Patent Application
20120211617
This invention relates to clamp assemblies, and particularly to clamp assemblies whose purpose is to secure a panel so that it subtends from an I-beam. In a particular use and embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of clamp assemblies is employed to secure a cargo trailer fairing to each side of a cargo trailer beneath the floor thereof, so as to improve the aerodynamic properties of the cargo trailer, and thereby improve the fuel consumption of the road tractor which is towing the cargo trailer. A particular feature of the present invention is that it permits the installation of trailer fairings to cargo trailers with the expenditure of minimal labour and/or minimal time.
The purposes of the present invention are manifold. In the first instance, the present invention provides a novel means for securing panels of various sorts, to I-beams, and typically, to the ends of I-beams. Such securement may, for example, be in respect of various items, such as display panels and the like which are mounted to store fronts, and so on. However, the present invention was primarily developed so as to mount trailer fairings at the sides of cargo trailers, and thereby improve the aerodynamic characteristics of the cargo trailers to which the trailer fairings are mounted. A particular feature of the present invention however, is that it permits the securement of a trailer fairing at each side of a cargo trailer using minimal time, minimal number and types of components, and using minimal labour. As a result, the efficiency of the installation process is improved, and the costs of such an operation are decreased. It will be appreciated that such savings can be quite substantial, particularly in cases where a fleet of cargo trailers is to be modified to include trailer fairings. In such cases, the number of cargo trailers may be in the tens, hundreds, or even thousands of units. As background, the benefits of improving the aerodynamic characteristics of cargo trailers are well known. However, some of such benefits are worthy of being mentioned at this time. They include the fact that it has been shown that the aerodynamic performance of a cargo trailer having trailer fairings mounted thereon, may be such as to permit fuel savings for the road tractor towing such an enhanced cargo trailer by up to 6.5%. Indeed, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established standards according to which it will grant the manufacturer of trailer fairings the right to advise its customers, and the public, that the trailer fairings are “EPA Smartway compliant”.
Moreover, trailer fairings of the sort that are contemplated by the present invention for mounting to cargo trailers using the clamp assembly disclosed herein, are modular in design and construction so that a given number of trailer fairings panels, which are generally all alike one to another, may be easily mounted or secured to a cargo trailer. Typically, depending on the length of the cargo trailer and the placement of the wheel bogies thereunder, a single sheet of fairing material is used on each side of the trailer. However, in a modular design, up to five to ten, or more, modular panels (which may be interconnected) may be employed, per side of the trailer.
Further, the clamp assembly is readily and easily installed on new trailers, but can be easily retrofitted to older trailers, and the like. As such, it will also be understood, of course, that the clamp assemblies of the present invention may be employed in their particularly intended use with cargo trailers of any age, new or old.
As will become apparent hereafter, employment of the clamp assembly of the present invention absolutely precludes the necessity for drilling or welding of any sort when mounting any panel whatsoever to the end of an I-beam. This is particularly important in the intended use of the clamp assembly of the present invention when mounting trailer fairings to cargo trailers, because considerable time and labour costs are saved, and because the integrity of the I-beams to which the trailer fairings are attached is not compromised in any manner whatsoever.
Still further, it will become evident that it is a simple matter to use the clamping assembly of the present invention to replace a sheet fairing or any one of a series of modular panels forming a trailer fairing, in the event of damage or for other reasons. This can also include replacement of any prior art clamp assemblies which secure the sheet or modular fairing panels to a cargo trailer, without the necessity of having to do any significant work on any adjacent clamps and/or modular panels.
It will also be understood that not only should the materials from which the clamp assemblies to secure trailer fairings to cargo trailers, but the material of the trailer fairings themselves, must at the same time embody the characteristics of rigidity and yet, in respect of the modular panels of a trailer fairing, they must have a certain amount of flexibility. The rigidity of the clamp assembly in keeping with the present invention comes as a matter of design and the employment of a ribbed structure as is well known to those skilled in the art. Likewise, rigidity and yet flexibility of modular panels of a trailer fairing, comes as a consequence of the employment of a suitable material of a suitable thickness, as is well-known to those skilled in the art, optionally together with the employment of a suitable brace or strut as will also become apparent hereafter.
The prior art to be discussed herein includes a discussion of a prior mounting assembly for trailer fairings as has been employed by the assignee of the present invention. Another item of known prior art that will be discussed hereafter is found in a published United States patent application. One very profound benefit of the present invention will be noted, is that the mounting of the clamp assembly to an I-beam, in keeping with the present invention, can employ as little as only a single bolt to hold the clamp to the I-beam; whereas the prior art methods of mounting clamp assemblies to the end of an I-beam so as to secure trailer fairing thereto required the employment of at least four or more bolts. Although additional bolts can be utilized (e.g. 2 or 3 bolts per mounting clamp), typically only 1 or 2 bolts are required.
As will be seen hereafter in a more detailed discussion of
United States Patent Re. 17,629, issued Mar. 25, 1930 to Wehr, describes a clamp whose purpose is to suspend hangers which are employed in association with flanged I-beams for suspending tracks for overhead carriers. The particular feature of the patented design is that it permits suspension of a hanger bolt from the angled, non-flat, bottom flanges of an I-beam by means of clips which fit over the ends of a hanger bar and which are secured to the bottom flanges of an I-beam by the action of an inclined sliding wedge formed between the clips and the ends of the hanger bar. The design of the I-beam clamp is such that it permits clamping of the hanger bars to flanged I-beams having differing sizes. It should be noted, however, that the particular purpose of this device is to suspend hangers for an overhead carrier, where the hangers may be subject to considerable swaying, as well as creeping along the length of the I-beam. It is apparent that the suspended hangers must be positioned at the centre of the bottom flanges of the I-beam, that is to say below the web of the I-beam.
Published United States Patent Application 2010/0096881, published Apr. 22, 2010 in the name of Boivin et al, describes an aerodynamic skirt wheel interface. What is particularly described is an assembly by which trailer skirts of rigid material may be mounted to both sides of a road trailer for the purpose of managing the flow of air around and underneath the trailer. A particular concern is the fact that the brackets which hold the skirts may be put under significant stress and thereby be required to be resilient. The publication describes a resilient strut which is made of a resilient material adapted to sustain significant deformation and yet is adapted to resiliently regain its original position. The strut supports are made of non-metallic materials. The publication states that the fastening system employed uses a limited number of parts to reduce the assembly time and the weight added to the trailer (see paragraph 0018). However, a further review of
To overcome these difficulties, it would be advantageous to provide a panel clamping assembly which can be easily and rapidly installed on a wide variety of I-beams, and which is adaptable to be fitted to I-beams of variety sizes.
The advantages set out hereinabove, as well as other objects and goals inherent thereto, are at least partially or fully provided by the clamping assembly of the present invention, as set out herein below.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a clamp assembly for securing a panel to an I-beam so that the plane of the panel and the longitudinal axis of the I-beam are substantially perpendicular one to the other, and wherein the clamp is secured to a freely accessible pair of opposed flanges of the I-beam above the bottom surface thereof. The clamp assembly comprises a pair of side blocks each being generally in the shape of an inverted “L”, and each having an upper and outer side surface, and end surfaces, all in mutually perpendicular relationship. A bottom surface is parallel to the upper surface, and a lower clamping surface is parallel to the upper surface. There is an inclined wedge surface extending downwardly and outwardly from its intersection with the lower clamping surface to its intersection with the bottom surface. The clamp assembly further comprises a single clamping block generally in the shape of a “T”, and having an upper surface, an outer surface across the head of the “T” and perpendicular to the upper surface, an inner surface at the foot of the “T” and perpendicular to the upper surface, a bottom surface of the leg of the “T” parallel to the upper surface thereof, and a pair of sloping wedge surfaces along the sides of the leg of the “T”. Each of the sloping wedge surfaces slopes downwardly and inwardly along at least a portion of the length of the leg of the “T” from its respective intersection with the upper surface of the clamping block to a respective intersection with the bottom surface thereof. Preferably, a single bolt of sufficient length that it is longer than the width of the bottom surface of the I-beam, to which the clamp assembly will be installed, is also required.
Each side block has at least one opening, but optionally up to 3 or more openings can be provided, and which is or are formed through the leg of the “L” passing between the respective side surface and the inclined wedge surface thereof. The opening or openings, are adapted to receive the bolts, or preferably, a single bolt used to lock the entire clamp assembly together while clamping it securely to the I-beam.
In a preferred embodiment, three openings are provided in the clamp assembly, and a single bolt, through any one of the openings, is used to clamp the assembly together and to the I-beam.
Upon attachment of the clamp assembly to the I-beam so that each respective lower clamping surface of the pair of side blocks faces a respective upper surface of the pair of opposed flanges thereof, and so that the respective inclined wedge surfaces of the side block face respective sloping wedge surfaces of the clamping block, then tightening of the bolt passed through the openings of the side blocks will cause a sliding or wedging action of the sloping wedge surfaces of the clamping block relative to and in opposition to the inclined wedge surfaces of the respective side blocks, so as to secure a clamping action therebetween, and so as to induce a clamping action between the upper surface of the clamping block and the bottom surface of the I-beam to which the clamp assembly is attached.
In operation, the clamping block is in a generally horizontal disposition, and the outer surface thereof is in a generally vertical disposition.
It should be noted that, in general, an opening is formed through the width of the leg of the “T” of the clamping block , so as to pass therethrough from one side to the other, and so as to accommodate the bolt when passed therethrough.
An opening is also provided, preferably at each end of the outer surface of the clamping block, so that a panel can be secured to the clamping block, by passing securing means through the thickness of the panel and through the opening or openings in the clamping block.
An optional second outer face can be provided which is substantially co-planar to the outer surface, and additional openings (such as slots or the like), can be provided on the second outer face. These additional openings are provided so as to allow increased flexibility in attaching the clamping block to the fairing panel, in situations where the I-beams are not all in alignment. This might be the case where the trailer uses I-beams of different depths for additional strength at some parts of the trailer, and thus, the openings provided in the outer surface of the clamping block may not all be in alignment.
There is optionally also a series of corrugations which may be provided on each lower clamping surface of each of the side blocks.
Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention provides a clamp assembly for securing a panel to an I-beam so that the plane of the panel and the longitudinal axis of the I-beam are substantially perpendicular one to the other, and wherein the clamp is secured to a freely accessible pair of opposed flanges of the I-beam above the bottom surface of said I-beam, comprising:
a pair of side blocks each being generally in the shape on an inverted “L”, and each having an upper and outer side surface, and end surfaces, all in mutually perpendicular relationship, a bottom surface parallel to said upper surface, a lower clamping surface parallel to said upper surface, and an inclined wedge surface extending downwardly and outwardly from its intersection with said lower clamping surface to its intersection with said bottom surface;
a single clamping block generally in the shape of a “T”, and having an upper surface, an outer surface across the head of the “T” and perpendicular to said upper surface, an inner surface at the foot of the “T” and perpendicular to said upper surface, a bottom surface of the leg of the “T” parallel to said upper surface thereof, and a pair of sloping wedge surfaces along the sides of the leg of the “T”, each of which slopes downwardly and inwardly along at least a portion of the length of the leg of the “T” from its respective intersection with said upper surface of the clamping block to a respective intersection with the bottom surface thereof; and
a bolt of sufficient length that it is longer than the width of the bottom surface of the I-beam to which said clamp assembly will be installed;
wherein each side block has an opening formed through the leg of the “L” passing between the respective side surface and the inclined wedge surface thereof;
whereby upon attachment of said clamp assembly to an I-beam so that the respective lower clamping surfaces of the pair of side blocks face respective upper surfaces of the pair of opposed flanges at the bottom of said I-beam, and so that the respective inclined wedge surfaces of said side blocks face respective sloping wedge surfaces of said clamping block, a tightening action of said bolt passed through said openings of said side blocks will cause a sliding and wedging action of the sloping wedge surfaces of the clamping block relative to and in opposition to said inclined wedge surfaces of the respective side blocks, so as to thereby secure a clamping action therebetween and so as to induce a clamping action between the upper surface of the clamping block and the bottom surface of the I-beam to which said clamp assembly is attached.
In the present application, the term “panel” refers primarily to a cargo trailer fairing, and the present application is primarily directed to this application. However, the skilled artisan will be aware that a clamp assembly for use on an I-beam can be used in a wide variety of applications. Accordingly, while the present application is described with particular reference to the cargo trailer fairing industry, the skilled artisan would be aware that the present application is equally applicable in other applications.
Moreover, it will be noted that in the following discussion, that unless otherwise specifically noted, all of the features described herein may be combined with any of the various aspects described herein, in any combination.
In normal manufacturing of the clamp assembly, typically, each of the side blocks and the clamping block is formed from a plastics material; and the plastics material may be chosen from the group consisting of high-density polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, nylon, vinyl, and polymers, co-polymers, glass or fibre reinforced composite materials, and mixtures thereof. Generally, the side blocks and the clamping block are essentially rigid, meaning that there is little or no compression or flexing of the blocks, in normal use. A preferred material is a thermoplastic olefin (TPO), which is typically a polymer/filler blend usually consisting of some fraction of PP (polypropylene), PE (polyethylene), BCPP (block copolymer polypropylene), rubber, and a reinforcing filler. Common fillers include, though are not restricted to talc, fiberglass, carbon fiber, wollastonite, and MOS (Metal Oxy Sulfate). Common rubbers include EPR (Ethylene propylene rubber), EPDM (EP-diene rubber), EO (ethylene-octene), EB (ethylene-butadiene), SEBS (Styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene). One preferred material is a talc-filled thermoplastic elastomer available as Polytrope TPP, or the like.
Use of metal materials, however, for the side and/or clamping blocks, such as iron, steel, or aluminum, is not excluded.
Preferably, a pair of openings is also provided in the inner surface of the foot of the “T” of the clamping block. A planar strap for use in supporting the panel of the fairing, can be attached to the clamping block using these openings. As such, in use, the clamp assembly may optionally further comprise a substantially planar strap which is secured to the inner surface of the foot of the “T” of the clamping block by suitable securing means using the openings in the inner surface of the foot, and wherein the planar strap extends generally downwardly from the inner surface of the foot of the “T” of the clamping block, and can be connected to the bottom of the panel section of the fairing.
Therefore, in one embodiment, the clamp assembly may further also comprise a panel secured to the outer face clamping block, wherein a planar strap is secured at its lower end by securing means to the panel, and secured at its upper end to the foot of the “T” of the clamping block, so that the generally planar strap assumes a curved disposition in a generally “S”-like configuration, when fastened to the foot of the clamping block, and the panel.
The plastics components of the planar strap of the clamp assembly of the present invention may be formed from a plastics material chosen from the group consisting of high-density polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, nylon, vinyl, and polymers, co-polymers, glass or fibre filled composite materials, and mixtures thereof. The planar strap material is chosen so as to be resiliently flexible, while having sufficient rigidity to hold the panel essentially solidly in place in normal use, but provide some ability to flex when the panel is inadvertently contacted with other objects during minor impacts (e.g. striking a curb at low speeds). Moreover, the resilient strap material can assist in pulling the panel back into the proper shape, should it be deflected out of shape.
Accordingly, when the clamp assembly of the present invention is in operation, a plurality of clamp assemblies is secured at the end of a plurality of I-beams at the under surface of a cargo trailer, so as to secure a trailer fairing in place below the sides of the cargo trailer, and thereby so as to improve the aerodynamic properties of the cargo trailer so as to reduce fuel consumption when the cargo trailer is being towed by a suitable road tractor.
Typically, each of the side blocks and the clamping block is injection moulded with a plurality of recesses formed therein so as to create a plurality of ribs therebetween, and thereby so as to increase the rigidity and decrease the weight thereof.
Thus, when the clamp assembly of the present invention is in operation, a plurality of clamp assemblies is secured at the end of a plurality of I-beams at or near the edge of the under surface of a cargo trailer, so as to secure a trailer fairing in-place below the sides of the cargo trailer. The clamp assemblies of the present invention can be rapidly attached to the I-beams preferably using only one bolt, and when in place, the clamp assemblies provide a suitable device for attachment of cargo trailer side fairings, and, thus, provide a rapid method to improve the aerodynamic properties of the cargo trailer, and thus reduce fuel consumption when the cargo trailer is being towed by a suitable road tractor.
It should be noted that the bolts for holding the clamp assembly together, and any other securing means for attaching a planar strap, or a fairing panel, which is employed by the present invention may be made from any material suitable for the intended use. Typically, these materials are chosen from the group consisting of stainless steel, nickel plated steel, zinc plated steel, nylon, titanium, and combinations thereof, although bolts made of plastic or other materials are not excluded.
It should also be noted that the materials of the clamp assembly, and/or the planar straps, and/or the trailer fairing panels themselves, which are employed therewith in keeping with the present invention, are preferably recyclable or re-useable. Plus, at the end of the life of the products, or in the event of damage as a consequence of an accident, the clamp assemblies and the trailer fairings themselves may be recovered for recycling purposes.
Further, it will also be noted that the materials employed in the manufacture of clamp assemblies in keeping with the present invention, as well as the trailer fairings for which their particular purpose is intended, are such that they will withstand extreme temperatures which may range from −60° C. up to +90° C., but more typically, −40 to +60° C.
The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the present invention, as to its structure, organization, use and method of operation, together with further objectives and advantages thereof, will be better understood from the following drawings in which a presently preferred embodiment of the invention will now be illustrated by way of example. It is expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for the purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention. Embodiments of this invention will now be described by way of example in association with the accompanying drawings in which:
The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the present invention, as to its structure, organization, use and method of operation, together with further objectives and advantages thereof, will be better understood from the following discussion. It will be noted that, in the drawings, like reference numerals depict like elements.
Applicant refers first to
A convenient prior art method for mounting trailer fairings to cargo trailers is shown in
It will be appreciated that effecting the assembly as shown in
On the other hand, as will be explained hereafter, the mounting of the clamp assembly 20 in keeping with the present invention is relatively simple, requires manipulation of considerably less weight, and requires in the first instance the placement and tightening of a single bolt to secure the clamp assembly in place at the end of an I-beam. Moreover, the components of the mounting clamp of the present invention utilize a limited number of components, which can be partially pre-assembled prior to use, and utilizes only a small number of standardized, and interchangeable components.
Indeed, as becomes evident upon inspection of
Referring now to
Now, referring to
The clamping block 40 is shown in each of
The clamping block 40 is particularly characterized by the presence of a pair of sloping wedge surfaces 50 which are preferably formed along at least a portion of the length the sides of the leg of the “T”, at the sides thereof. Each sloping wedge surface slopes downwardly and inwardly from its respective intersection with the upper surface 42 up to its respective intersection with the bottom surface 48.
It is possible that the distance or height between the top and bottom surfaces 42 and 48 of the clamping block 40 may be sufficiently small so that the bottom surface 48 is disposed above the bolt 52 when it is in place. However, more typically there is at least one opening 55, and more preferably three openings 55, which are formed through the width of the leg of the “T” of the clamping block, so as to pass therethrough from one side to the other. Any one of the openings 55 is such as to accommodate a bolt 52 when it is passed therethrough.
In any event, when the side blocks 22 and the clamping block 40 are assembled together with the bolt 52, and are placed so that the respective lower clamping surfaces 32 of the pair of side blocks 22 faces a respective upper surface 56 of the pair of opposed flanges 58 of the I-beam, the respective inclined wedge surfaces 34 of the side blocks 22 will face respective sloping wedge surfaces 50 of the clamping block 40. Tightening of the bolt 52 which is passed through a combination of openings 54 and 57 (and preferably 55 when present,) will cause a sliding and wedging action of the sloping wedge surfaces 50 of the clamping block 40 relative to and in opposition to the inclined wedge surfaces 34 of the respective side blocks 22. Thus, a clamping action is secured between the side blocks 22 and through the width of the leg of the “T” of the clamping block 40, which clamping action secures the clamp assembly 20 in place on the opposed lower plate portions of I-beam 60. Still further, a clamping action is induced between the upper surface 42 of the clamping block and the bottom surface 62 of the respective I-beam to which the clamp assembly is attached. In this fashion, I-beams having different widths and thicknesses can be accommodated using clamp assembly 20.
Further, clamping block 40 also optionally additionally includes a second planar face 45 which is essentially co-planar with outer surface 44. Second planar face 45 extends downwardly from block 40, and includes slots, or openings 47, which can be used as additional or replacement attachment points to attach panel 15 to clamping block 40. This is particularly desirable when I-beams 60 of different depths are used, so that openings 64 in adjacent clamping assemblies are not in horizontal alignment. Planar face 45 might also be inwardly inclined away from face 44, if desired. In
The inclined wedge surfaces 34, and sloping wedge surfaces 50 preferably are machined so as to have corresponding angles, and thus, be essentially flat and square to one another in use. Typically, the wedge surfaces are at between 15 to 45° relative to a vertical line, and more preferably, between 20 and 30° to a vertical line.
Typically, and as can be appreciated from a cursory inspection of any of
It will be further understood that the clamp assembly 20 is such that a panel 15 or trailer fairing 16 can be secured to an I-beam in such a manner that the plane of the panel 15 or trailer fairing 16 and the longitudinal axis of each I-beam 60 to which it is attached, are substantially perpendicular one to the other.
A series of corrugations 66 is also preferably formed or provided on each lower clamping surface 32 of each of the side blocks 22. The purpose of these corrugations 66 is provide additional grip on I-beam 60.
It will be appreciated that with the exception of bolts or other securing means, all of the other components of an assembled trailer fairing structure, including the clamp assembly and the fairing itself, are generally formed from plastics material. The materials of the clamp assembly, being the side blocks and the single clamping block, and of the trailer fairings, are generally formed from a thermoplastic or thermoset material which may be chosen from the group consisting of high-density polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, nylon, vinyl, and polymers, co-polymers, glass and fibre filled thermo-composite materials, and mixtures thereof. These materials, including preferred materials such as TPO or TPP, easily lend themselves to thermoforming techniques or injection molding techniques, as is well known to those who are skilled in the art.
Again, however, use of metal or any other suitable materials for any or all of these components is not excluded.
Moreover, the material of the bolts or other securing means is typically stainless steel, but it may be chosen from the group consisting of stainless steel, nickel plated steel, zinc plated steel, nylon, titanium, and combinations thereof.
Referring again to
In general, struts are also installed so as to accommodate some flexibility of the trailer fairing 16, but at the same time so as to maintain the trailer fairing generally in its vertical disposition. Struts in keeping with the present invention typically each comprise a substantially planar strap 70 which is secured to the clamping block 40 at its inner surface 46, at the foot of the “T”, by suitable securing means 72 such as bolts, and at the lower ends 74 of the planar straps 70 to the trailer fairing 16 by the use of suitable securing means 76. The planar straps 70 normally have a substantially straight configuration, but it will also be appreciated from
By selecting the appropriate channel size, clamp 120 is held firmly on the I-beam and any vibrational twisting force is minimized.
In
A further rigid “hook” 135 can also be temporarily fitted to a suitable opening in clamping assembly 20 (either on the side blocks, the clamping block, or on the side or ends of the clamp assembly) and provides a hook section that can hook around the bottom of panel 16B. Hook 135 can be of particular advantage in the attachment of the fairing to a trailer. In use, an installer attaches a series of hooks 135 to different clamp assemblies 20 fitted to various I-beams. Then, the bottom of panel 16B (or 16A), is inserted into the hook end, and the panel 16B rests against the bar section of hook 135, as seen in
Hooks 135 are preferably formed having a chosen, pre-selected length so that they will hold panel 16B in the correct position, while the installer completes installation. This installation can include, for example, drilling holes in the panel to fasten them to face 44 or 45. In this manner, even more support for the panel can be provided during installation, and hooks 135 can be removed and reused on the next panel or next installation.
It will now be understood, of course, that clamp assemblies of the present invention, when put into practice, are such that when a plurality of the clamp assemblies is secured at the ends of a plurality of I-beams at the under surface of a cargo trailer, trailer fairing panels may be secured in place below the side of the cargo trailer. Accordingly, as noted above, the aerodynamic properties of the cargo trailer may be significantly improved, so as to reduce fuel consumption of a suitable road tractor towing the cargo trailer by as much as 6.5%.
It will be noted in a number of the figures of drawings, in particular
Thus, it is apparent that there has been provided, in accordance with the present invention, a clamping assembly which fully satisfies the goals, objects, and advantages set forth hereinbefore. Therefore, having described specific embodiments of the present invention, it will be understood that alternatives, modifications and variations thereof may be suggested to those skilled in the art, and that it is intended that the present specification embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Additionally, for clarity and unless otherwise stated, the word “comprise” and variations of the word such as “comprising” and “comprises”, when used in the description and claims of the present specification, is not intended to exclude other additives, components, integers or steps. Thus, the word “comprise”, and variations such “comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps, but not to the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.
Further, the invention illustratively disclosed herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element which is not specifically disclosed herein.
Moreover, the words “substantially”, “essentially”, “typically”, “generally” or the like, when used with an adjective or adverb is intended to enhance the scope of the particular characteristic; e.g., “substantially planar” is intended to mean planar, nearly planar and/or exhibiting characteristics associated with a planar element.
Further, use of the terms “he”, “him”, or “his”, is not intended to be specifically directed to persons of the masculine gender, and could easily be read as “she”, “her”, or “hers”, respectively.
Also, while this discussion has addressed prior art known to the inventor, it is not an admission that all art discussed is citable against the present application.
Other modifications and alterations may be used in the design and manufacture of the apparatus of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the accompanying claims.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61444514 | Feb 2011 | US |
