Patent Application
20250154767
The invention relates to a cladding element for a building or a part of a building, in particular a roof, wherein the cladding element comprises a contact surface which faces the building during use and an outer structure which faces the environment of the building during use, wherein the outer structure is determined by a base material of the cladding element. The invention furthermore relates to a roof faced with the cladding element.
The invention additionally relates to a method for producing a cladding element for a building or a part of a building, in particular for a roof.
Buildings, in particular the roofs of buildings, are often equipped with cladding elements for protection against the effects of weather. Reflective cladding elements are known, for example, which are intended to prevent an undesirably heavy heating-up of the building in the summer.
From the document DE 203 15 042 U1, for example, the application of a reflective layer with high specific electrical conductivity on a roof cladding is known.
As a result, however, a natural warming of the building due to insolation is normally also reduced in the cooler seasons, so that additional heating energy must be spent to heat the building. Furthermore, the roofs typically also reflect light, and can thus produce an undesired glare effect.
The document U.S. Pat. No. 3,001,331 therefore proposes, for example, a metal cladding affixed in addition to the roof covering, which metal cladding comprises a horizontal reflective surface and a vertical absorbent surface that absorbs light and heat and is visible from the street.
A disadvantage of this arrangement is typically that the roof is thus less weather-resistant due to a large target surface of the roof for wind, rain, and snow, so that the roof has a shorter service life.
The object of the invention is to specify a cladding element of the type named at the outset for a building or a part of a building, in particular for a roof, with which cladding element a warming of the building due to insolation can be effectively and efficiently regulated in all seasons during use on a building, and which cladding element is particularly weather-resistant and durable.
Furthermore, an object is to specify a method of the type named at the outset for producing a cladding element for a building or a part of a building, in particular for a roof, with which cladding element a warming of the building due to insolation can be efficiently regulated in all seasons during use on a building, and which cladding element is particularly weather-resistant and durable.
The object is attained with a cladding element according to claim 1. For a cladding element for a building or a part of a building, in particular for a roof, wherein the cladding element comprises a contact surface which faces the building during use and comprises an outer structure which faces the environment of the building during use, wherein the outer structure is determined by a base material of the cladding element, it is provided according to the invention that the outer structure comprises a plurality of reflective surfaces for reflecting solar radiation, in particular IR radiation, and comprises a plurality of absorbent surfaces for absorbing solar radiation, in particular IR radiation, wherein the reflective surfaces reflect the solar radiation, in particular the IR radiation, to a greater degree than the absorbent surfaces, and/or wherein the absorbent surfaces absorb the solar radiation, in particular the IR radiation, to a greater degree than the reflective surfaces.
With the cladding element, a protection of the building against environmental influences in every season can be achieved in a particularly effective and efficient manner. As a result of the reflective surfaces, solar radiation, in particular also IR radiation, can be reflected and a heating-up of the building in the summer can be reduced or prevented. Preferably, the reflective surfaces and the absorbent surfaces heat up to different extents during use, so that air turbulences that are additionally conducive to a cooling are formed over the cladding element. This can be achieved in a particularly efficient manner if the reflective surfaces and the absorbent surfaces are arranged alternately with one another. The absorbent surfaces enable an absorption of the solar radiation, in particular of the IR radiation, and can thus be conducive to a natural warming of the building in the winter. Solar radiation has a spectrum from hard X-ray radiation to long radio waves, with there being a continuous spectrum in a wave range of approximately 140 nm to approximately 10 cm. Typically, the portion of infrared radiation with a wavelength of 780 nm to 1 mm primarily contributes to the warming of bodies on the Earth's surface. Through targeted reflection and absorption of the radiation, it is thus possible to regulate in a targeted manner the warming of bodies, for example of buildings. Because of the plurality of reflective surfaces and absorbent surfaces that are determined by the base material, the cladding element is particularly long-lasting and stable. The, particularly aforementioned, IR radiation, also referred to as infrared radiation, is typically an infrared radiation of the solar radiation. Typically, the infrared radiation is an electromagnetic radiation with an electromagnetic wavelength of 780 nm to 1 mm, in particular 780 nm to 50 μm, preferably 780° nm to 3 μm. Normally, sunlight refers to a portion of an electromagnetic spectrum of sunlight from 380 nm to 1 mm, in particular 380 nm to 50 μm, preferably 380° nm to 3 μm. Advantageously, a warming of the building by insolation, in particular due to irradiation of the cladding element with solar radiation, can be effectively and efficiently regulatable, in particular in all seasons.
Typically, in reference to the solar radiation, in particular the infrared radiation thereof, a reflectivity of the reflective surfaces is greater than a reflectivity of the absorbent surfaces and/or an absorptivity of the absorbent surfaces is greater than an absorptivity of the reflective surfaces. The respective reflectivity can be an average reflectivity. The respective absorptivity can be an average absorptivity. The reflectivity and absorptivity refer in particular to aforementioned wavelength ranges of the solar radiation.
It is advantageous if the reflectivity of the reflective surfaces is greater than 0.5, in particular greater than 0.75, preferably greater than 0.9, and/or the absorptivity of the absorbent surfaces is greater than 0.5, in particular greater than 0.75, preferably greater than 0.9.
Advantageous embodiments arise from the following features:
A cladding element is particularly effective and long-lasting if it comprises 8 to 4000, in particular 11 to 3000, reflective surfaces and/or 8 to 4000, in particular 11 to 3000, absorbent surfaces.
Typically, the cladding element is embodied to be monolithic. The outer structure is normally formed by an outer surface of the cladding element. The outer surface and the contact surface are normally arranged on opposite sides of the cladding element. Typically, the outer surface and/or the contact surface are respectively oriented essentially parallel to a longitudinal direction and parallel to a transverse direction of the cladding element. Typically, a vertical direction of the cladding element is oriented orthogonally to the longitudinal direction and orthogonally to the transverse direction of the cladding element. Normally, a vertical extension of the cladding element oriented in a vertical direction is smaller than a longitudinal extension oriented in a longitudinal direction and smaller than a transverse extension of the cladding element oriented in a transverse direction. The vertical direction is typically oriented from the contact surface to the outer surface. It is beneficial if the cladding element is mainly, in particular essentially, made of the base material.
In order to be able to regulate the effect of the solar radiation with particular effectiveness and efficiency, it can be provided that a size ratio between all reflective surfaces and all absorbent surfaces of the cladding element is from 90:10 to 50:50, in particular from 70:30 to 60:40. The size ratio typically refers to a surface area of the reflective surfaces and absorbent surfaces.
It is advantageous if the reflective surfaces and absorbent surfaces are arranged along an arrangement direction such that they alternate with one another. This has been shown to be beneficial for a formation of convective flows, in particular air vortices, during use due to a temperature difference which typically arises between the reflective surfaces and absorbent surfaces. A more homogeneous temperature distribution along the outer structure can thus be achieved. During use, the arrangement direction typically corresponds to a pitch direction of a part, in particular of a roof, of a building on which the cladding element is arranged. This applies in particular in a plan view of the part, in particular the roof, of the building.
The cladding element comprises, typically in a direction parallel to the outer surface, an upper end and a lower end. During use, the lower end is typically arranged such that it lies lower than the upper end. An alignment direction of the cladding element is normally oriented from the upper end to the lower end. The alignment direction can be parallel to the arrangement direction or can be the arrangement direction. This applies in particular in a plan view of the cladding element.
Plan view typically denotes a view orthogonal to the outer surface of the cladding element or parallel to the vertical direction of the cladding element.
It can be provided that the outer structure is embodied in a stepped manner. Typically, in the stepped arrangement or embodiment, the reflective surfaces face the upper end of the cladding element, which is in particular embodied to be attached to a building. The absorbent surfaces typically face the lower end of the cladding element. During use, the lower end is normally arranged such that it lies closer to the ground than the upper end. Typically, the upper end and the lower end are arranged on the cladding element such that they are opposite from one another along the outer surface, in particular in the arrangement direction. In addition to or instead of the stepped arrangement, it can be provided that the reflective surfaces and the absorbent surfaces are arranged alternately with one another.
In order to be able to regulate the effect of the solar radiation in a particularly targeted manner, it can be provided that the reflective surfaces are respectively arranged at an angle α, in particular is at an angle α of 70° to 179°, to a respective adjacent, in particular adjoining, absorbent surface. The angle α can in particular be 80° to 153°, preferably 85° to 120°. Depending on the application conditions, it can also be efficient if the angle α is 105° to 135°, in particular 110° to 130°. It can thereby be provided that the reflective surfaces respectively extend from a lower vertex, facing the contact surface of the cladding element, to an upper vertex, facing the environment. The reflective surfaces thus typically face the upper end of the cladding element. It can furthermore be provided that the absorbent surfaces respectively extend from one of the upper vertices to the lower vertex, which is arranged between the absorbent surface and another reflective surface. This applies in particular in a cross section of the cladding element orthogonal to the outer surface, wherein the cross section in particular follows along the alignment direction. The absorbent surfaces thus typically face the lower end of the cladding element. Through this arrangement, the effect of the solar radiation on the building can be regulated with particular effectiveness and efficiency. Specifically, a glare effect can thereby be prevented, preferably to a high degree, by the cladding element, since mainly the non-reflective or less reflective absorbent surfaces are visible from a street view. The angle α of 70° to 179° is particularly suitable for temperate climate zones with degrees of latitude of approximately 23° 27′ latitude to approximately 66° 34′ north or south. The embodiment that is the most efficient in each case can be determined based on the exact geographic location of the building and on the arrangement of the cladding element on the building. In particular, reflective surfaces and absorbent surfaces arranged alternately with one another in cross section of the cladding element can be connected to one another by upper vertices and lower vertices, wherein upper vertices and lower vertices alternate with one another along the outer structure or outer surface. Typically, in relation to a vertical direction of the cladding element, the respective lower vertex is lower than the two upper vertices between which the lower vertex is arranged.
If the reflective surfaces are arranged at an angle α to the absorbent surfaces, then said reflective surfaces likewise point towards the upper end of the cladding element, whereas the absorbent surfaces point towards the lower end of the cladding element.
In order to provide a particularly stable cladding element, the upper vertex and the lower vertex can have a height difference d of 0.05 cm to 5 cm. This typically refers to the upper and lower vertices that are assigned to the respective reflective surface and absorbent surface. The outer structure thus has a low profile height and is therefore particularly weather-resistant. Additionally, a coherent overall visual impression can thereby be created.
The reflective surfaces and absorbent surfaces can connect directly to one another or be spaced apart from one another.
A transition region can be embodied between the reflective surfaces and the absorbent surfaces. Similarly, a transition region can be embodied between the absorbent surfaces and the reflective surfaces. It is beneficial if a transition region is respectively embodied between adjacent, in particular adjoining, reflective surfaces and absorbent surfaces. For example, a transition region can be embodied between a respective reflective surface and an absorbent surface adjacent to the reflective surface. The transition region can be part of the respective reflective surface and/or absorbent surface. Alternatively, it can be expedient that the transition region is not part of the respective reflective surface and/or not part of the respective absorbent surface. The absorbent surfaces and reflective surfaces can be separated from one another by the transition regions. The outer structure in the transition region can comprise an edge, a bevel, or a rounding, in particular can be realized by said edge, bevel, or rounding. The stability and durability of the cladding element can thereby be improved. Particularly stable is a cladding element which comprises in the transition region a bevel with a length of 0.1 cm to 2 cm, in particular of 0.3 cm to 1 cm, in particular is realized by a bevel of this type. Alternatively, in the transition region a rounding with a radius of 0.1 cm to 2 cm, in particular of 0.3 cm to 1 cm can also be provided, in particular the transition region can be realized by a rounding of this type.
As a result, a covering of the absorbent surfaces and reflection surfaces with contamination and/or rainwater can be efficiently reduced.
The reflective surfaces and/or the absorbent surfaces can be embodied to be flat. The vertices can respectively result from an intersection of an extension of the reflective surfaces and of the absorbent surfaces.
The cladding element is particularly weather-resistant if at least one, in particular every, reflective surface is embodied to be concave or convex. Additionally or alternatively, at least one, in particular every, adsorbent surface can be embodied to be concave or convex. With this arrangement, rainwater can be conducted away along the outer structure with particular effectiveness and efficiency. Furthermore, with concave reflective surfaces and/or convex absorbent surfaces, a glare effect can be reduced and the reflection and absorption can be increased. It has proven particularly effective if at least one reflective surface is embodied to be concave and at least one absorbent surface is embodied to be convex. This applies in particular in a cross section though the cladding element orthogonal to the outer surface, preferably parallel to the alignment direction or arrangement direction. The respective vertex can lie in an intersection of an extension of spanned area of the reflective surface and an extension of a spanned area of the absorbent surface. The spanned area can be a plane running through, in particular opposing, borders of the respective reflective surface and absorbent surface. In a cross section of the cladding element orthogonal to the outer surface and preferably parallel to the alignment direction, the respective span surface typically runs through end points of a contour of the respective reflective surface and absorbent surface. It is advantageous if at least one, in particular multiple, of the reflective surfaces are parabolically shaped, at least in sections. With the reflective surfaces, solar radiation can thus be reflected away, and preferably reflected upwards, from a close range in an efficient and directed manner. This applies in particular in the cross section orthogonal to the outer surface, preferably parallel to the alignment direction. It is beneficial if at least one, in particular multiple, of the reflective surfaces are parabolically shaped, at least in sections. This can be realized with one or more parabolic recesses of the reflective surface, for example. The aforementioned embodiments preferably apply to multiple, in particular a plurality, preferably essentially all, of the reflective surfaces and/or of the absorbent surfaces of the cladding element. Reflective surfaces and absorbent surfaces shaped in such a manner have been shown, in particular due to the radiation directing capability thereof, to be advantageous with regard to a planning of temperature distributions, above all in the urban area, or with regard to geoengineering.
In order to improve a water guidance and increase a weather-resistance, it can be provided that the reflective surfaces and/or the absorbent surfaces are arranged in a strip shape, a wave shape, triangularly, or in a diamond shape. It is beneficial if the reflective surfaces and/or the absorbent surfaces each have a strip-shaped, wave-shaped, triangular, or diamond-shaped side line. The respective side line can be an edge between adjacent, in particular adjoining, reflective surfaces and absorbent surfaces. Preferably, an edge of this type can be respectively present between a reflective surface and an absorbent surface adjacent thereto, in particular adjoining said reflective surface. The respective side line can be an edge between a respective reflective surface and the transition region that adjoins the reflective surface, and/or an edge between a respective absorbent surface and the transition region which adjoins the reflective surface. During use, this has been shown to be advantageous for a generation of an air convection, in particular of air turbulences, in order to promote a more homogeneous temperature distribution along the cladding element. It is advantageous if, with a diamond-shaped arrangement or diamond-shaped side line, the diamond shape is formed with four side-line segments connecting to one another at an angle, wherein the side-line segments preferably do not connect to one another at right angles. It is beneficial if the reflective surfaces and/or absorbent surfaces are arranged such that one of the diagonals of the respective diamond shape is essentially parallel to the arrangement direction.
An effective and efficient cladding element can be provided if the reflective surfaces and the absorbent surfaces are arranged in a strip shape. The cladding element is particularly stable if the reflective surfaces respectively have a strip width from the lower vertex to the upper vertex of 0.05 cm to 10 cm, in particular of 0.1 cm to 5 cm, and if the absorbent surfaces respectively have a strip width from the upper vertex to the lower vertex of 0.05 cm to 10 cm, in particular of 0.1 cm to 5 cm.
An effective or efficient and stable cladding element can also be provided if the reflective surfaces are arranged in a diamond shape and the absorbent surfaces preferably surround the reflective surfaces in a zig-zag strip shape. Between respectively adjacent reflective surfaces, a strip-shaped, in particular rectangular, absorbent surface can be arranged. Typically, the respective reflective surface is formed in a diamond shape. The reflective surfaces are preferably arranged such that the diamonds are arranged in rows in the directions of both diagonals of the diamonds. It is beneficial if a strip-shaped, in particular rectangular, absorbent surface is respectively arranged between adjacent side-line segments of the diamonds. The absorbent surfaces then typically form a zig-zag pattern. The diamonds can have the same shape and/or same alignment and/or same size. This arrangement ensures a particularly stable cladding element which conveys a coherent overall visual impression. The effect of the sun can be regulated particularly effectively if the diamond-shaped reflective surfaces respectively have, from the lower vertex to the upper vertex, a longitudinal diagonal with a length of 0.05 cm to 10 cm, in particular of 0.1 cm to 5 cm, and/or if the diamond-shaped reflective surfaces respectively have a transverse diagonal, arranged or aligned perpendicularly or at a right angle to the longitudinal diagonal, with a length of 0.05 cm to 10 cm, in particular of 0.1 cm to 5 cm. An effective and efficient regulation of the effect of the sun can additionally or alternatively be achieved if the strip-shaped absorbent surfaces respectively have, from the upper vertex to the lower vertex, a strip width of 0.05 cm to 10 cm, in particular of 0.1 cm to 5 cm.
In order to improve the water guidance, it can be provided that the reflective surfaces and/or the absorbent surfaces have a lateral slope. The lateral slope can be present at least in sections. In particular, a main portion of the respective reflective surface and of the respective absorbent surface can have a lateral slope. The lateral slope can be in relation to a view orthogonal to the vertical direction of the cladding element and orthogonal to the alignment direction. The lateral slope is typically embodied such that, particularly in a plan view, rainwater falling onto the cladding element during use of the cladding element can be at least partially guided transversely to the alignment direction the rainwater by the lateral slope. The reflective surfaces and/or the absorbent surfaces can thereby fall or rise diagonally towards the sides of the cladding element. The sides form the border of the cladding element, which border connects the upper end to the lower end. In particular, it can thereby be provided that the direction of fall of the lateral slope is arranged at an angle, in particular at an angle of over 0° to 90°, in particular of 1° to 89°, preferably of 5° to 85°, to a line perpendicular to the upper end and/or to the lower end. Alternatively or additionally, the direction of fall of the lateral slope can have an angle, in particular an angle of over 0° to 90°, in particular of 1° to 89°, preferably of 5° to 85°, to the alignment direction. Thus, rainwater in particular can be efficiently conducted away, specifically laterally or in the direction transverse to, in particular orthogonal to, the alignment direction. In this manner, a pronounced self-cleaning capability of the outer structure can be achieved. In particular, a main portion of the respective reflective surface and of the respective absorbent surface can have a slope of this type. This applies in particular in a cross section of the cladding element orthogonal to the arrangement direction or orthogonal to the alignment direction.
Expediently, multiple, in particular a main portion, of the reflective surfaces and/or of the absorbent surfaces are laterally sloped, in particular have a lateral slope, such that the outer surface, in particular the reflective surfaces and/or absorbent surfaces, form a channel along which rainwater can be conducted in a guided manner during use. The channel is normally formed by the reflective surfaces and/or by the absorbent surfaces, in particular the lateral slope thereof. Typically, the channel has, at least in sections, preferably essentially, a longitudinal direction oriented from the upper end to the lower end, in particular in a plan view of the cladding element. Specifically, the channel has, at least in sections, preferably essentially, a longitudinal direction oriented parallel to the alignment direction, in particular in a plan view of the cladding element. Expediently, multiple channels of this type, in particular spaced apart from one another, can be formed. The channels can be spaced apart from one another at regular intervals, typically in a direction essentially orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the channels. The channels can be oriented essentially parallel to one another. For an efficient water drainage, it is beneficial if the channel comprises a curved, preferably parabolic, base surface. This applies in particular in a cross section of the channel oriented orthogonally to the longitudinal direction of the channel. The base surface can be embodied in this manner in sections, in particular mainly, along the longitudinal direction of the channel.
The lateral slope can be realized in that the reflective surfaces and/or the absorbent surfaces are respectively embodied to be arched, or having, at least in sections, planes sloped in a slope direction of the lateral slope. An optimized water drainage which can thereby be achieved is of significance particularly if the cladding element is a roof tile, in particular a fired roof tile, or if the cladding element is used for roofing. In particular, a roofing is thus efficiently enabled for roofs having a roof pitch of 10° to 30°, preferably of 20° to 25°.
The reflective surfaces and/or the absorbent surfaces can have, in particular in a direction orthogonal to the alignment direction, multiple sections with an opposing, in particular mirror-inverted, lateral slope. In this manner, one or more channels can be formed using the sections. In particular, the respective reflective surface and absorbent surface can be embodied in this manner, in particular can comprise sections of this type. It is beneficial if, particularly in a plan view of the cladding element, at least one channel runs along the alignment direction. Expediently, the cladding element can comprise multiple channels of this type. It can be practicable if a channel runs essentially in the center of the cladding element, in particular essentially along a center axis of the cladding element. For example, in relation to a center axis of the cladding element, in particular of the outer structure, running in an alignment direction, opposing sections of the reflective surfaces and/or of the absorbent surfaces can have opposing lateral slopes, in particular can respectively have a lateral slope in the direction of the center axis. Center axis typically denotes an axis running through the center of the cladding element, in particular the center of the outer structure, along the alignment direction in a plan view of the cladding element. It is beneficial if, in a direction orthogonal to the alignment direction, at least one channel is arranged in a first half of the cladding element and/or at least one channel is arranged in a second half of the cladding element. Preferably, no channel is then arranged in the center, in particular along the center axis, of the cladding element. As a result, a more efficient water drainage can be achieved with an arrangement of multiple cladding elements connecting to one another. The channels, in particular the longitudinal axes thereof, preferably run essentially parallel to the arrangement direction and/or parallel to one another. An arrangement of the channel or of the channels applies in particular in a plan view of the cladding element. Typically, an arrangement or positioning of a channel refers to a center of the channel or to a longitudinal axis of the channel which runs through a center of the channel. At least one, in particular multiple, preferably a majority, particularly preferably essentially all, of the reflective surfaces and/or of the absorbent surfaces can have lateral slopes or sections of this type.
A water drainage is supported if the reflective surfaces and/or absorbent surfaces are shaped such that, in a plan view of the cladding element, the respective reflective surface and/or absorbent surface comprises at least one lateral edge running transversely to the alignment direction, wherein the lateral edge forms a maximum or multiple maximums in relation to the alignment direction. For this purpose, in the alignment direction the lateral edge can be, at least in sections, arched, or can be shaped to be tapered in sections. The lateral edge is typically formed such that it has a front end region of the reflective surface or absorbent surface, which front end region is against the alignment direction. This applies in particular in a plan view of the cladding element.
An effective, stable, and easy-to-produce cladding element can be provided if the reflective surfaces comprise a coating that is more reflective for solar radiation, in particular IR radiation, than the absorbent surfaces, or is more reflective than the base material of the cladding element. This is particularly advantageous if a surface of the absorbent surfaces is made of the base material.
Additionally or alternatively, it can also be provided that the absorbent surfaces comprise a coating that is more absorbent for solar radiation, in particular IR radiation, than the reflective surfaces, or is more absorbent than the base material of the cladding element.
The coatings can have reflective properties, in particular reflectivities and absorptivities, according to the reflective properties, in particular reflectivities and absorptivities, specified for the reflective surfaces and absorbent surfaces.
The cladding element is particularly long-lasting and stable if the base material of the cladding element is tile, in particular tile made of clay or concrete.
In order to be able to regulate the effect of the solar radiation on the building with particular effectiveness and efficiency, it is advantageous if the cladding element is a roof tile, in particular a fired roof tile. The base material is typically formed such that it comprises, in particular is essentially made of, clay, usually fired clay, or concrete.
It is also the object of the invention to provide a roof which effectively and efficiently regulates a warming of the building due to insolation, in particular due to irradiation of the roof by solar radiation, in all seasons, and which is particularly weather-resistant and durable.
This object is attained with a roof, in particular a roof having a roof pitch of 10° to 70°, in particular of 10° to 30°, preferably of 20° to 25°, comprising at least one cladding element described above, in particular comprising a plurality of cladding elements described above.
In order to be able to effectively and efficiently regulate the effect of solar radiation in the roof or roof system in all seasons, it is advantageous if a pitch of the absorbent surfaces is greater than a pitch of the reflective surfaces.
In order to promote the warming of the building by solar radiation in the winter, it can be provided that, in a view from a vertical line, the reflective surfaces and the absorbent surfaces are visible at a ratio of 100:0 to 40:60. Additionally, the glare effect caused by the roof can thus be reduced. In order to improve a reflection of the solar radiation in the summer, the reflective surfaces can be respectively arranged at an angle β of −5° to −65°, in particular of −10° to 45°, to a horizontal line.
The absorption of the solar radiation in the winter is improved if the absorbent surfaces are respectively arranged at an angle δ of −60° to +60°, in particular of −30° to +30°, to a perpendicular line.
For a high robustness, it has proven effective if the contact surface comprises a surface structure that essentially corresponds to the outer structure, so that extremes, in particular maximums and minimums, of the outer structure and extremes, in particular maximums and minimums, of the surface structure lie opposite one another on the cladding element. The extremes are normally formed by ridges and recesses of the outer structure and the surface structure. Typically, maximums correspond to ridges and minimums to recesses. It is preferred if a surface structure of the contact surface essentially coincides with the outer structure, wherein the surface structure and outer structure are preferably embodied in mirror inversion. It has been shown that this is especially beneficial for a high structural precision during production, in particular by means of stamping, of the cladding element.
The object is attained with a method of the type named at the outset for producing a cladding element described in the present document, if a base body formed using a base material, preferably made of clay, is obtained, wherein the base material determines an outer structure of the cladding element, after which the base body is coated with a coating, in particular an engobe, after which the coating of the base body is, in regions, at least partially removed in order to form the reflective surfaces with, in particular by, regions of the base body coated with the coating and to form the absorbent surfaces with regions of the base body from which the coating has been at least partially removed. A corresponding base body typically has been or will be provided. In this manner, a cladding element described in the present document can be produced with a practicable expense using the method. Said method can also be referred to as the first method.
Expediently, the base body can be coated with the coating in that an outer surface of the base body, which outer surface determines the outer structure, is coated with the coating in sections, in particular mainly, preferably essentially entirely. The coating can be formed by a layer, in particular multiple spatially separate or contiguous layers.
Typically, the base body, in particular together with the coating, is cured and/or fired, in particular if the base material is formed using clay and/or the coating is an engobe or glaze. Expediently, the firing can take place after the curing. The removal of the coating in regions can take place before the firing, and, if necessary, after the curing in particular. To avoid a contamination of the reflective surfaces with dust, it is beneficial if the removal of the coating in regions takes place after the firing. The curing can take place with a, in particular by a, drying of the base body, in particular together with the coating.
The removal of the coating in regions typically takes place to the extent that absorptive properties, in particular absorptivities, of the regions from which the coating was at least partially removed, are suitable for forming the absorbent surfaces. Typically, in the case of the removal of the coating in regions, the coating is removed to a large extent, in particular essentially, preferably entirely. The absorbent surfaces can be formed with the, in particular by the, base material. The base material of the base body can be embodied as stated in the foregoing with regard to the base material. The coating can be formed such that it comprises, in particular is essentially made of, a glaze, an engobe, a varnish, a plastic, a ceramic, enamel, pigments, sulfate, in particular barium sulfate, or a metallic coating. Preferably, the coating is formed such that it comprises, in particular is made of, an engobe and/or a glaze.
The outer structure of the cladding element or base body can be practicably produced by means of stamping. For this purpose, a stamping mold is used to form, in particular to stamp, a stamping structure of the stamping mold into the base body, in particular the base material thereof, in order to form the outer structure. The outer structure is thereby typically formed such that it corresponds to the stamping structure, normally as a negative structure of the stamping structure. The stamping structure is normally a negative structure of the outer structure. The stamping of the stamping structure can take place with a pressing together of the stamping structure and base body, and/or with a hardening of a fluid base material of the base body in contact with the stamping structure, so that the hardened base material comprises the outer structure.
Typically, the base body is mainly, in particular essentially, made of the base material. The base material can be mainly, in particularly essentially, made of clay. It is advantageous if the clay is pigmented. In particular, the clay can be pigmented with manganese. As a result, an absorptivity of the base material can be increased. The base body can be formed such that a surface of the base body constitutes the outer structure. The surface is typically made of the base material. The coating is preferably an engobe. Typically, the engobe is mainly, in particular essentially, made of clay, in particular of a clay mineral mass. Though an engobe is preferred, the coating can also be formed such that it comprises, in particular is made of, a different material that has the reflective properties or absorptive properties necessary for an intended use, in particular for forming the reflective layer.
Preferably, the reflective surfaces, typically after the firing, are formed with, in particular by, the regions of the base body coated with coating, in particular engobe or glaze, together with coating, in particular engobe or glaze, arranged thereon. The coating applied to the coated regions is then typically part of the base body. Typically, the absorbent surfaces are formed after the firing, with, in particular by, regions of the base body from which the coating, in particular engobe or glaze, has been, preferably essentially entirely, removed, or to which no coating has been applied. Typically, the firing of the base body takes place together with coating applied thereto, normally in regions.
Normally, the base material, or regions of the base body from which the coating has been removed or to which no coating has been applied, have a greater absorptivity than the regions coated with the coating or the engobe. In particular, the absorptive properties, in particular absorptivities, and/or reflective properties, in particular reflectivities, stated in the present document with regard to absorbent surfaces, can apply analogously to the base material, or the regions of the base body from which the coating or engobe has been removed. The absorptive properties, in particular absorptivities, and/or the reflective properties, in particular reflectivities, stated in the present document with regard to reflective surfaces, can apply analogously to the regions coated with the coating or engobe. This applies in particular after the firing.
The method can be embodied according to the features and effects which are described, in particular in the foregoing, in the present document within the scope of a cladding element. The same also applies to the cladding element with regard to the method.
It is practicable if the coating of the base body with the coating takes place by means of spray methods, spin methods, by means of 3D printing, in particular digital 3D printing, and/or with the use of masks. The removal of the coating in regions can take place by means of a machining method, in particular by means of milling and/or by means of grinding. A particularly high realization practicability can be achieved if the removal of the engobe in regions takes place by means of a laser. In particular, the coating can be liquefied and/or evaporated by irradiation of the coating with laser radiation from the laser, in order to remove the coating in regions.
It is advantageous if the base body is selectively coated with the coating such that regions of the base body that are coated with the coating essentially form the reflective surfaces. The coating can be applied to the base body such that it forms a shape of the reflective surfaces. In particular, it is possible in this manner to essentially, preferably entirely, omit the removal of the coating from the base body in regions, usually after the firing.
It is then typically provided that the absorbent surfaces are formed with regions of the base body, to which regions the coating has not been or is not applied. This can be realized in an especially practicable manner if the coating takes place by means of 3D printing, in particular digital 3D printing, and/or with the use of a temporary covering. Expediently, the coating can, particularly by means of 3D printing, be selectively applied essentially solely to regions of the base body on which the reflective surfaces are formed with the coating.
Typically, if a temporary covering is used, a section of the base body is covered, typically temporarily, with the temporary covering, so that a border of the temporary covering defines, at least in sections, in particular essentially, a contour of a region that is to be coated, after which the region that is to be coated is normally coated together with the border of the temporary covering and/or together with the temporary covering, after which the temporary covering is again removed. In this manner, a selective coating of the base body can take place in that regions of the base body which are covered with the temporary covering are not coated with the coating. The section of the base body can represent a region of an absorbent surface. Expediently, the coating can thereby take place by means of spray methods and/or by means of spin methods. Multiple temporary coverings can be used. Expediently, with one or more temporary coverings, regions of the base body that represent one or more absorbent surfaces can be at least partially, preferably essentially entirely, covered. The regions that are to be coated, together with temporary coverings, can then be coated in a practicable manner. The regions that are to be coated typically represent regions on which the reflective surfaces are formed, in particular by the coating, with an application of the coating. During the coating of the base body with the coating, the temporary covering can be arranged on the base body, or can be positioned such that it is spaced apart from the base body. The temporary covering can be removed before the curing or before the firing or as part of the firing.
The temporary covering can be formed by a mask. Once the regions that are to be coated have been coated with the coating, the mask is typically removed from the base body, in particular detached from the base body. The mask can be laid onto the base body to cover the section of the base body and be detached from the base body again from the base body, in particular with a movement of the mask away from the base body, after coating has taken place. The mask can be formed with multiple mask elements which, in particular, can be assigned to different sections of the base body that are to be temporarily covered. Typically, the mask is removed from the base body, in particular detached from the base body, before the firing, specifically before the curing. Normally, the reflective surfaces are formed with the coating applied to the regions that are to be coated.
It is practicable for application purposes, if the temporary covering is removed with a change in an aggregate state of the temporary covering. Expediently, the temporary covering can be arranged, in particular laid, on the base body for an application of the coating. The temporary covering can be fixed on the base body. The temporary covering can be formed with, in particular by, one or more, in particular solid, covering elements. The covering elements can be formed such that they comprise, in particular are essentially made of, plastic. For example, the respective covering element can be a plastic strip. The change in the aggregate state can be a phase transition from a solid state into a liquid and/or gaseous state of the temporary covering, in particular of the covering elements. To change the aggregate state, the temporary covering can be heated, typically using a heating device. The change in the aggregate state, or the heating, can take place as part of the firing, in particular by means of the firing. For example, the temporary covering can be arranged on the base body in a solid state of the temporary covering. The base body, together with the temporary covering, can then be coated with the coating. The temporary covering can then be converted into a liquid and/or gaseous state by heating of the temporary covering, in particular as part of the firing of the base body, so that the temporary covering, together with the coating arranged thereon, is removed, in particular by a flowing away or evaporating of the temporary covering. The temporary covering can advantageously be realized with solid plastic strips, in particular as stated in the foregoing.
Accordingly, the object is attained with a method of the type named at the outset for producing a cladding element described in the present document if a base body formed using a base material, preferably made of clay, is obtained, wherein the base material determines an outer structure of the cladding element, after which the base body is selectively coated with a coating, in particular an engobe and/or glaze, such that coated regions of the base body essentially form the reflective surfaces. This method can be referred to as the second method. A corresponding base body typically has been or will be provided. Typically, it is provided that regions of the base body to which the coating has not been applied thereby form the absorbent surfaces. In this manner, a cladding element described in the present document can be produced with a reduced expense using the method. This, in particular second, method can be implemented as an alternative or in addition to, or as part of, the aforementioned, in particular first, method. This, in particular second, method can be embodied according to the features and effects which are described in the present document within the scope of a cladding element or of an, in particular first, method. The same also applies to the cladding element with regard to the first and/or second method.
This can be realized in an especially practicable manner if the coating takes place by means of 3D printing, in particular digital 3D printing, and/or with the use of a temporary covering, in particular a mask. This can be realized as stated in the foregoing.
The invention is described on the basis of the following figures by way of example, without limitation of the general inventive concept:
a shows an exemplary cladding element with a strip-shaped outer structure in plan view.
b shows the cladding element from
c shows a detail of
d shows an alternative strip-shaped outer structure in cross section.
e shows a detail of
b shows the cladding element from
c shows a detail of
a shows a test setup for measuring the reflective properties.
b shows the test result for a cladding element according to
c shows the test result for a cladding element according to
a shows a test setup for measuring the absorptive properties.
b shows the test result for a cladding element according to
c shows the test result for a cladding element according to
This can be achieved, for example, in that a tile, the base material of which is clay, is formed into the desired shape by pressing, embossing, or stamping. A negative mold made of plaster can be used for this purpose, for example. For a tile with a base material of concrete, the outer structure 8 can be obtained by a corresponding casing of the negative mold.
The reflective properties can be obtained, for example, in that a coating is applied to the reflective surfaces 3. Among other things, glazes, engobes, varnishes, plastics, ceramic, enamel, pigments, or metallic coatings can be used for this purpose. Alternatively, the base material can also have reflective properties, for example due to the material properties, or if reflective pigments or colors are contained. Barium sulfate can be used as reflective pigment, for example.
In this case, the absorbent properties of the absorbent surfaces 4 can be obtained in that said absorbent surfaces 4 are provided with a coating. In this case, glazes, engobes, varnishes, plastics, ceramic, enamel, pigments, or metallic coatings, among other things, can also be used. Alternatively, the base material itself can also have absorbent properties, for example due to the material properties, or if absorbent pigments or colors are contained. Graphite is suitable as absorbent pigment, for example.
There are the most diverse possibilities for applying the coating. For instance, a tile blank can first be shaped and then the coating applied. For this purpose, nozzles can be aimed at the reflective surfaces 3 and the absorbent surfaces 4, for example. This can also take place in a continuous process, wherein the blanks are transported on a conveyor belt.
Another possibility is that the negative molds are prepared before the base material is shaped. During the firing of the clay, or during curing, the coating attaches to the base material. Glass, ceramic, metal, or pigments such as barium sulfate can be used as reflective materials, for example. Ceramic or pigments such as graphite or carbon black can, for example, be used as absorbent materials, but also other materials such as bristles, for example.
The outer structure in
The embodiment shown in
In
The embodiment shown in
In
In the cross section illustrated in
The detailed view in
d shows an alternative outer structure 8 with strip-shaped reflective surfaces 3 and strip-shaped absorbent surfaces 4. The reflective surfaces 3 are embodied to be concave, and the absorbent surfaces 4 are embodied to be convex. In this manner, the glare effect can be reduced and reflection can be improved. In addition, rainwater can be conducted away even better via the cladding element 1 and helps to clean the outer structure 8, so that the function is maintained over the long term. Concave reflective surfaces 3 and convex absorbent surfaces 4 can also be provided in combination with other outer structures 8.
e shows a detail of the outer structure from
In
In
In
In
a shows a cladding element 1 that is embodied as a roof tile, in a plan view. In this embodiment, the cladding element 1 comprises a plurality of diamond-shaped reflective surfaces 3 and zig-zag strip-shaped absorbent surfaces 4. Approximately 300 reflective surfaces 3 and 28 absorbent surfaces 4 are thereby provided in the embodiment shown.
The cross section in
In the detail which is illustrated in
In an alternative embodiment not shown, the reflective surfaces 3 can be embodied to be concave and the absorbent surfaces 4 can be embodied to be convex. The height difference d is typically 0.05 cm to 5 cm in the embodiments shown and measures 0.53 cm, for example. Normally, in a cross section orthogonal to an outer surface of the cladding element 1, which outer surface comprises the outer structure, the height difference d refers to a highest point and lowest point, in a vertical direction, of the respective reflection surface 3 or absorbent surface 4.
a shows a test setup for measuring reflective properties of a cladding element 1. For this purpose, the cladding element 1 is aligned horizontally, wherein the outer structure 8 points upwards. Two emitters 101 that emit infrared radiation 100 are respectively arranged above the upper end 9 and the lower end 10 of the cladding element 1, so that they are aligned with the outer structure at an angle. In the test setup shown, the angle is 45° to a horizontal line. To determine the reflective properties, the temperature at the contact surface 2 was measured.
b shows the result of the measurement for a cladding element 1 having strip-shaped reflective surfaces 3 and strip-shaped absorbent surfaces 4, as illustrated in
c shows the result of the measurement according to
a shows a further test setup for measuring the absorptive properties. In this case, a halogen emitter 101 with 1000 watts is arranged at a distance A of 60 cm from a cladding element 1. The cladding element 1 was mounted on a tiltable frame. In this case, the temperature was also measured at the contact surface 2. In the depicted test setup, cladding elements 1 made of concrete were used, wherein the reflective surfaces 3 were provided with a highly reflective coat. In addition, CoolDry was applied in two coats in accordance with the instructions for use. As comparison elements, cladding elements with a smooth outer structure 8 and without coating were used.
b shows the results for a horizontal and a vertical irradiation of the cladding element 1 with strip-shaped reflective surfaces 3 and strip-shaped absorbent surfaces 4. In the embodiment shown, the roof pitch was set at an angle γ of 35° to a horizontal line. The reflective surfaces 3 thus had an angle β of −23° to a horizontal line. The absorbent surfaces 4 had an angle δ of −20° to a vertical line. In the embodiment shown, the reflective surfaces 3 and the absorbent surfaces 4 were struck with radiation at a ratio of 55:45 with the horizontal alignment. In the vertical alignment, the reflective surfaces 3 and the absorbent surfaces 4 were struck with radiation at a ratio of 90:10. The warming was significantly greater with the horizontal irradiation than with the vertical irradiation.
c shows the results for a horizontal irradiation of a cladding element with diamond-shaped reflective surfaces 3 and zig-zag strip-shaped absorbent surfaces 4. The roof pitch was set at an angle γ of 25° to a horizontal line. In this embodiment, the cladding element 1 had flat reflective surfaces 3 and flat absorbent surfaces 4. The angle α between the reflective surfaces 3 and the absorbent surfaces 4 refers to the spanned areas and was 70° to 179°. As a result, the reflective surface 3 was arranged at an angle β of −10° to a horizontal line and the absorbent surface 4 at an angle δ of −5° to a vertical line. In a further embodiment shown, the reflective surfaces 3 could be embodied to be concave and the absorbent surfaces 4 embodied to be convex, as is depicted by the dashed line. In the horizontal irradiation, the reflective surfaces 3 and the absorbent surfaces 4 were irradiated at a ratio of approximately 40:60. In the vertical irradiation, the ratio was 100:0. The heating with horizontal irradiation was significantly greater than with vertical irradiation.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| A 50198/2022 | Mar 2022 | AT | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/AT2023/060099 | 3/27/2023 | WO |
