Patent Grant
9085678
This disclosure generally relates to non toxic, halogen free thermoplastic flame retardant composition containing carbon nano tube (CNT) as insulating material for wire and cable. More particularly, this invention relates to clean flame retardant compositions for increasing flame retardancy without deterioration of mechanical properties.
Every year, the world faces huge losses in lives and property due to residential and commercial fires caused by, electrical wiring. Human lives can be lost due to high temperature flames, toxic smoke and gas that are generated from the flammable insulation materials used in wire and cable during fire.
The current population uses many equipments and gadgets that contain several wires and cables. Most wires and cables are fabricated from plastic materials that are readily flammable. Moreover, modern living involves heavy use of electric equipment containing wires and communication systems made of cables. These conditions further increase the loss of lives and properties due to bad insulation of a wire or a cable resulting in an electrical fire. Smoke and toxic fumes from poor insulation materials in wires and cables can cause irreparable health damage.
Wire and cable insulations are required to meet not only the electrical properties but also the mechanical properties. Polyethylene and polyvinylchloride compounds are some of the best materials suitable for wire and cable insulations because of their excellent electrical and mechanical properties. However, these materials have poor flame retardancy and generate toxic gases during a fire.
Polyethylene, for example, is easily flammable and generates less toxic gases during the burning process. On the other hand, Polyvinylchloride compounds generate a lot of toxic gases during a fire, even though it has acceptable flame retardancy. Currently, clean flame retardant materials are made from special formulations. These special formulations are made of halogen and toxicity free chemicals. Clean flame retardant materials mainly consist of matrix polymers that do not contain halogen, main flame retardants, secondary flame retardants, intumescent flame retardants, processing aids and antioxidants. (Mans V et al. 1998, Rai M et al. 1998, Wei P et al. 2006 and Luciana R et al. 2005). The resultant mixture has very poor mechanical properties.
The other biggest problem with commercially clean material is that they have unstable mechanical properties, even though they possess high flame retardancy, due to high filler loadings. Clean flame retardant materials contain relatively high content of inorganic materials as flame retardants. In general, high levels of flame retardants are necessary to achieve commercially acceptable flame retardancy levels for wires and cables. However, high levels of flame retardants may lead to deterioration of mechanical properties. Insulation and jacket materials for wire and cable should meet appropriate standards for tensile strength, elongation at break, thermal resistance and flame retardancy for an extended application time. Enhanced cable insulations must also meet IEC 60502, BS 6724 and BS 7655 standards specific for thermoplastic compound requirements.
EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate), EVA/LDPE (low density polyethylene)(or LLDPE (linear LDPE), ethylene alpha olefin or ethylene ethyl acrylate are widely used as matrix polymer because of their high flame retardant load ability and increased flame retardancy. Main flame retardants mostly comprise of inorganic materials, such as, aluminum trihydroixide (ATH), magnesium hydroxide (MH) and huntite hydromagnesite (HH). They exhibit high decomposition temperature and have the ability to suppress smoke as clean flame retardant materials. However, more than 50% w/w loading is required to achieve the target flame retardancy. Unfortunately, such high contents of flame retardants can lead to interfacial problems between matrix polymer and flame retardants and then, can negatively affect the mechanical properties.
Various studies were performed to improve mechanical properties and flame retardancy by using organic encapsulated flame retardants (Chang et al. 2006, Du L et al. 2006, Liu Y et al. 2006), and synergistic effect of hydrotalcite with two flame retardants and organo-modified montmorillonite (Laoutid F et al. 2006, Ma H et al. 2006).
Organic encapsulated flame retardants can enhance the interfacial adhesion with matrix polymers and lead to improved dispersion compared to non-encapsulated flame retardants. Hydrotalcite composites increase flame retardancy by releasing more gas compared to other flame retardants during burning. In addition, partial substitution of flame retardants by organo-modified montmorillonite improves the burning properties. All these result only in improved flame retardancy.
Specification standards for wire and cable insulation composition require high flame retardancy and superior mechanical properties. For example, the minimum required tensile strength is 8.8 MPa and minimum elongation at break is 125% based on IEC 60502, BS 6724 and BS 7655 standards for thermoplastic compounds. Moreover, additional treatment of flame retardants or mixing with special chemicals increase cost performance of final products. There is a need to obtain a wire and cable insulation material that contains a clean flame retardant material, has superior mechanical properties and high flame retardancy. Without meeting these important properties, the clean flame retardant materials are not suitable for wire and cable insulation purposes.
The current invention is carried out to find a flame retardant material which does not generate toxic gases for wire and cable insulation materials during a fire. The flame retardant materials are known as halogen free flame retardant compounds (HFFR compounds), clean flame retardant materials and/or non toxic flame retardant materials.
The current invention relates to thermoplastic (not thermosetting) type clean flame retardant materials for wire and cable. The current invention pertains to unique formulations and processing methods of clean flame retardant materials of wire and cable. Partially crosslinkable clean flame retardant compositions, which can be partially crosslinked by routine thermoplastic extruder without using post curing systems, are described. The current invention of clean flame retardant compositions are particularly suitable for use in enhanced cable insulations to meet the requirement of thermoplastic compound standards.
In general, polymer parts in clean flame retardant compositions are under 50% by weight and flame retardants parts are over 50% by weight. Moreover, the particle size of most flame retardants used in clean flame retardant materials is under 50 μm, which enables excellent dispersion of polymer/flame retardants/Carbon Nano Tube (CNT) in the composition. Therefore, at first, three different types of multi-walled CNT with different diameter range for e.g. 10-15 nm, 40-60 nm and 60-80 nm are investigated to establish better compatibility with the other materials in thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions. It was found that CNT with outer diameter of 40-60 nm and length distribution under 20 μm may show improved results in terms of mechanical properties and flame retardancy. Hence, CNT can be used in thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions instead of carbon black to improve mechanical properties and flame retardancy.
The instant composition is processed by routine thermoplastic extruder and may show improved mechanical properties and flame retardancy. Composition mainly comprises of 100 parts by weight of resin (polyolefin or 100 parts by weight of polyolefin/ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)), 90-150 parts by weight of non halogen content main flame retardants, 1-20 parts by weight of auxiliary secondary flame retardant agents, 2-4 parts by weight with CNT of outer diameter of 40-60 nm and length distribution of under 20 μm and 0.2-1.0 parts by weight of antioxidants. The present invention demonstrates a reliable method of producing black color clean flame retardant insulation material for wires and cables. The said composition also possess a high flame retardancy and meets the specification standard for mechanical properties as an insulation material for wires and cables.
Example embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of accompanying drawings.
As preliminary test, a comparison between CNT and carbon black in EVA/MAGNIFIN A Grades H10A formulations is conducted as shown in
Tensile strength of EVA/120 phr H10A formulations as a function of CNT or CB content is shown in
From the results of
LOI (%) of EVA/120 phr H10A formulations as a function of CNT or CB content is shown in
From the results of
For reconfirming the results of
Tensile strength of Evaflex 360/LLDPE 118W/120 phr H10A formulations as a function of CNT50 or CB content is shown in
LOI (%) of Evaflex 360/LLDPE 118W/120 phr H10A formulations as a function of CNT or CB content is shown in
There are two types of clean flame retardant materials for wire and cable, i.e., thermoplastic (without cross-linking) and thermosetting (cross-linked). This invention relates to thermoplastic type clean flame retardant material for wire and cable. More particularly, this invention relates to black color thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions for improving mechanical properties and flame retardancy. The invented clean flame retardant compositions may be particularly suitable for use in enhanced cable insulations meeting IEC 60502, BS 6724 and BS 7655 standards for thermoplastic compounds requirements.
This invention pertains to unique formulation and processing method of clean flame retardant material for wire and cable. The present invention may lead to improved mechanical properties, particularly tensile strength and elongation break without deteriorating flame retardancy.
Clean flame retardant compositions consist of 100 parts polymer (EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate), EVA/polyethylene, EEA (Ethylene Ethyl Acrylate)/polyethylene or Ethylene Alpha Olefin/polyethylene) by weight and 100-150 parts inorganic flame retardant such as magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide and huntite hydromagnesite by weight, 2-20 parts intumescent flame retardant such as red phosphorus, zinc borate, and boric acid by weight, 0.5-1.5 parts antioxidant by weight. Based on particular application, additional coloring agent, weathering protection agent, processing aid, coupling agent, lubricant and thermal stabilizer may be added to the composition.
The polymer may be (by weight) under 50% of total compound in a clean flame retardant composition. In addition, the particle size of most flame retardants which are used in clean flame retardant compositions may be under 50 μm. The aforementioned particle size of the flame retardant exhibits better dispersion properties to obtain better mechanical properties. When the polymer and the flame retardants are mixed well in the compounding process results in a balanced arrangement of polymer and flame retardant to obtain better mechanical properties.
This invention pertains to special formulations with unique materials of clean flame retardant materials for wire and cable. The present invention leads to improved flame retardancy and mechanical properties, particularly maintaining elongation at break/tensile strength without deteriorating flame retardancy in black color thermoplastic type clean flame retardant compositions.
More particularly, this invention relates to formulations of black color thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions which do not contain carbon black. As shown in Conventional examples, it is known that carbon black can increase flame retardancy however it may decreased mechanical properties specially elongation break in black color thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions compared to the present invention. The current composition may pass V-0 of UL 94 test with satisfactory mechanical properties of minimum tensile strength 8.8 MPa and minimum elongation at break 125% based on IEC 60502 standards compared to Conventional examples.
Moreover, in most commercial situations, mechanical properties are always fluctuating after production of wire and cable. The extruding temperature can be changed by seasonal environmental conditions, speed and cable size are also changed by various specifications and client's demand. Therefore, mechanical properties of clean flame retardant compositions should show at least 20-30% higher than normal specification values. When the mechanical properties just meet the specification values, the quality control margin is very tight, accordingly, some products may fail specifications.
The main points for selecting the new material in this invention are as follows:
Carbon nano tubes (CNT) is very compatible for this purpose. Other flame reartdant compositions that are compatible with CNT are magnesium hydroxide, huntite hydromagnesite, aluminum hydroxide, zinc borate, carbon black and etc. These components have very fine structure and are useful in flame retardant composition.
CNT is considered as allotrope of carbon with nanostructure whose length-to-diameter ratio is very long. These cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties which make them potentially useful in many applications. It is suggested that allotropes may contribute to increase in flame retardancy in clean flame retardant compositions; nevertheless, mechanical properties of compositions are not deteriorated because CNT is constructed by nanostructure. This is the main reason to use CNT instead of carbon black in clean flame retardant composition in the current invention.
Several different types of CNT are investigated to find best compatibility with the other components in thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions. CNT is categorized as single walled nanotube (SWNT), multi-walled nanotube (MWNT), fullerene structural, spherical buckyball type structural, different diameter sizes and tube lengths. In this invention, three multi-walled CNTs with different diameter sizes and tube lengths are investigated to find compatibility with the other components in thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions. CM-95 (Hanwha nanotech/Korea, multi-walled CNT synthesized by catalytic CVD process, diameter range: 10-15 nm), CNT 50 (NanoKarbon, Korea nano Ind. Co., multi-walled CNT synthesized by catalytic CVD process, inner diameter: 10-30 nm, outer diameter: 40-60 nm, length distribution: under 20 μm) and CNT 75 (NanoKarbon, Korea nano Ind. Co., multi-walled carbon nanotubes synthesized by catalytic CVD process, inner diameter: 30-50 nm, outer diameter 60-80 nm, length distribution: under 20 μm) are investigated for finding better compatibility with the other components.
The following are an example of Conventional formulations that show results of clean flame retardant compositions in terms of mechanical properties and flame retardancy.
As shown in examples, three different types of flame retardants are investigated, such as MAGNIFIN A Grades H10A (magnesium hydroxide, formula: Mg(OH)2 producer: Albemarle/France), Ultracarb LH 15X (huntite hydromagnesite, formula: Mg3Ca(CO3)4, Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 3H2O, producer: Minelco/USA) and KISUMA 5B (magnesium hydroxide, formula: Mg(OH)2, Producer: Kyowa Chemical/Japan). Evaflex 360 (ethylene vinyl acetate, producer: DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co./Japan, vinyl acetate content: 25%, melt mass-flow rate (MFR) (190° C./2.16 kg): 2.0 g/10 min) and LLDPE 118 (melt flow index: 1.0 g/10 min, producer: SABIC/Saudi Arabia) are used as base polymers. Irganox 1010 (chemical name: pentaerythritol tetrakis(3(3,5-di tert-buty-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, CIBA specialty chemicals/Switzerland, melting range 110-125° C.) is used as antioxidant. Corax N550 (producer: Degussa, Germany, semi-active carbon black with high structure, ash content: 0.5%) is used as carbon black. All materials of experimental are summarized in Table 1.
The reason for using LDPE (or LLDPE) in base polymers is to increase thermal properties of thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions. In general, high filler mixable polymers, such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), ethylene ethyl acrylate (EEA) or ethylene alpha olefin have very low softening temperatures. Mostly, their softening points are under 100° C. Therefore, it is apparent that using only low softening temperature grade polymers without any high temperature grade polymers in base polymers will lead to loss in thermal properties. The thermal aging test condition of thermoplastic clean flame retardant material is 100° C. for 136 hours. To achieve appropriate thermal stability, the mixing of high temperature grade polymer such as polyethylene is required. Therefore, the base polymers in thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions should have appropriate thermal stability to pass the thermal aging test (at 100° C. for 136 hours). However, polyethylene has low filler mix ability and lower flame retardancy, accordingly, ethylene vinyl acetate/polyethylene compounded base polymers can mix less volume of flame retardants and decrease flame retardancy compared to 100% ethylene vinyl acetate base polymer.
Mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) were measured using a universal testing machine Model 5543 from Instron, USA in accordance with ASTM D 638M with testing conditions: speed of 500 mm/minute at 25° C. LOI (Limiting Oxygen Index) is a simple method to evaluate the flame retardancy of the materials. LOI was performed using an apparatus of Fire Testing Technology limited (Incorporating Stanton Redcroft), UK in accordance with ISO 4589 and ASTM D 2863. LOI corresponds to the minimum percentage of oxygen needed for the combustion of specimens (80×10×1 mm) in an oxygen-nitrogen atmosphere. The other method to estimate the flame retardancy of the materials is UL 94 Flammability standard by Underwriters Laboratories, USA. UL 94 test was performed using a flammability chamber of CEAST Co., Italy, in accordance with ASTM D 635 for horizontal and ASTM D 3801 for vertical test positions. The standard classifies plastics according to how they burn in various orientations and thicknesses. From lowest (least flame-retardant) to highest (most flame-retardant), the classifications are shown in Table 2:
These formulations are basic thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions which consist of one main flame retardant (magnesium hydroxide (MAGNIFIN A Grades H10A)) with various contents of carbon black (Corax N550). From the experimental results, it is found that elongation at break decreases slightly even though tensile strength and flame retardancy increase with increase of carbon black (Corax N550) content.
Similar to Conventional Example 1, these formulations are also basic thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions with various contents of carbon black (Corax N550), and the main flame retardant is changed from magnesium hydroxide (MAGNIFIN A Grades H10A) to huntite hydromagnesite (Ultracarb LH 15X). From the experimental results, similar tendency is observed, i.e. it is found that elongation at break decreases slightly even though tensile strength and flame retardancy increase with increase of carbon black (Corax N550) content.
As shown in Conventional example 3, not much change in tensile strength is observed with increase of carbon black content. On the contrary, influence of carbon black on elongation at break is quite prominent. Elongation at break decreases with increase of carbon content. Normally, increase of filler content may cause decrease in mechanical properties. Carbon black plays the role of filler in compounds; however under 8 phr of carbon black content by weight, the tensile strength remains almost constant while elongation at break is greatly influenced. In addition, it is apparent that LOI (%) increases with increase of carbon black content. From our experimental, it is definite that carbon black increases flame retardancy and decreases elongation at break in black color thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions.
In Conventional examples 1, 2 and 3, no composition passes V-0 of UL 94 test with satisfactory mechanical properties of minimum tensile strength 8.8 MPa and minimum elongation at break 125% based on IEC 60502 standards. To pass V-0 of UL 94 test, higher than 120 phr content of main flame retardant with secondary (intumescent) flame retardants such as red phosphorus, zinc borate, and (or) boric acid has to be compounded. However, additional main and intumescent flame retardants can cause deterioration of mechanical properties in spite of improvement in flame retardancy as shown in Conventional example 4. Exolit RP 692 (red phosphorus master batch, producer: Clariant/France, phosphorus content: approx. 50% (w/w)), Firebrake ZB (zinc borate, producer: Borax/USA) and Boric Acid (Producer: Rose Mill Chemicals & Lubricant/USA) are used as intumescent flame retardants. Formulations of C-17 to C-20 which contain carbon black show big drop in elongation at break in spite of high LOI values. Many scientists are eager to find a substitute material for carbon black, which does not deteriorate mechanical properties with improved flame retardancy in thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions. In our invention, new material which can substitute carbon black in thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions for this particular purpose is introduced.
In the current invention, clean flame retardant compositions consist of 100 parts polymer (EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate), EVA/polyethylene, EEA (Ethylene Ethyl Acrylate)/polyethylene or Ethylene Alpha Olefin/polyethylene) by weight and 100-150 parts inorganic flame retardants such as magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide and huntite hydromagnesite by weight, 2-20 parts intumescent flame retardants such as red phosphorus, zinc borate, and boric acid by weight, 0.5-1.5 parts antioxidants by weight. Based on particular application, additional coloring agent, weathering protection agent, processing aid, coupling agent, lubricant and thermal stabilizer are added to the compositions.
In the current invention the polymer portion (by weight) is under 50% total compound in clean flame retardant compositions. In addition, the particle size of most flame retardants which are used in clean flame retardant compositions are under 50 μm. Excellent dispersion of polymer/flame retardants is very important to obtain better mechanical properties. When polymer/flame retardants are well mixed in compounding process, it is assumed that the arrangement of polymer and flame retardants is very well balanced. The invention specially takes several aspects of improvements into consideration, such as improving mechanical property and arrangement of polymers containing flame retardants in a highly filled composition.
The current invention pertains to special formulations with unique materials of clean flame retardant materials for wire and cable. The present invention leads to improved flame retardancy and mechanical properties, particularly maintaining elongation at break/tensile strength without deteriorating flame retardancy in black color thermoplastic type clean flame retardant compositions.
More particularly, this invention relates to formulations of black color thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions which do not contain carbon black which is generally used in ordinary black color clean flame retardant compositions at present. As shown in Conventional example 1, 2, and 3, it is known that carbon black can increase flame retardancy however it deteriorates mechanical properties specially elongation at break in black color thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions. Therefore, it is very difficult to obtain satisfactory compositions which meet both main property standrads such as flame retardancy and mechanical properties. It is hard to obtain suitable formulations which pass V-0 of UL 94 test with satisfactory mechanical properties of minimum tensile strength 8.8 MPa and minimum elongation at break 125% based on IEC 60502 standards in Conventional examples 1, 2 and 3.
Moreover, in most commercial situations, mechanical properties are always fluctuating after production of wire and cable. The extruding temperature, speed and cable size varies depending on environmental conditions, client requirements and standard specifications. Therefore, mechanical properties of clean flame retardant compositions should show at least 20-30% higher than normal specification values in order to pass the stringent quality control tests.
In our invention, for solving deterioration of mechanical properties while maintaining high flame retardancy in black color thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions, new material is introduced instead of carbon black.
As shown in
As preliminary test, the relationships between MAGNIFIN A Grades H10A and CNT/carbon black are investigated as shown in pre-test examples. In pre-test examples, only Evaflex 360 is used as base matrix polymer. The relationships between elongation at break/CNT (or carbon black content), tensile strength/CNT (or carbon black content) and flame retardancy/CNT (or carbon black content) are shown in
Elongation at break and tensile strength of EVA/120 phr H10A formulations as a function of CNT or carbon black content are shown in
As shown in
From the results of mechanical properties and flame retardancy, CNT50 contained formulations show the best results in both properties. When only CNT50 formulations and carbon black formulations are compared in terms of mechanical properties (i.e. elongation at break and tensile strength), it is apparent that CNT50 contained formulations show much higher properties than carbon black formulations. Accordingly, it is considered that CNT50 has proper size and length for use in clean flame retardant compositions. Namely, CNT of outer diameter of 40-60 nm and length distribution of under 20 μm can be used in thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions instead of carbon black to increase mechanical properties and flame retardancy. Therefore, CNT 50 is selected for detailed comparative investigation with carbon black.
The following non-limiting examples illustrate formulations of the invented compositions.
Volume resistivity is measured at room temperature (25° C.) in accordance with ASTM D257 using high resistance meter of Model HP4339B, HP, USA. From the results, it is observed that even the highest CNT50 content (6 phr (per hundred resin)) by weight formulation (run No. 4) shows very high volume resistivity (Ωcm). Therefore, it is apparent that CNT50 contained formulations that are suitable to be used in cable insulation materials.
As shown in
As shown in
In addition, volume resistivity (Ωcm) of CNT 50 and carbon black formulations is over 1×1015 Ωcm which is sufficient for use in wire and cable insulation and jacket materials.
From the overall results of mechanical properties, flame retardancy and electrical properties for CNT 50/carbon black formulations, CNT50 is really a suitable material which can be used instead of carbon black in thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions.
The main key points of this invention are re-confirmed from above experimental. Namely, CNT of outer diameter of 40-60 nm and length distribution of under 20 μm can be used in thermoplastic clean flame retardant compositions instead of carbon black to improve mechanical properties and flame retardancy.
The compounding of above compositions is preferably conducted as follows, namely, EVA and LDPE are melted and mixed in internal mixer for four minutes at 150° C. Then, rest of additives and flame retardants are mixed with already melted polymers for 10 minutes at 150° C. The pre-mixed compounds are moved to two roll mill/guider cutter/pelletizing extruder and then pelletized. At this step, temperature of two roll mixer is kept around 150° C. and mixture is processed for 5-10 minutes.
Another important processing parameter for clean flame retardant materials compared to routine thermoplastics is that the extruding temperature of clean flame retardant materials is 160° C.-200° C. while that of routine thermoplastics is 200-250° C. The extruding temperature of clean flame retardant materials is lower than routine thermoplastics such as polyethylene because clean flame retardant materials are mainly consisted of low softening temperature grade polymers such as EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate), Ethylene Alpha Olefin or Ethylene Ethyl Acrylate.
Sheets of test specimen for mechanical properties and flame retardancy are prepared by hot press and compressed at 180° C. for 10 minutes with thickness of 2 mm. Likewise, the above materials are preferably extruded at temperature 160° C.-200° C. onto conductors to prepare the insulated cable and check process ability. This extruding process is exactly the same as routine thermoplastic method. During cable extrusion of above compositions, non CNT 50 content composition (run number 1) and 2-4 parts CNT 50 per hundred resin by weight (run numbers 2 and 3) show the best process ability and excellent surface smoothness of finished cables.
Similar to Example 1, ethylene vinyl acetate (Evaflex 360)/magnesium hydroxide (KISUMA 5B) (120 phr)/CNT 50 formulations are conducted. The detailed examples of formulations are shown in EXAMPLE 2. As shown in results for ethylene vinyl acetate (Evaflex 360)/magnesium hydroxide (MAGNIFIN A Grades H10A) (120 phr) formulations, 2-4 parts CNT 50 per hundred resin by weight show the best performance. Non CNT 50 content composition (run number 5) and 2-4 parts CNT 50 per hundred resin by weight (run numbers 6 and 7) show the best process ability and excellent surface smoothness of finished cables.
To increase flame retardancy and achieve V-0 of UL94 test, intumescent flame retardants such as Exolit RP 692 (red phosphorus masterbatch, producer: Clariant/France, phosphorus content: approx. 50% (w/w)), Firebrake ZB (zinc borate, producer: Borax/USA) and Boric Acid (Producer: Rose Mill Chemicals & Lubricant/USA) are used in ethylene vinyl acetate (Evaflex 360)/magnesium hydroxide (MAGNIFIN A Grades H10A) (120 phr) formulations as shown in EXAMPLE 3. Processing of test specimen and cable extrusion is the same as previous methods.
From the results, it is found that 2-4 parts CNT 50 per hundred resin by weight (run numbers 10 and 11) compositions show excellent mechanical properties and flame retardancy. Specially, all compositions meet V-0 of UL94 test and volume resistivity (Ωcm) is sufficient for use in wire and cable insulation materials. Elongation at break of run numbers 10 and 11 decreases slightly at CNT 50 content of 2-4 parts per hundred resin by weight. If carbon black is used in run numbers 10 and 11 instead of CNT 50, elongation at break is greatly decreased as shown in Conventional EXAMPLE 3. In addition, all compositions show excellent thermal properties by passing thermal aging test (100° C.×136 hrs).
Non CNT 50 content composition (run number 9) and 2-4 parts CNT 50 per hundred resin by weight (run numbers 10 and 11) compositions show the best process ability and excellent surface smoothness for finished cables.
Although the present embodiments have been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the various embodiments. Accordingly, the specification and examples are to be regarded in an descriptive rather than a restrictive sense.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3169940 | Zutty | Feb 1965 | A |
| 3382209 | Deichert | May 1968 | A |
| 3645929 | Normanton | Feb 1972 | A |
| 3720643 | Abu-Isa et al. | Mar 1973 | A |
| 3772232 | Hayes | Nov 1973 | A |
| 3816367 | Kostrowski et al. | Jun 1974 | A |
| 3832326 | Kuckro et al. | Aug 1974 | A |
| 3865782 | Anderson | Feb 1975 | A |
| 3922413 | Reineman | Nov 1975 | A |
| 3971756 | Bialous et al. | Jul 1976 | A |
| 4038237 | Snyder | Jul 1977 | A |
| 4067164 | McMillan | Jan 1978 | A |
| 4173561 | Tabana et al. | Nov 1979 | A |
| 4229497 | Piazza | Oct 1980 | A |
| 4243579 | Keogh | Jan 1981 | A |
| 4394471 | Keogh | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4407992 | Keogh | Oct 1983 | A |
| 4430470 | Taniguchi et al. | Feb 1984 | A |
| 4472199 | Davidovits | Sep 1984 | A |
| 4477523 | Biggs et al. | Oct 1984 | A |
| 4567214 | Ilardo | Jan 1986 | A |
| 4584333 | Prigent et al. | Apr 1986 | A |
| 4642137 | Heitzmann et al. | Feb 1987 | A |
| 4721659 | Tieckelmann et al. | Jan 1988 | A |
| 4769179 | Kato et al. | Sep 1988 | A |
| 4791160 | Kato et al. | Dec 1988 | A |
| 4845146 | Inoue et al. | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4952428 | Keogh | Aug 1990 | A |
| 4986049 | Kennedy et al. | Jan 1991 | A |
| 5002996 | Okuda et al. | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5017532 | Sonnenberg et al. | May 1991 | A |
| 5030282 | Matsuhashi et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5057367 | Morii et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5091453 | Davidson et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5091608 | Gunther | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5132350 | Keogh | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5186883 | Beall, III | Feb 1993 | A |
| 5262467 | Keogh et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5274017 | Pan | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5286775 | Bandyopadhyay | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5296534 | Senuma et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5308572 | Hackman | May 1994 | A |
| 5378539 | Chen | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5405441 | Riddle | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5412012 | Horwatt et al. | May 1995 | A |
| 5482990 | Jow et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5583172 | Imahashi et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5684117 | Londa et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5698323 | Keough et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5707732 | Sonoda et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5771649 | Zweig | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5889087 | Hayashi et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5908584 | Bennett | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5916392 | Ghanbari | Jun 1999 | A |
| 6034176 | Patel et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6043312 | Fagher et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6187409 | Mathieu | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6263629 | Brown, Jr. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6291570 | Katsuki et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6329464 | Duran et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6335087 | Hourahane | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6372344 | Castellani et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6436557 | Moriuchi et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6469095 | Gareiss et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6476138 | Sato et al. | Nov 2002 | B2 |
| 6506841 | Fomperie et al. | Jan 2003 | B2 |
| 6515231 | Strøbech et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6608135 | Patel et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6667358 | Aoyama | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6727302 | Goossens et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6783702 | Niu et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6783746 | Zhang et al. | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6898908 | Messenger et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6929865 | Myrick | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 7045474 | Cooper et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7049251 | Porter | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7144941 | Sauerwein et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7183342 | Miyamoto et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| RE39804 | Wu et al. | Sep 2007 | E |
| 7345242 | Chen | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7357907 | Resasco et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7361430 | Gennett et al. | Apr 2008 | B1 |
| 7378040 | Luo et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7410603 | Noguchi et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7413474 | Liu et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7462318 | Schroeder et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7491883 | Lee et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7495174 | Hase et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7504451 | Brown et al. | Mar 2009 | B1 |
| 7666327 | Veedu | Feb 2010 | B1 |
| 7667139 | Nakayama et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7713448 | Veedu | May 2010 | B1 |
| 7875211 | Veedu | Jan 2011 | B1 |
| 7905067 | Schiffmann et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7930861 | Schiffmann et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7937924 | Ke | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7964663 | Gau et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 8038479 | Searfass | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8044130 | Miyamoto et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8221541 | Koh et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8278010 | Kim | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8317917 | Arockiadoss | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8337612 | Abdullah et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8351220 | Liang et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8363873 | Liu et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8420940 | Iwasaki et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8425717 | Wagh et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8426501 | Taha et al. | Apr 2013 | B1 |
| 8445788 | Tsotsis et al. | May 2013 | B1 |
| 8520406 | Liang et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8551243 | Soto Montoya et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8580029 | Abdullah et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8585864 | Zhang et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8586665 | Basfar et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8648129 | Binhussain et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8658902 | Kim et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8669303 | Binhussain et al. | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8703288 | Clancy | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8853540 | Adriaenssens | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 20020014051 | Fraval et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20030094734 | Deckard et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20040096663 | Yamaguchi et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040241440 | Noguchi et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040265210 | Shinohara et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050109242 | Kayali et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20060029537 | Zhang et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060057742 | Mano et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20070057415 | Katagiri et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070149677 | Huang et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070149680 | Kim et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070155883 | Sato et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070172408 | Takagi | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070259462 | Liang | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20080023404 | Majersky | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080170982 | Zhang et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080176978 | Nodera | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080251273 | Brown et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080257222 | Wallner | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20090013907 | Boxley et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090020311 | Park et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090057009 | Sato | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090090277 | Joshi et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090090536 | Park et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090148637 | Zhang et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090197991 | Bury et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090229494 | Shah et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090250660 | Nayak et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090253836 | Flat et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090301751 | Iwasaki et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100147549 | Shiina | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100273912 | Roddy et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100278715 | Khe | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100282489 | Cree et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100311867 | Kim | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110107942 | Eleto Da Silva et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110144244 | Lee | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110198105 | Shanai et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110290153 | Abdullah et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20120000691 | Shah et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120024196 | Gong et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120037043 | Zubrod | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120125656 | Wei et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120156381 | Allouche et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120318557 | Iwasaki et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130105195 | Adriaenssens | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130178572 | Basfar et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
| 20130276674 | Korzhenko et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20140060388 | Sadiq et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140060392 | Koenigstein | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140123880 | Binhussain et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140131096 | Silverman et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2809129 | Jun 2011 | CA |
| 201128990 | Oct 2008 | CN |
| 101481853 | Jul 2009 | CN |
| 101767482 | Jul 2010 | CN |
| 101979798 | Feb 2011 | CN |
| 102603236 | Jul 2012 | CN |
| 102617087 | Aug 2012 | CN |
| 102884018 | Jan 2013 | CN |
| 103534205 | Jan 2014 | CN |
| 0054424 | Jun 1982 | EP |
| 0190039 | Aug 1986 | EP |
| 0393813 | Oct 1990 | EP |
| 0871181 | Oct 1998 | EP |
| 0966746 | Dec 2004 | EP |
| 1685190 | Aug 2006 | EP |
| 1155080 | Feb 2007 | EP |
| 1777258 | Apr 2007 | EP |
| 1911885 | Apr 2008 | EP |
| 1918249 | May 2008 | EP |
| 01777258 | Oct 2008 | EP |
| 2022886 | Feb 2009 | EP |
| 2028662 | Feb 2009 | EP |
| 01918249 | May 2009 | EP |
| 2360699 | Aug 2011 | EP |
| 2447230 | May 2012 | EP |
| 2484651 | Aug 2012 | EP |
| 2197949 | May 2014 | EP |
| 20030043291 | Jun 2003 | KR |
| 20060087284 | Aug 2006 | KR |
| 20060087831 | Aug 2006 | KR |
| 9319118 | Sep 1993 | WO |
| 0145932 | Jun 2001 | WO |
| 0145941 | Jun 2001 | WO |
| 0224598 | Mar 2002 | WO |
| 03025305 | Mar 2003 | WO |
| 03060002 | Jul 2003 | WO |
| 2006047000 | May 2006 | WO |
| 2007015710 | Feb 2007 | WO |
| 2007044889 | Apr 2007 | WO |
| 2008041965 | Apr 2008 | WO |
| 2008054034 | May 2008 | WO |
| 2009119942 | Oct 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009119942 | Oct 2009 | WO |
| 2009137722 | Nov 2009 | WO |
| 2010085537 | Jul 2010 | WO |
| 2010102732 | Sep 2010 | WO |
| 2010142362 | Dec 2010 | WO |
| 2012115500 | Aug 2012 | WO |
| 2012151027 | Nov 2012 | WO |
| 2012167926 | Dec 2012 | WO |
| 2013045936 | Apr 2013 | WO |
| 2013127444 | Sep 2013 | WO |
| 2014052757 | Apr 2014 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| “Multifunctional and Smart Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Cement—based Materials”, by Baogau Han et al., (p. 1) http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-16657-0—1. |
| “Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanofibers for Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposite Cementitious Materials”, Jul. 15, 2011, by Bryan M. Tyson et al. (pp. 8) http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?280661. |
| “Carbon Nanofiber Concrete for Damage Detection of Infrastructure”, 2013, by Y.L. Mo et al., (pp. 20) http://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-nanofibers/carbon-nanofiber-concrete-for-damage-detection-of-infrastructure. |
| “Distribution of Carbon Nanofibers and Nanotubes in Cementitious Composites”, by Ardavan Yazdanbakhsh et al., (pp. 7) http://abualrub.faculty.masdar.ac.ae/files/Publications/Paper%2030.pdf. |
| “Nanotechnology: Advantages and drawbacks in the field of construction and building materials”, University of Minho, C-TAC Research Unit, Portugal, May 13, 2010, by F. Pacheco-Torgal et al., (p. 1) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061810003764. |
| “The influences of admixtures on the dispersion, workability, and strength of carbon nanotube—OPC paste mixtures”, Cement and Concrete Compositions, vol. 34, Issue 2, Feb. 2012, by Frank Collins et al., (pp. 7) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958946511001703. |
| “Environmental-friendly durable concrete made with recycled materials for sustainable concrete construction”, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, by T.R. Naik et al., (pp. 13) https://www4.uwm.edu/cbu/Coventry/Naiefd.pdf. |
| “New Eco-Friendly Hybrid Composite Materials for Civil Construction”, University of Minho, Portugal, by R. Eires1 et al., (pp. 9) http://www.archives.hempembassy.net/hempe/resources/Art.%20Rute%20Eires%20Fran%E7a%20Agosto06.pdf. |
| “The greening of the concrete industry”,Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 31, Issue 8, Columbia University, New York, by C. Meyer, Sep. 8, 2009, (pp. 5) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958946509000031. |
| “New flame retardant halogen-free cables for nuclear power plants”, World Wide Science.org, IAEA / INIS, 1980 by H. Harbort (p. 1) https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig—q=RN:13708694. |
| “Development of new radiation-resistant and flame-retardant cable”, World Wide Science.org, IAEA / INIS, 1982 by Hagiwara et al. (p. 1) https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig—q=RN:15028505. |
| “Ethylene vinyl acetate/layered silicate nanocomposites prepared by a surfactant-free method: Enhanced flame retardant and mechanical properties”, ScienceDirect, vol. 50, Issue 15,Jul. 17, 2009 by Yaru Shi et al. (p. 1) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003238610900490X. |
| “LS Cable becomes the second in the world to develop an environment-friendly distribution cable”, LS Cables and System, Nov. 23, 2010 (pp. 2) http://www.thecabledirectory.com/ls+cable+became+the+second+in+the+world+to+develop+an+environment-friendly+distribution+cable 30159.html. |
| “Cable Material Design Criteria for the Medical Industry”, Bioconnect, by Floyd Henry (pp. 10) http://www.biocables.com/pdf/wp-CableMaterial.pdf. |
| “Polymer Coating of Carbon Nanotube Fibers for Electric Microcables”, Nanomaterials, Nov. 4, 2014 by Noe T. Alvarez et al. (pp. 12) http://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/4/4/879. |
| “Carbon Nanotubes as a New Class of Flame Retardants for Polymers”, Kabelwerk EUPEN AG, 2004 by Dr. Günter Beyer (pp. 5) http://www.eupen.com/weimages/Publications/Carbon—Nanotubes—New—Cless—FR—Polymers.pdf. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20110168425 A1 | Jul 2011 | US |
