Patent Application
20230037262
The present disclosure relates generally to the field of circuit protection devices. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a circuit protection device including a positive temperature coefficient device and a backup fuse for facilitating galvanic opening during extreme fault conditions.
Fuses are commonly used as circuit protection devices and are typically installed between a source of electrical power and a component in an electrical circuit that is to be protected. A conventional fuse includes a fusible element disposed within a hollow, electrically insulating fuse body. Upon the occurrence of a fault condition, such as an overcurrent condition, the fusible element melts or otherwise separates to interrupt the flow of electrical current through the fuse.
When the fusible element of a fuse separates as a result of an overcurrent condition, it is sometimes possible for an electrical arc to propagate through the air between the separated portions of the fusible element (e.g., through vaporized particulate of the melted fusible element). If not extinguished, this electrical arc may allow significant follow-on currents to flow to from a source of electrical power to a protected component in a circuit, resulting in damage to the protected component despite the physical opening of the fusible element.
One solution that has been implemented to eliminate electrical arcing in fuses is to replace the fusible element of a fuse with a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) element. A PTC element is formed of a PTC material composed of electrically conductive particles suspended in a non-conductive medium (e.g., a polymer). PTC materials exhibit a relatively low electrical resistance within a normal operating temperature range. However, when the temperature of a PTC material exceeds the normal operating temperature range and reaches a “trip temperature,” such as may result from excessive current flowing through the PTC material, the resistance of the PTC material increases sharply. This increase in resistance mitigates or arrests the flow of current through the PTC element. Subsequently, when the PTC material cools (e.g., when the overcurrent condition subsides), the resistance of the PTC material decreases, and the PTC element becomes conductive again. The PTC element thus acts as a resettable fuse. Since the PTC element does not physically open in the manner of a fusible element, there is no opportunity for an electrical arc to form or propagate.
While PTC elements have proven to be effective for providing overcurrent protection in circuits while mitigating electrical arcing, they are also prone to fail in an unpredictable manner when subjected to extreme fault conditions. For example, if a PTC element is subjected to an amount of current well above its rated capacity, the PTC element may, in some cases, fail in a manner that results in the PTC element becoming highly conductive and allowing the overcurrent to flow to connected devices (i.e., failing in a closed state, or “failing closed”). An extreme overcurrent condition may also result in combustion of the PTC element, potentially causing damage to surrounding components. Thus, it is desirable to provide a circuit protection device that leverages the arc-mitigating benefits of a PTC element while ensuring that extreme fault conditions do not cause the PTC element to fail in a dangerous or catastrophic manner. It is with respect to these and other considerations that the present improvements may be useful.
This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
A circuit protection device in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure may include positive temperature coefficient (PTC) device and a backup fuse electrically connected in series with one another, the backup fuse comprising a quantity of solder disposed on a dielectric chip and having a melting temperature that is higher than a trip temperature of the PTC device, wherein the a surface of the dielectric chip exhibits a de-wetting characteristic relative to the solder such that, when the solder is melted, the solder draws away from the surface to create a galvanic opening in the backup fuse.
Another circuit protection device in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure may include a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) device and a backup fuse electrically connected in series with one another, the backup fuse comprising a cartridge fuse having a fusible element with a melting temperature that is higher than a trip temperature of the PTC device, wherein a fuse body of the cartridge fuse exhibits a de-wetting characteristic relative to the fusible element such that, when the fusible element is melted, the fusible element draws away from a surface of the fuse body to create a galvanic opening in the fusible element.
An exemplary embodiment of a circuit protection device in accordance with the present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The circuit protection device may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will convey certain exemplary aspects of the circuit protection device to those skilled in the art.
Referring to
The PTC device 12 may be a laminate structure that generally includes a PTC element 18 with electrically conductive top and bottom electrodes 20, 22 disposed on top and bottom surfaces thereof. The top and bottom electrodes 20, 22 may be formed of any suitable, electrically conductive material, including, but not limited to, copper, gold, silver, nickel, tin, etc. The PTC element 18 may be formed of any type of PTC material (e.g., polymeric PTC material, ceramic PTC material, etc.) formulated to have an electrical resistance that increases as the temperature of the PTC element 18 increases. Particularly, the PTC element 18 may have a predetermined “trip temperature” above which the electrical resistance of the PTC element 18 rapidly and drastically increases (e.g., in a nonlinear fashion) in order to substantially arrest current passing therethrough. In a non-limiting, exemplary embodiment of the device 10, the PTC element 18 may have a trip temperature in a range of 80 degrees Celsius to 130 degrees Celsius.
The dielectric chip 14 may be a substantially planar member disposed atop the top electrode 20 and affixed thereto by a layer of thermally conductive paste 23 or other thermally conductive medium. The dielectric chip 14 may be formed of a low surface energy, electrically insulating, thermally resistant material. Examples of such materials include, but are not limited to, perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
The backup fuse 16 may be formed of a quantity of solder that is disposed on the top surface of the dielectric chip 14. An electrically conductive trace or lead 25 may extend from the backup fuse 16 around a side of the dielectric chip 14 and into electrical connection with the top electrode 20 of the PTC device 12 (e.g., via solder connection). Electrically conductive first and second lead wires 26, 28 may extend from the backup fuse 16 and the bottom electrode 22 of the PTC device 12, respectively, for facilitating electrical connection of the device 10 within a circuit. Thus, the backup fuse 16, the lead 25, and PTC device 12 may be electrically connected in series and may provide a current path between the first and second lead wires 26, 28. In various embodiments, the backup fuse 16 may be covered with a dielectric passivation layer 29 for shielding the backup fuse 16 from external contaminants and short-circuiting with external components. The passivation layer 29 may be formed of epoxy, polyimide, etc. or other material that may exhibit a “de-wetting” characteristic with regard to the backup fuse 16 as further described below.
The solder from which the backup fuse 16 is formed may be selected to have a melting temperature that is significantly higher than the trip temperature of the PTC element 18. Specifically, the solder may have a trip temperature that is above a temperature range for which the PTC device 12 is known to operate in a reliable manner, hereinafter referred to as the “normal trip temperature range” of the PTC device 12. In various embodiments, the solder may have a melting temperature that is in a range of 1 degree Celsius to 100 degrees Celsius greater than the normal trip temperature range of the PTC element 18. Thus, if excessive current flows through the backup fuse 16 and the PTC device 12, the PTC element 18 may heat up and reach its trip temperature, arresting current flowing therethrough, well before the backup fuse 16 is sufficiently heated to melt (as described in greater detail below). However, in the event of an extreme fault condition (e.g., an extreme overcurrent condition), wherein the PTC element 18 may be heated to temperatures in excess of its trip temperature (e.g., more than several hundred degrees Celsius over its trip temperature), the heat generated by the extreme fault condition, including heat emitted by the PTC element 18, may be sufficient to melt the backup fuse 16 as further described below before polymer in pPTC gets ignited.
The solder from which the backup fuse 16 is formed and the material from the which the dielectric chip 14 is formed may be selected such that, when the solder is in a melted or semi-melted state, the solder may have an aversion to, or a tendency to draw away from or to bead on, the surface of the dielectric chip 14. That is, the material of the dielectric chip 14 may exhibit a significant “de-wetting” characteristic relative to the solder from which the backup fuse 16 is formed. In one example, the dielectric chip 14 may be formed of PFA and the solder may be SAC305 solder. In another example, the dielectric chip 14 may be formed of ETFE and the solder may be eutectic solder. In another example, the dielectric chip 14 may be formed of Fr-4, PI (polyimide) and the solder may be a high melt solder (i.e., solder with a melting temperature above 260 degrees Celsius). The present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
During normal operation, the device 10 may be connected in a circuit (e.g., between a source of electrical power and a load) by the lead wires 26, 28, and current may flow between the lead wires 26, 28 through a path that includes the backup fuse 16, the lead 25, and the PTC device 12. Upon the occurrence of an overcurrent condition, wherein current flowing through the device 10 causes the PTC element 18 to reach a temperature within its normal trip temperature range, the resistance of the PTC element 18 may rapidly increase and substantially arrest current flowing therethrough, thus protecting connected circuit components from damage that could otherwise result from the overcurrent condition. Once the overcurrent condition subsides and the PTC element 18 cools to a temperature below its normal trip temperature range, the PTC element 18 may become electrically conductive again and the device 10 may resume normal operation. However, upon the occurrence of an extreme overcurrent condition, wherein current flowing through the device 10 causes the PTC element 18 to reach a temperature above its normal trip temperature range, potentially causing the PTC element 18 to combust or fail in an unpredictable manner, the backup fuse 16 may melt or otherwise separate as shown in
Additionally, owning to the low surface energy of the dielectric chip 14 and the aversive, “de-wetting” characteristic of the dielectric chip 14 and the passivation layer 29 relative to the melted or semi-melted solder of the backup fuse 16 (described above), separated portions 16a, 16b of the backup fuse 16 may draw away from one another and away from the passivation layer 29 and the surface of the dielectric chip 14 and may accumulate on the lead 25 and the lead wire 26, respectively, thereby providing a galvanic opening (i.e., a permanent, non-resettable opening) in the device 10. Thus, even after the overcurrent condition subsides and the PTC element 18 cools to below its trip temperature and becomes conductive again, the separated portions 16a, 16b of the backup fuse 16 provide and maintain galvanic opening in the device 10 such that current cannot flow through the device 10.
Referring to
Referring to
In view of the above, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the device 10 of the present disclosure provides an advantage in that it facilitates resettable overcurrent protection and effectively prevents or mitigates electrical arcing when subjected to most overcurrent conditions, and also provides galvanic opening upon the occurrence of an extreme overcurrent condition to prevent or mitigate dangerous or catastrophic failure of the PTC element 18.
As used herein, an element or step recited in the singular and proceeded with the word “a” or “an” should be understood as not excluding plural elements or steps, unless such exclusion is explicitly recited. Furthermore, references to “one embodiment” of the present disclosure are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features.
While the present disclosure makes reference to certain embodiments, numerous modifications, alterations and changes to the described embodiments are possible without departing from the sphere and scope of the present disclosure, as defined in the appended claim(s). Accordingly, it is intended that the present disclosure not be limited to the described embodiments, but that it has the full scope defined by the language of the following claims, and equivalents thereof.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2020/060381 | 11/13/2020 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62938762 | Nov 2019 | US |
