Patent Application
20180267233
The present invention relates to optical systems and, more particularly, to a cladding mode stripper useful in removing unwanted low numerical aperture (NA) light propagating within a cladding layer of an optical fiber.
There are a variety of circumstances where stray light is found to be propagating within a cladding layer of an optical fiber. For example, a fusion splice between fibers of dissimilar core diameter (or mis-aligned core regions) may result in coupling a portion of a propagating optical signal into the nearby cladding layer. This unwanted coupling at a fusion splice is even more likely to occur when splicing a fiber bundle (or a tapered fiber bundle) to an output fiber. In any case, when this stray light is associated with a relatively high power level (for example, greater than 1W or so), the light will begin to heat the fiber, resulting in thermal damage (and eventually system failure).
In particular, fiber-based lasers and optical amplifiers exemplify high power optical systems that are susceptible to this type of thermal damage. These high power, fiber-based components typically utilize a cladding layer of the fiber structure to introduce the requisite pump light to a section of rare earth-doped gain fiber. The gain fiber comprises a core region surrounded by at least two separate cladding layers, with the pump light introduced into the cladding layer adjacent to the core region.
At the far-end termination of the gain fiber, some residual pump light, as well as other unwanted spurious signals (for example, low NA signal light) may still be propagating along the cladding layer (referred to hereinafter at times as “cladding modes”). One existing method of removing the low NA signal light utilizes a long length of high index, re-coated double clad fiber. However, this high index coating is itself prone to thermal damage.
Thus, alternative non-coating based methods of stripping out low NA light (e.g., NA<0.15) are of interest.
The need remaining in the prior art is addressed by the present invention, which relates to high power optical systems and, more particularly, to a cladding mode stripper useful in removing unwanted low numerical aperture (NA) light propagating within a cladding layer of an optical fiber.
In accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention, an all-glass cladding mode stripper comprises a plurality of high refractive index, small diameter glass beads disposed along an exposed portion of an inner cladding layer of an optical fiber. The unwanted low NA signal light (as well as any other type of stray light) propagating within the cladding layer is removed by refracting into the adjacent beads, where this captured light then scatters away from the optical fiber.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the glass beads exhibit a refractive index in the range of about 1.44 to 1.9 (i.e., at least greater than the refractive index of the cladding layer) and a diameter generally on the same order as the wavelength of the propagating light (typically, greater than about 1.0 μm). There is a trade-off between the (average) diameter of the glass beads and the thermal efficiency of the configuration (i.e., a measure of increase in fiber temperature as a function of signal power), and the beads preferably maintain a diameter no greater than about 60 μm. In fabrication, the beads may be directly fused to the cladding layer within which the low NA signal light is propagating. Alternatively, the beads may be suspended within a low index material that is disposed to coat a portion of the cladding layer.
It is an aspect of the present invention that the bead-based cladding mode stripper may be used with any type of optical fiber and in any situation where stray light (particularly low NA light that requires a relatively long interaction length to be refracted) needs to be stripped away.
One particular embodiment of the present invention takes the form of an optical device for removing stray light propagating along a cladding layer of an optical fiber, the device comprising a plurality of glass beads disposed around an exposed portion of the cladding layer of the optical fiber, the beads having a diameter greater than the wavelength of the stray light and a refractive index value greater than the refractive index value of the cladding layer, the stray light refracting out of the cladding layer and into the plurality of glass beads, scattering away from the optical fiber.
Another embodiment relates to an optical system comprising an optical fiber comprising a doped core region for amplifying a propagating optical signal and a cladding layer for supporting the propagating of pump light utilized to amplify the propagating optical signal, and an outer coating layer disposed to surround the cladding layer, wherein a portion of the propagating optical signal enters the cladding layer and becomes unwanted stray light, and an all-glass cladding mode stripper disposed along an exposed section of the cladding layer where the outer coating layer has been removed, the all-glass cladding mode stripper for refracting stray light away from the optical system and comprising a plurality of glass beads disposed to surround the exposed section of the cladding layer, the glass beads having a diameter greater than the wavelength of the propagating optical signal and a refractive index value greater than the refractive index value of the cladding layer, the stray optical signal refracting out of the cladding layer and into the plurality of glass beads, scattering away from the optical fiber.
Yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of fabricating an all-glass cladding mode stripper for an optical fiber including the steps of: providing an optical fiber having a core region surrounded by a cladding layer, with one or more outer layers disposed to surround the cladding layer; exposing a section of the cladding layer, the length of the exposed section defining an interaction length of the cladding mode stripper; and disposing a plurality of glass beads around the exposed section of the cladding layer, the plurality of glass beads formed of a material having a refractive index greater than the refractive index of the cladding layer, with each bead having a diameter less than about 100 μm.
Other and further embodiments and aspects of the present invention will become apparent during the course of the following discussion and by reference to the accompanying drawings.
Referring now to the drawings, where like numerals represent like parts in several views:
As discussed above, a cladding mode stripper formed in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is specifically configured to remove the unwanted, low numerical aperture (NA) signal light that is propagating within the cladding layer of an optical fiber (at the output of, for example, a fiber-based optical amplifier or fiber-based optical laser; or, alternatively at a splice location between fibers, a beam combiner, etc.). Low NA light cannot easily be removed using conventional, well-known prior art cladding mode stripping techniques, since it does not sufficiently interact with the cladding (and other outer layers) over the relatively short length of optical fiber used to implement pump light cladding mode strippers. That is, the utilization of a relatively long interaction length (as required to remove low NA light) is not a practical solution (size too large for most applications, expenses associated with long lengths of fiber, etc.), while constraining the length of fiber to maintain cost and size requirements results in thermal management problems (too much heat to dissipate over the short fiber length).
Advantageously, the use of separate, small diameter glass beads instead of a continuous capillary tube (the tube being a preferred prior art mode stripper) provides a degree of robustness that allows for a relatively long (e.g., greater than 20 mm) mode stripper to be used without fear of structural damage to the mode stripper itself.
Stray light propagating within cladding layer 14 is known to be problematic, as discussed above. A portion of this stray light may comprise residual pump light (in the case of lasers or amplifiers) that is relatively easy to remove using conventional methods. Low numerical aperture (NA) signal light may also appear within the cladding (i.e., a “cladding mode”), and is depicted in the arrangement of
Continuing with a description of all-glass cladding mode stripper 10, beads 12 comprise a glass material having a relatively high index of refraction (with respect to the refractive index of cladding layer 14), so that stray light within cladding layer 14 will refract out of cladding layer 14 and scatter in directions away from fiber 16. In particular, a refractive index in the range of 1.44 to 1.9 is suitable for the beads utilized as the inventive cladding mode stripper.
As shown in
As the low NA stray light that is propagating within cladding layer 14 encounters beads 12, the light refracts out of cladding layer 14. In particular, the physical design of beads 12 functions to scatter this out-coupled light away from optical fiber 16, reducing the possibilities for thermal damage (as may otherwise occur if the low NA is permitted to remain propagating within optical fiber 16).
As mentioned above, the scattering beads need to have a relatively high refractive index (e.g., in the range of about 1.44 to about 1.9). Materials that may be used to form the mode-stripping beads include, but are not limited to, SiO2, glass, sapphire, soda lime, aluminum oxide, or the like. Preferably, the selected material has a coefficient of thermal expansion that substantially matches that of the optical fiber itself so as to minimize structural damage to the cladding mode stripper during ambient temperature fluctuations. It is also preferred that a diameter D of the beads is greater than the wavelength of the light required to be scattered (typically, a diameter greater than one micron). As will be discussed in detail below, beads having a diameter in the range of about 1-50 μm have been found suitable for use as a cladding mode stripper.
For efficient operation of the inventive cladding mode stripper, the pathways should fill a large fraction of the total fiber surface. Thus, the following relation is applicable:
D
a≈Db−Df.
To increase the interaction between the fiber and the beads, it can be seen that Da should be minimized. This can be achieved by decreasing the diameter of the bead itself or increasing the length of the fusion connection between the bead and the fiber surface. Decreasing the diameter of the beads may allow for a more stable and uniform coverage of the beads on the surface of the fiber. Additionally, it has been found that the fusion length is associated with the possibility of creating point stress concentrators at the microscopic joint between the bead and the fiber surface. While such stress concentrations may affect the mechanical strength of the fiber, a suitable strength may be maintained by managing the degree of fusion (which is related, in turn, to the diameter of the beads). To further minimize stresses between the beads and the fiber, it is also desirable to utilize beads which exhibit a CTE similar to that of the fiber.
A variety of different methods may be used to dispose the plurality of beads in a coupling relationship to the cladding layer. As mentioned above, the beads may be directly fused to the outer surface of the cladding layer. This technique is appropriate in situations where the beads have a low melting point and can be attached to the fiber without affecting the properties of the fiber itself. Besides the H2/O2 torch mentioned above, other direct heat sources that may be used to perform this fusion process include (but are not limited to), the use of a CO2 laser, RF heating, or a resistive filament heating arrangement. A material may be selected for the composition of the beads such that the melting point of the beads is less than that of the material forming the fiber itself (soda lime is exemplary of a material with a relatively low melting point). In this case, the fusion process allows for the beads to be adhered to the cladding layer without distorting (melting) any portion of the fiber itself. As such, the integrity of the signal light propagating through the core region of the fiber is preserved, even in the case of large mode area (LMA) fibers that are ordinarily sensitive to physical perturbations of the fiber structure.
Alternatively, an index-matching liquid may be used to bond the beads to the exposed cladding layer. Materials such as spin-on glass or an appropriate polymer adhesive may be used.
As mentioned above, the all-glass cladding mode stripper of the various embodiments of the present invention may be used in a variety of different applications where there is a desire to remove stray light from the cladding layer of an optical fiber.
One known configuration for eliminating HOMs from continuing to propagate along a section of HOM fiber is to create a taper structure, such as tapered region 88 shown in
Continuing with the description of
In some prior art configurations, residual amounts of HOM light may still be propagating as “stray light” within cladding layer 84 at the output area of HOM fiber 80. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, this HOM stray light can be removed by placing all-glass cladding mode stripper 10 along taper waist 90, as shown in
The inclusion of all-glass cladding mode stripper 10 of the present invention thus ensures that most, if it all, of the higher-order modes have been removed from the output signal exiting HOM fiber 80.
It is known that at a splice location 114 between tapered fiber bundle 100 and output fiber 110, stray light will be propagating along cladding layer 120 of output fiber 110. Thus, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, all-glass cladding mode stripper 10 may be disposed along a region of output fiber 110, with a plurality of beads 12 coupled to cladding layer 116 of output fiber 110. In the same manner as the above-described embodiments, beads 12 will refract the stray light out of cladding layer 116 and away from output fiber 110.
The above discussion mentions that one exemplary utilization of an all-glass cladding mode stripper of the present invention is in the context of a fiber-based optical amplifier or laser.
An exemplary all-glass cladding mode stripper 10 formed in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown as positioned at an output end of the amplifier structure. As with the various configurations discussed above, a portion of outer coating layer 126 is removed so that mode stripper 10 is positioned adjacent to cladding layer 124. The plurality of beads 12 of mode stripper 10 function to refract both any residual pump light that may be present (that is, any pump light not absorbed during the amplification process) as well as stray, amplified signal light that is propagating within cladding layer 124. In this particular configuration shown in
A section of output fiber 130 is shown as spliced to an end termination of amplifier fiber 120. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the utilization of all-glass cladding mode stripper 10 ensures that only the amplified signal light exiting core region 122 of amplifier fiber 120 will be coupled into core region 132 of output fiber 130.
Another utilization of an exemplary embodiment of the invention all-glass cladding mode stripper with a fiber splice location is shown in
While the embodiments described thus far illustrate the utilization of the inventive all-glass mode stripper with fibers of conventional, circular cross section, it is to be understood that the all-glass mode stripper may be used with fibers of various geometries, as long as glass beads 12 are able to be disposed adjacent to the cladding layer (e.g., directly fused to the cladding layer material or contained in a suspension that is adhered to the cladding layer material).
It is evident from the above that an exemplary embodiment of the all-glass, bead-based cladding mode stripper of the present invention is useful with any type of fiber, in any situation where there is a need to strip away stray light propagating in a cladding layer. Thus, while several specific embodiments have been described, it is to be understood that these embodiments are exemplary only and the scope of the present invention is intended to be limited only by claims as appended hereto.
