Patent Grant
8837093
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to European Patent Application No. 11165772.2 filed in Europe on May 12, 2011, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present disclosure relates to high voltage (HV) direct current (DC) transmission, and more particularly, to a circuit arrangement and a method for interrupting a current flow in a DC current path.
High voltage direct current transmission grids for transmitting energy on a large scale are regaining attention for various reasons. The re-advent of DC grids is strongly linked to a different concept of how to drive power into the DC grid. Future DC grids may be controlled by a voltage controlled source, also known as voltage source converters (VSC). In such grids, a fault current may rise very fast in case of a short circuit and as a result may burden the system reliability.
In the event of a short circuit in a known AC grid, an interrupt concept may benefit from the alternating properties of the AC in the grid. When opening an associated circuit breaker in an AC current path, an electric arc may electrically connect such circuit breaker electrodes and may continue to allow an electric arc current to cross the circuit breaker. However, due to the nature of the AC driving source, such ongoing electric arc current in the AC current path may oscillate, too, and inherently may show current zero crossings. A zero crossing in current is desired for extinguishing the electric arc and for stopping the current flow across the circuit breaker completely.
In DC grids, however, no such current zero crossing occurs as a consequence of the driving source, but a current zero in the DC current path is desired to be generated by other means when or after the circuit breaker is brought to its open state. In one approach, a current zero is caused by injecting an oscillating growing counter-current into the DC current path. Such oscillating counter-current may at one point in time compensate for the electric arc current and may finally cause at least a temporary current zero in the DC current path which in turn may be used for extinguishing the electric arc. A means for evoking an oscillating counter-current may be a resonance circuit arranged in parallel to the circuit breaker. Such circuit breaker is more generally denoted in the following text as switching element. However, after connecting the resonance circuit in parallel to the switching element, a certain time must be lapsed before the oscillating counter-current reaches a magnitude sufficient to compensate for the electric arc current across the switching element: this will be hereinafter referred to as time to Current Zero (tCZ).
DE 2 039 065 refers to a circuit breaker arrangement in which the current is first commutated from the main path into an ohmic resistance path prior to being commutated into an absorber path. For building such ohmic resistance path affecting the main path, the circuit breaker is split into at least two circuit breakers, one of which may be switched to shunt the ohmic resistance which upon switching explodes in view of the high currents applied. This event, in turn, makes the current commutate into the absorber path.
An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure provides a circuit arrangement for interrupting a current flow in a DC current path. The exemplary circuit arrangement includes at least one first switching element and at least one second switching element connected in series in the DC current path. In addition, the exemplary circuit arrangement includes a resonance circuit being connected in parallel or being configured to be connectable by means of a switch in parallel to the series connection of the at least one first switching element and at least one second switching element. The first switching element includes one of an oil circuit breaker, a minimum oil circuit breaker, a strongly blow electric arc, a splitter blade, and a FCS commutation switch.
An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure provides a circuit arrangement for interrupting a current flow in a DC current path. The exemplary circuit arrangement includes at least one first switching element in the DC current path, and a resonance circuit configured to be connectable in parallel to the at least one first switching element by means of a switch. The first switching element has an electric arc voltage over electric arc current characteristic including at least one electric arc voltage of sufficient magnitude for generating a counter-current in the resonance circuit greater or equal to an electric arc current in the DC current path upon closing the switch.
An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method for interrupting a current flow in a DC current path. The exemplary method includes detecting an interrupt scenario for the DC current path including at least one first switching element and at least one second switching element connected in series. The first switching element includes one of an oil circuit breaker, a minimum oil circuit breaker, a strongly blow electric arc, a splitter blade and an FCS commutation switch. The exemplary method also includes effecting an open state of the at least one first switching element and at the least one second switching element, and connecting a resonance circuit in parallel to the series connection of the at one least first switching element and the at least one second switching element for generating a counter-current in the resonance circuit.
An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method for interrupting a current flow in a DC current path. The exemplary method includes detecting an interrupt scenario for the DC current path including at least one first switching element, and effecting an open state of the at least one first switching element. In addition, the exemplary method includes connecting a resonance circuit in parallel to the at least one first switching element in response to an electric arc voltage at the first switching element being of sufficient magnitude for generating a counter-current in the resonance circuit greater or equal to an electric arc current in the DC current path upon activating the switch.
Additional refinements, advantages and features of the present disclosure are described in more detail below with reference to exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawings, in which:
Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure provide a circuit arrangement and method which reduce the time to generate a current zero in a DC current path.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a circuit arrangement is provided for interrupting a current flow in a DC current path. The circuit arrangement includes at least a first switching element and a second switching element connected in series in the DC current path. A resonance circuit is connected or is configured to be connectable in parallel to the series connection of the at least first switching element and second switching element by means of a switch.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure representing a method, an interrupt scenario is detected for the DC current path including at least a first switching element and a second switching element connected in series. An open state of the at least first switching element and second switching element is effected in response to an interrupt scenario detected. A resonance circuit is connected in parallel to the series connection of the at least first switching element and second switching element for generating a counter-current in the resonance circuit.
The time to Current Zero tCZ—that is, the time between closing the switch for activating the resonance circuit and achieving a current zero in the DC current path—is reduced by means of providing at least two switching elements in the DC current path, for example, at least one first switching element and at least one second switching element connected in series, and may be reduced to equal to or less than 10 ms. In case of a passive switching concept in which the resonance circuit is permanently connected to the series connection of the first and the second switching element, the time to Current Zero may be defined as time between a start of counter current oscillations and achieving a current zero in the DC current path. In an accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the first switching element may be designed and optimized with respect to good commutation capabilities generating a fast rising oscillation, while the second switching element may be designed and optimized with respect to good thermal and dielectric separation capabilities.
The time to Current Zero tCZ may be related to a voltage drop at the electric arc and to a dimensioning of a capacitance present in the resonance circuit. While a high capacitance value is advantageous in view of short oscillation rise times, associated capacitors are cost intensive. On the other hand, in case that the first switching element may supply high voltage drops in the event of an electric arc between its contacts, the rise time may be reduced significantly while at the same time the capacitance can be dimensioned reasonably.
It is noted that the term “resonance circuit” in the present disclosure is understood as an LC circuit including an inductance and a capacitance, for example, connected in series, wherein the inductance may be embodied as a separate element or may be represented by an inductance of the line of the resonance circuit. The term “resonance circuit” therefore does not need to represent a closed loop but may be a circuit which in the event of being switched into a closed loop shows a resonance characteristic.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the rise time is reduced by an appropriate design of the capacitance and the first switching element. In this regard, the circuit arrangement can be designed such that upon connecting the resonance circuit in parallel to the at least first switching element a counter-current in the resonance circuit may be generated that immediately rises to a level equal or greater than the electric arc current passing the open state switching element without having to run through multiple oscillations before reaching such a level. “In parallel to the at least first switching element” shall include in parallel to a series connection of more than one switching element in case of more than one switching element being provided.
According to this exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a circuit arrangement is provided for interrupting a current flow in a DC current path, including at least one first switching element in the DC current path and a resonance circuit adapted to be connectable in parallel to the at least one first switching element by means of a switch. The first switching element has an electric arc voltage over electric arc current characteristic including at least one electric arc voltage value of sufficient magnitude for generating a counter-current in the resonance circuit greater or equal to an electric arc current in the DC current path upon closing the switch. The counter-current may typically reach the electric arc current in asymptotic manner and thus create a current zero in the DC current path.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention representing a method, an interrupt scenario is detected for the DC current path including at least one first switching element. An open state of the at least first switching element is effected in response to the detection of the interrupt scenario. A resonance circuit is connected in parallel to the at least one first switching element in response to an electric arc voltage at the first switching element being of sufficient magnitude to generate a counter-current in the resonance circuit equal or greater to an electric arc current in the DC current path upon activating the switch.
Additional features of the present disclosure are described in more detail below with reference to exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawings.
The described embodiments similarly pertain to the circuit arrangement and to the method of both the first and the second aspect. Synergetic effects may arise from different combinations of the embodiments, although they might not be described in detail.
Furthermore, it shall be noted that all embodiments of the present disclosure concerning a method might be carried out in the order of the steps as described or in any other order of the steps. The scope of the present disclosure shall include any order of steps irrespective of the order listed in the claims.
Circuit breakers are considered as key components of future HVDC grids. Especially in networks based on VSC technology, the requirements for circuit breakers regarding interruption time are very tough compared to other existing DC and AC technologies. It may be desired to achieve interruption times of less than 10 ms.
A HVDC circuit breaker may be challenged by various requirements such as:
A current zero (CZ) crossing may be generated in the DC current path in the event of an electric arc current passing an open state circuit breaker. The faster such current zero crossing may be achieved the better.
An electric arc at the circuit breaker may be extinguished once a current zero crossing is achieved. Good thermal interruption properties of a circuit breaker may be required with regard to clearing the electric arc.
Once the electric arc is extinguished, it is preferred that the circuit breaker withstands a voltage recovery at its contacts and as such withstands a reoccurrence or reestablishment of a new electric arc.
Optimizing a circuit breaker according to any one of the above requirements may have a counterproductive effect on the remaining requirements. Hence, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, it is suggested to provide at least two circuit breakers, or more generally, at least two switching elements. This results in a modular layout in which a first switching element may be designed for optimizing switching properties. The first switching element in this respect may be considered as a commutating switch. Such commutating switch may provide a high electric arc voltage and/or a highly negative differential arc resistance (du/di). The second switching element may be designed to provide exemplary properties on any non-commutating aspects, such as good thermal interruption properties for extinguishing the electric arc, and/or good dielectric properties for withstanding voltage recovery. The first switching element may be one of an oil circuit breaker, a minimum oil circuit breaker, a strongly blow electric arc, and a splitter blade, for example. The second switching element may be one of a gas interrupter, such as a sulfur hexafluoride based interrupter, e.g. an SF6 interrupter, and a vacuum interrupter, for example.
The strongly blow electric arc circuit breaker may refer to a circuit breaker in which an arc burning inside a nozzle of the circuit breaker is blown under an imposed supersonic gas flow. The splitter blade circuit breaker may refer to a circuit breaker using splitter blades for increasing the arc voltage. In another alternative, the first switching element may also be embodied as an FCS commutation. An FCS commutation switch refers to a fast commutation switch.
In an exemplary embodiment, there are provided three switching elements, wherein the second switching element is designed with respect to a good thermal interruption capability, and as such may, for example, be implemented as a vacuum interrupter. The third switching element may be designed with respect to a good dielectric isolation capability for withstanding recovery voltages, and as such may, for example, be implemented as a gas-blast circuit breaker, e.g. as a sulfur hexafluoride based interrupter, such as an SF6 interrupter.
The block circuit diagram of
The DC current path 4 of
A resonance circuit 5 of the circuit arrangement according to
The resonance circuit 5 can be connected in parallel to the series connection of the switching elements 1, 2, 3 by means of a switch 53. The switch 53 may be a switch that can controllably be switched between an ON and an OFF state and vice versa, or that can controllably be switched from an OFF to an ON state and revert to the OFF state autonomously, such as a spark gap may do, for example. In a service condition of the DC current path 4, the switch 53 is may be in an open state and the switching elements 1, 2, 3 are in a closed state. As a result, an operating current flows in the DC current path 4 and the resonance circuit 5 is interrupted by the open state switch 53.
By means of measuring a current in the DC current path 4 or in the DC grid 8 by means of measuring a voltage drop across any element, for example by means of a fault current limiting inductance in the DC grid 8, a malfunctioning may be detected. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, a short circuit somewhere in the DC grid 8 may be detected by means of current and/or voltage measurement exceeding a threshold, which may be considered as an indicator for a failure mode. In other words, in case of a short circuited DC grid 8, the current in the DC current path 4 may rise from the operating current level to a fault current level with a rate of such rising being defined by a nominal voltage or rated voltage or operating voltage U and an inductance value L of an inductance in the DC grid 8. When such values or measurements indicate that it is necessary to interrupt the current flow in order to prevent damages in the circuit arrangement or in the DC grid 8, respectively, a control unit 6 may activate the three switching elements 1, 2, 3 into an open state each, and may do so in simultaneous fashion. In such state, an electric arc may occur and continue to allow an electric arc current to flow in the DC current path 4.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the switch 53 may be closed by the control unit 6 more or less simultaneously with the opening of the switching elements 1, 2, 3. A switch in this context may be a device to be controllably closed and to provide an electrical connection between its contacts. Such switch may either controllably or inevitably be reopened again. In one embodiment, the switch 53 may be a known switch withstanding the expected currents. In another embodiment, the switch 53 may be a spark gap which may actively be triggered into a closed state by triggering the spark gap between its contacts, and which may reopen automatically after the spark is extinguished.
By closing the switch 53, the resonance circuit 5 forms a closed loop over the electric arc. By closing the loop, a counter-current in the resonance circuit 5 may be evoked due to a voltage change at the capacitance 52 which superimposes the electric arc current in the DC current path 4 and evokes at least temporarily a current zero in the DC current path 4. A sample current signal in the DC current path 4 is illustrated in
In accordance with another exemplary embodiment, the switch 53 is closed by the control unit 6 at time tx with tx>t1. In the meantime, the electric arc voltage has risen and as a result an increased electric arc voltage now evokes a counter-current flow of a larger initial magnitude. Hence, fewer oscillations are needed for achieving a current zero crossing in the DC current path 4 and consequently the time to generate a current zero crossing may be reduced. The current oscillation will grow from zero in the resonance circuit, and from an electric arc current level in the DC current path 4.
In the above embodiments, three switching elements 1, 2, 3 are arranged in combination with a semi-active resonance circuit 5 in which a switch 53, also denoted as a closing device 53, is operable to connect the resonance circuit 5 to a series connection of the switching elements 1, 2, 3. There may be less than three switching elements 1, 2, 3 such as two switching elements 1, 2 only. For example, switching elements 2 and 3 may be combined.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the resonance circuit includes a resistor 54 or, alternatively, a surge arrester 55. Such resistor 54 may be used for discharging the capacitance 52 immediately after successful interruption to avoid dielectric stress and to have the capacitance 52 reset for a subsequent operation. An exemplary means for connecting the resistor 54 in parallel to the capacitance 52 is a switch 541 (see
In accordance with another exemplary embodiment, the circuit arrangement may be designed and operated in a different way. The first switching element 1 may now have an electric arc voltage over electric arc current characteristic including at least one electric arc voltage value of sufficient magnitude for generating a counter-current in the resonance circuit greater or equal to the electric arc current in the DC current path. The counter-current may asymptotically reach the electric arc current and thus create a current zero in the DC current path. A sample electric arc voltage may be more than 20 kV, for example, more than 30 kV for a typical fault current value in a range between 10 kA and 20 kA.
Whenever the switch 53 is closed, the then present electric arc voltage across the first switching element 1 is responsible for driving the counter-current into the resonance circuit 5. In other words, the electric arc current of the DC current path 4 is commutated into the resonance circuit 5 according to Kirchhoff's current law. Upon closing the switch 53 the counter-current I in the resonance circuit 5 follows
I=C*dU/dt
with U being the electric arc voltage between the contacts of the first switching element 1. On the other hand, such counter-current I may be high enough to counterbalance the electric arc current in the DC current path 4. This is why the first switching element 1 is chosen such that it provides an electric arc voltage over electric arc current characteristic in which for a given capacitance value C in the resonance circuit 5 there is an associated electric arc voltage U with a corresponding electric arc current I that fulfils the above equation. This supports implementing a circuit arrangement, in which immediately upon activating the switch 53 the counter-current in the resonance circuit 5 rises to a level at least sufficient to compensate the electric arc current in order to generate a current zero in the DC current path 4. In such embodiment, it is advantageous to keep the switch 53 open as long as the sufficient electric arc voltage is not achieved yet.
A sample current regime is illustrated in
Hence, a monitoring unit—which may be implemented in the control unit 6—may monitor the electric arc voltage at the first switching element 1 and whenever a sufficient electric arc voltage is achieved, for example, when the electric arc voltage exceeds a given threshold, may close the switch 53. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, an electric arc voltage may be predictable such that after a certain period in time after having opened the at least first switching element 1 the switch 53 can safely be closed under the assumption that at that point in time the electric arc voltage will have reached a sufficient magnitude even without monitoring the electric arc voltage.
In such embodiment, generating a current zero crossing in the DC current path is initiated by switching in the capacitance 52 in the resonance circuit 5 only when the electric arc voltage across the commutation switch, e.g., the first switching element 1, is sufficiently high. If the electric arc voltage is high enough and the capacitance 52 is sufficiently large an “in-rush” current, e.g., the counter-current, into the capacitance 52 of the resonance circuit 5 is large enough to generate a current zero crossing in the DC current path 4. In other words, immediately after switching-in the resonance circuit 5 the capacitance 52 represents a short-circuit which is driven by the electric arc voltage. If the resonance circuit 5 can take all the current from the DC current path 4, a current zero will be generated in the DC current path 4. This occurs immediately after activating the switch 53 and no oscillations in current are required for achieving the required electric arc current level. As indicated above, the switching-in is achieved by means of a fast closing device such as a spark gap which is triggered by the control unit 6 or is self-triggered. Triggering at the right instant can either be done by delaying closing of the switch 53 after the first switching element 1 is tripped, for example, knowing when the electric arc voltage is sufficiently high. Alternatively, the electric arc voltage is measured and a feed back control loop controls the switch 53 subject to the measured electric arc voltage. The latter embodiment may be more robust since the first switching element 1 may exhibit a dependence of the electric arc voltage depending on the fault current evolution. Once the switch 53 is activated, the electric arc current is commutated into the capacitance 52 in the resonance circuit 5. If this in-rush current into the capacitance 52 is sufficiently high, this is “seen” by the DC current path 4 as a current zero hence allowing a thermal interruption of the electric arc to take place. By such concept, fast interruption times can be achieved, for example, in the range of equal to or less than 10 ms.
For generating sufficient electric arc voltage to “drive” sufficient counter-current into the capacitance 52—which is a finite capacitance 52 and may be less than 100 μF, for example—the first switching element 1 may be embodied as a commutation switch or any other breaker with high electric arc voltages. For example, minimum-oil circuit breakers, strongly blown electric arc circuit breakers such as air-blast, SF6 puffer, or SF6 self-blast circuit breakers, series connections of circuit breakers, a commutation switch, in particular fast commutation switch FCS, or splitter blades splitting the switching arc in a series of several arcs in order to increase the total arc voltage up to the driving voltage such as used in low voltage technology are exemplarily proposed to be used for this purpose.
Since the current to be interrupted may have a rather high frequency (in the range of kHz) and a correspondingly high current derivative, such as several hundred A/μs, it may be advantageous to have a separate interrupter, for example, a vacuum interrupter for interrupting the current thermally. The subsequent recovery voltage is then shared by all, now opened switching elements 1, 2, 3. There may be a need for a breaker which is able to withstand a full recovery voltage without re-igniting or re-striking an electric arc. This can be achieved by a designated interrupter, presently denoted as third switching element 3, which has a high dielectric withstand capability. Such interrupter may, for example, be implemented as an SF6 interrupter with gas-blown contacts. When the recovery voltage derivative is rather low a decoupling of thermal and dielectric regimes should be possible to be handled with small grading capacitances or even by relying only on the natural stray capacitance of the open breakers.
In
The concept of evoking a “one shot” counter-current which may compensate the electric arc current level within the first rise may not necessarily be embodied in combination with multiple switching elements, such as shown in
In summary, the various aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure offer—in view of fast mechanical DC circuit breakers presently not being available—a circuit breaker arrangement with a modular approach for separating the challenges for a DC breaker into several dedicated switching elements, and/or a concept for using a switch and a quasi-static electric arc voltage for allowing an excitation of a resonance circuit faster than in previous concepts. There is no permanent DC charging of a capacitance of the resonance circuit required, hence there is no charging device needed. The capacitance is not pre-charged, for example, the capacitance is only charged during electric arc current interruption and may subsequently be discharged. This makes an auto-reclose requirement (open-close-open) easier to be fulfilled than if the capacitance would be pre-charged with the same or an opposite polarity.
A temporary overvoltage during commutation of the current into the capacitance can be set much higher than when using a permanent DC-pre-charge voltage. Hence, size and costs of the capacitance can be reduced considerably. In addition, an optional discharging of the capacitor with a resistor prevents large in-rush current during the subsequent close operation.
The closing of the switch for activating the resonance circuit may induce either an oscillating counter-current in the resonance circuit, or a counter-current of immediate sufficient magnitude. In step S7, the counter-current and/or the electric arc current is monitored. In step S8, it is determined whether the counter-current or the electric arc current is of sufficient magnitude to fully compensate the electric arc current, or already or not yet shows a zero crossing respectively. If this is not the case (N), the monitoring step S7 is continued. If this is the case (Y), the electric arc across the switching element 1 is extinguished by known means in step S9.
All appended claims in their entirety and inclusive all their claim dependencies are herewith literally incorporated into the description by reference.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restricted. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description and all changes that come within the meaning and range and equivalence thereof are intended to be embraced therein.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11165772 | May 2011 | EP | regional |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3737724 | Salge et al. | Jun 1973 | A |
| 4172268 | Yanabu et al. | Oct 1979 | A |
| 4736079 | Soboul et al. | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4805062 | Shirouzu et al. | Feb 1989 | A |
| 5214557 | Hasegawa et al. | May 1993 | A |
| 5452170 | Ohde et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5668691 | Ito et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5737162 | Ito et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5793586 | Rockot et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 20 39 065 | Feb 1972 | DE |
| 37 34 989 | Apr 1988 | DE |
| 43 04 863 | Aug 1993 | DE |
| 0 411 663 | Feb 1991 | EP |
| 0 740 320 | Oct 1996 | EP |
| 0 758 137 | Feb 1997 | EP |
| Entry |
|---|
| European Search Report for EP 11165772 dated Oct. 11, 2011. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20130020881 A1 | Jan 2013 | US |
