystallization elution fractionation (CEF) technique relies upon dynamic crystallization of polymer from a moving carrier. The crystallization substrate is normally spherical glass beads or perhaps stainless steel shot, and is more or less inert with respect to physical interaction with the polymer. A modification of the technique substitutes a more interactive substrate, in this case a carbon surface in a commercial column known as “Hypercarb” potentially possible packing materials of carbon nanotubes or silicon nanotubes for surface area and surface property, and does not rely upon dynamic crystallization of the polymer. In other words, adsorption to the carbon surface at a fixed temperature has replaced dynamic crystallization. The new technique is known as thermal gradient interaction chromatography (TGIC). Both CEF and TGIC rely upon a thermal gradient to elute polymer.
In order to investigate the mechanism of separation more fully, material is collected from the TGIC column for the purpose of further analysis and identification. Because the column eluent is relatively dilute with respect to the concentrations needed by instrumental techniques used for identification, such as NMR, it is necessary to make multiple injections, and collect and combine respective fractions.
Experimental
Example 1 of the thermal gradient interaction chromatography. A metallocene polymerized ethylene-octene copolymer product (EO-1) is chosen for fractionation. EO-1 has a melt index of 0.82 g/10 minutes and a density of 0.885 g/cm3; the sample for use in TGIC is prepared by weighing approximately 32 mg of polymer into a 10 ml GC glass vial, which is capped and placed in Crystallization Elution Fractionation (CEF) (PolymerChar, Spain) auto sampler. The instrument adds o-dichlorobenzene (ODCB), containing 300 ppm butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as an oxidation inhibitor, to the vial, producing a solution that is approximately 4 mg/mL in polymer. The dissolution is done by the autosampler at 160° C. for 90 minutes. The CEF is equipped with an IR-4 detector operating at 150° C. The delay volume (the volume that the first polymer fraction has to travel before reaching the detector) is 1.5 ml.
The column is a 10 cm long HYPERCARB column, part number 35005-104646, and the mobile phase is ODCB. The injection volume is 300 μL, and the injection temperature is 150° C. The polymer solution is loaded onto the column at 110° C. The polymer solution is kept at 110° C. for 2 minutes, and then cooled down to 90° C. at 10° C./min, and kept at 90° C. for 2 minutes for thermal equilibrium. No solvent flow is used during the cooling and thermal equilibrium steps. Polymer solution is eluted from 90° C. to 165° C. at 3° C./min at a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min. The chromatogram is shown in
Fraction collection is performed using a Spectra Chrom CF-1 fraction collector. The collector is operated in timed mode, changing collection vials every 2 minutes (every 6° C.). The vials are glass. A separate solvent line is used to connect the column directly to the fraction collector diverter valve. The CEF detector is bypassed. The collection is started manually each time at the moment when the temperature program and pump flow of the elution process are initiated. The same vials are used for each injection, so that the timed fractions are accumulated. A total of 12 fractions are collected from 90 to 165° C.
After 11 injections are completed, the twelve vials are capped with aluminum foil and placed in a vacuum oven at 140° C. to remove the ODCB. The evaporation of the solvent left a thin layer of polymer on the sides and bottom of the vials. The vials of fraction #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 12 are submitted for 1H NMR analysis.
The experimental conditions for 1H NMR analysis are: 1.4 g of tetrachloroethane-d2 containing 0.001 M Cr(AcAc)3 is added to the vial which contains the polymer. The solution is heated to 120° C. to wash off the polymer. The solution is transferred to a 10 mm NMR tube. The procedure is repeated twice. 1H NMR is acquired with a 10 mm cryoprobe on a Bruker AV400 at 120° C. The residual water signal is very close to the signals from methine and methylene. In order to measure the octene content accurately, a new method which reduces the effect of residual water is developed. The method uses 3 drops of DMSO-d6 to move the water signal down field to get relatively accurate signal integrals of methine and methylene. Two proton NMR spectra were acquired to get the octene content. The first is a regular 1H NMR, the signal integral from methine and methylene is obtained after setting the integral of residual signal from TCE-d2 to 100. The second is a 1H NMR with slight presaturation of the signal of methine and methylene to get more accurate integral of methyl relative to residual signal from TCE-d2 which is set to 100 again. Octene content is calculated according to
The plot of the comonomer mol % of each fraction is plotted against the starting temperature of each fraction (
Example 2: the thermal gradient interaction chromatography on polymerized ethylene-octene (EO) polymers and blends. EO-2 has a melt index of 1 g/10 minutes and a density of 0.865 g/cm3. EO-3 has a melt index of 66 g/10 minutes and a density of 0.882 g/cm3. Blend #1 is 50:50 (wt/wt) solution blend of a high density homopolymer polyethylene at melt index of 1 g/10 min and density of 0.953 g/cm3, and EO-3. Blend #2 is a 50:50 (wt/wt) solution blend of isotactic polypropylene at MFR (ASTM D 1238 condition 2.16 kg/230° C.) of 13 g/10 minutes and NIST SRM linear polyethylene 1484a.
The dissolution time is 120 minutes. The polymer solutions are loaded onto the column at 100° C. The polymer solution is kept at 100° C. for 2 minutes, and then cooled down to 80° C. at 20° C./min, and kept at 80° C. for 5 minutes for thermal equilibrium, Polymer solution is eluted from 80° C. to 165° C. at 4° C./min at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. Other experimental conditions are the same as Example 1. The chromatogram for EO-2, Blend #1 and #2 are shown in
To summarize,
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