The US has large reserves of coal, both bituminous and anthracitic, but has very little petroleum reserves. There are some reserves of natural gas, but these are not large enough to supply the need to generate heat and electricity, or more particularly, not enough to supply vehicular fuel needs. Thus, the US imports vast quantities of petroleum from the Middle East, Canada, and Venezuela. This causes severe problems in fuel supply prices, and during the Spring of 2006, the price of light sweet crude rose to over $70 per barrel, causing some chaos on the stock markets.
In 1975 coal consumption was about 550 million tons/year, roughly the same as around 1920 and 1943. However, since the 1930s there has been a total transformation in the economic sectors which consume coal. Before 1945, coal consumption was divided among electric utilities, railroad, residential, and commercial heating, oven coke, and other industrial processes. The railroad demand was particularly high during the war years of the 1940s. Within one decade, coal consumption by railroads and by residential-commercial users essentially vanished. Currently, electric utilities constitute the main coal-consuming sector, and the trend of total coal use in the United States since 1960 has been determined by the coal demand of electric utilities.
There is an urgent need more efficiently to tap our coal reserves for heat and power. The mining of coal has been well developed, both for deep mining as well as surface mining (
The proposed system provides a more efficient means of sequestering carbon dioxide, as well as preparing coal for transport, and thereby of utilizing it more efficiently for centralized and local generation of heat and power. Where practical, coal may be prepared for use at smaller power or heat generation sites to augment the current proclivity for “large plant” coal utilization. Although some off-the-shelf components may require further adaptation to smaller power plant sizes or heating systems, the proposed system shows the promise of supplying heat and power even to individual buildings and homes in a clean, safe, and efficient manner.
Typically larger rocks are broken into smaller rocks in some type of mill. The rocks enter a chamber through an inlet portal in which objects are crushed, as by a crushing means within the chamber, often by raised areas on the chamber walls. These raised areas act to oppose other crushing means, so that the intermediate rock is crushed into smaller size pieces.
Coal, as a rock, is usually mined in large blocks or lumps, which are crushed down in size for transport, as by rail and ship to the coal burning site.
Coal, when burned, provides ample heat for various industrial or commercial purposes, but the burning of coal also releases substantial quantities of unwanted gases in the vent stacks, called flue gases. One of the waste gases, CO2, has been highlighted as causing “Global Warming” by trapping heat in the atmosphere—often called a “greenhouse gas”.
Carbon dioxide is a “global warming” gas and is produced by several commercial processes, notably as a gaseous component in the flue gas emitted by coal burning furnaces. Present CO2 sequestration processes are cumbersome, and only the use of liquified CO2 as a refreshing material in existing oil wells is commercially justified. Liquifaction of CO2 into a pumpable liquid is expensive, and only when oil fields with “refreshable” wells are near to coal burning plants is the system cost-effective.
It is known that Oligocene minerals, such as serpentine, can sequester CO2 gas, although in nature the gas sequestration process can take decades or longer.
Coal has been mined and transported for burning for heat production for several thousand years. As noted in the above background statement, in the last 50 years the use of coal has shifted toward coal burning at only large plants, usually to develop steam in boilers for conversion to electric power, or occasionally space heating. Direct turbine generation of power using coal and small site burning of coal has effectively stopped. Other fuels such as refined petroleum oil or natural gas from deep wells have effectively replaced coal as a fuel source.
Described is a rock handling system that significantly speeds the process of sequestration of CO2 from waste gases, and as a byproduct, converts small, fractured serpentine particles into usable, building filler materials. A valuable, long term storage site for CO2 waste gas is provided, which also provides a commercially usable building material as a byproduct.
Further described are ways for improved transport, distribution, and utilization of coal as a heat source.
When freshly fractured, serpentine type Oligocene minerals expose many fiber-like layers. These fiber-like layers can adsorb the CO2 and are chemically converted to compounds such as magnesium carbonate and water, as one reaction example.
In order to speed up the sequestration process, a processing technique is employed. It is desirable to avoid physically crushing the serpentine, as this tends to seal the fiber-like layers together and cause a greasy-like exterior which does not readily adsorb CO2.
As mined, serpentine is taken from the ground in large lumps or blocks. For processing, it is desirable to convert the mined lumps or blocks into smaller units, which are about the size of hen's eggs. This can be done by standard ore crushing units, such as oscillatory crushers, since this crushing only has an impact on the bulk exterior of the relatively large serpentine rocks. Crushing will usually be done before rail or other transport of the serpentine rock to the sequestration site, usually near existing coal burning plants.
At the sequestration site the egg-sized lumps are fed through a gas gate into a device sometimes known as a “rotary collider.” The basic “rotary collider” was proposed and built by Deep Rock Drilling Company of Opeleika, Ala. about two and one-half decades ago. One version of a rotary collider is further described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,368,243 issued in 1994 to James J. Gold.
The basic form of a rotary collider is retained, that of a multi-lobe rotator revolving at very high speed within a cylindrical container. A “laboratory size” collider cylinder might be 2 feet in diameter with a casing of ten inches deep and an electric motor of about 40 horsepower, which furnishes the nearly transonic rotor face speed. The lobe faces are rotating at such a high speed (about 5,500 rpm for the laboratory model) that a transonic gas layer is formed at each lobe face. When the large rock sizes enter—here, approximately of hen's egg size—they are flung towards the periphery of the casing, but cannot normally touch the lobe faces because of the high pressure gas boundary layer on these rapidly rotating lobe faces.
Inter-collisions of the interior rock particles cause rapid fracturing of the entering serpentine rock. The reason for the provision of a gas lock on the entry portal of the collider is that it is desirable to fracture the serpentine rock in the presence of pressurized hot flue gas, and the gas lock allows the pressurization of the collider through a large axial fan which takes in flue gas from the nearby coal burning unit. The gas lock can take many forms, but a suitable form is to use a standpipe filled with water just below the input hopper. Since the weight of the water column balances against the pressurized interior flue gas in the collider, an effective seal for gases is formed, so that the hot flue gas will not emerge from the entry portal of the collider, but instead stay within it. Note that this hot flue gas may be pressurized above atmospheric pressure by, for instance, an axial fan, so as to increase the absorption of CO2 by the serpentine rock particles. It is desirable also that the particles reach at least 500 F during fracturing so as to increase the chemical bonding of CO2 within the fractured serpentine rock. The angled auger conveyor meters the entrance rate of the serpentine rocks into the entry portal of the rotary collider, and this entrance rate can be varied by speed adjustment of the drive motor for the auger.
The interior of the collider is filled with serpentine rock particles of various sizes, and the inter-collision of these particles rapidity reduces the particle size. It is favorable to remove smaller particles at the outer diameter of the collider cylinder, usually by a wedge shaped exit portal.
At this stage of rock processing, we want to sort the particles by size before allowing them to exit the collider. One efficient way to do this is by the use of a row of small high pressure gas jets (hot flue gas) forming a picket fence of small diameter jets. By spacing these jets across the entrance to the wedge shaped exit zone of the collider, the “sorting” picket fence is formed. Particles that are desirably small enough (breakfast rice crispie size) can pass between the high pressure jet “fence bars”, but larger particles are deflected back down into the interior of the collider by the force of the gas jets. Since the exit wedge will have to have a relatively sharp front edge, it may be desirable to provide a high pressure “air knife” (here, flue gas) that prevents the rapidly moving particles from hitting the sharp edge of the exit portal (so as to prevent smearing over the surface of the fractured rock so that the gas absorption rate would be reduced).
Particles deflected back into the collider will, of course, continue in their inter-collision mode with other serpentine particles until they are small enough to be passed through the picket fence of gas jets. It is likely that the picket fence spacing and jet diameters will have to be adjusted by using high speed strobe Schlieren or Shadowgraph observation through a quartz window, which will replace a section of the collider casing just above the gas jet picket fence. Even a quartz view plate in the region of the gas jets may be eventually scoured by sliding collisions with the flying serpentine particles, but should be viable for sufficient observations, so as to adjust optimally the physical parameters of the picket fence jet nozzle array.
In the wedge-shaped exit of the collider, the particles are flying out at high speed towards a large circular vortex collector bin. A second rotary collider facing in the opposite direction also has its exit wedge portal facing the same vortex collector bin. Many particles traveling in opposite directions (and slightly downward) from both exits will collide. A fan above the inter-collision zone of the two exit wedges is utilized to create a rapidly rotating cyclone of flue gas. It is expected that the inter-colliding serpentine particles will tangentially interact with the vortex bin walls and lose velocity as they change from their trajectory paths to new circular paths at the periphery of the cyclone vortex. In their shape the cyclone vortex bin looks like the sawdust collector which is used at most sawmills to gather and sort sawdust for disposal.
At the sump zone at bottom of the cyclone vortex the rock particles are gathered into the entrance feed of a rotating spiral auger transport. This spiral auger transport gathers and transports the collection of serpentine particles at an angle, for instance, 35 degrees above horizontal.
After about foot of angled travel the collected rock particles pass over a long, bar shaped ultrasonic transducer. The auger vanes in this region are somewhat flexible and deflect over the ultrasonic transducer bar. This deflection of the flexible auger blades forces the passing rock particles into close contact with the ultrasonic bar. The bar imparts energy into the particle-gas mix, and the cavitation so produced increases the transport of waste gas into the interior of the passing rock particles.
After a few feet of upward travel, the transport auger is vented at the top of the auger through hoses to a watery pool. Any pressurized flue gas remaining within the serpentine particles is transported upwards through the hoses. The escaping gas pressure results in a swirling, bubbling pool of liquid at the liquid-gas interface in the liquid bath. The ultrasonic transducers at the end of the gas ducts encourage the formation of carbonic acid as the CO2 gas interacts with the water bath.
To encourage any residual gases to leave the auger transport, the top of the spiral auger casing is equipped with a plurality of rubber gas vent slits in a line along the spiral auger transport tube roof. When the gas pressure in the transport casing is greater than the column of water outside, the gas will exit into the liquid pool. The flexible lips of the vents will reduce the amount of serpentine “fines” that might escape with the exiting gas.
The depth of the water above the exit of the hoses forms a pressure “seal,” so that only gases of that pressure or more can exit from the hose. The diagram shows two hoses. The leftmost hose contains a poppet valve which only allows gases of somewhat higher pressure to exit, about one-half to one atmosphere. The rightmost hose has no poppet valve and will allow any gases at any pressure to escape.
The water pool would be maintained at a slightly basic pH, as by addition of an inexpensive material such as soda ash, so that the CO2 in the escaping gas bubbles will combine in the watery pool to form a neutralized precipitate with the carbonic acid (formed by the CO2 chemically combining with the water of the pool's liquid). This precipitate and any “escaping” serpentine fines will be regularly extracted from the watery liquid pool. It is intended that this pool water will be used to form the cementitious coating of the fractured serpentine rock now that they have reached “rice crispie” size.
This pool water can also contain surfactant, so that the watery liquid will fully coat the serpentine particles when the mix of pool water and dry cement coat materials is added to the spiral auger near the upper end. When the wetted particles are transported up to the exit of the transport spiral, they will emerge into ordinary atmosphere. The exiting coated particles can be “de-wetted” if necessary, as by high speed centrifuge. The thin, watery cementitious coating has been already applied to the wetted serpentine slurry. A protein is present in the cementitious coating to aid in spincule formation in the encasing cement, and if necessary, a fast-drying accelerant is added. The mix, now almost dry, is further transported to a dryer unit whose encasing jacket is heated by exchange with flue gas coming into the collider portion, so that the coated particles are heated to “dry” the cement coating. Preferably, these coated serpentine particles would be conveyed to a Johnson type rotary dryer (a large cylindrical drum in the shape of an elongated rotary clothes dryer is often used to dry breakfast cereals in large volume), so that the coating will completely dry. As a result the dried, coated particles are now ready for use as a construction material “filler” and can be stored in bulk, awaiting delivery to a manufacturing plant or construction site.
The figure of merit for this CO2 sequestration process is “volume of serpentine needed to capture the majority of CO2 in the flue gas per volume of coal burned in the adjacent coal burning furnace. Present industry tests indicate that with normal “serpentine bed” capture of the CO2 during coal firing, it takes eight tons of serpentine to capture most of the CO2 when firing one ton of coal. Consequently we may examine the process efficiency of capture by examining this ratio after use of the collider and its associated equipment. We can again measure the ratio of volume of serpentine rock/volume coal burned and compare this result with the normal 8/1 ratio.
Under the proposed approach the usual “bag house” collection of rock fines at the exit of a rotary collider is eliminated and no “fines dust” is emitted from this sequestration process. Rather, the CO2 embedded in serpentine is collected and coated with a sealant (a variation of portland cement), so as later to be used as an economical building material or constituent. The coated particles can be an immediate commercial substitute for fly ash or other expanded perlite products. The higher weight per volume of the coated serpentine particles will be especially suitable for fabrication of sound reducing wall panels.
The mining of coal has been well developed, both for deep mining as well as surface mining. There are problems with both types of mining. Deep mining is still hazardous and surface mining leaves large areas of the US in very poor condition after the mining operations cease. There are also problems with poorly controlled burning of coal, so that large quantities of nitrous oxides and sulfur dioxide are often emitted, in addition to the concern that CO2 emitted from coal burning is an important contributor to global warming.
Assuming that coal is brought to a railhead for transport, it is usually crushed by, for instance, an oscillatory crusher, so that the resulting coal lumps are usually less than a 4″ cube in size. While this size lump is readily loaded aboard open top hopper cars, the volumetric packing is only fair, so that often trains of 100 hopper cars are required, often hauling more than 10,000 tons per train.
It is here proposed that after oscillatory crushing to about 4″ cubes, the coal is then powdered by a version of a “rotary collider” mill of the type, which has been described earlier. Correct design and location of the exit ports on the rotary collider can ensure that all incoming coal is powdered down to a small size (usually below 0.005″ in size). Any larger sized pieces will usually be much harder material, such as scrap iron that has found its way into the delivered coal, and these can be separately ejected or collected on a tramp iron magnet surface.
Because the powdered coal can readily burn, and even become explosive when the powdered coal is ejected in an air blast, it is proposed here that the powdered coal be immediately mixed with a solution of water and ammonia, usually about 26% ammonia by volume. The mixing can be by spray admixture at the powdered coal exit ports of the rotary collider. To get efficient mixing of coal dust and liquid, it is favorable to compress the liquid mixture to over 2,000 psi (as by industrial versions of a car wash pump), and pass it through needle nozzles (as from Mee Industries, Pasadena, Calif.). The high pressure water-ammonia mix, when impinging on an upturned needle point, causes the mixture to create true fog, ie, below 1 or 2 micron fog partible size. It is also useful to add a very small amount of non-sodium surfactant, such as Lauryldimethylamine-oxide (LDAO), to the water-ammonia mix to lower markedly the surface tension of the fogged liquid, so that mixing with the developed coal dust is efficient and rapid. The volume added of Lauryldimethylamine-oxide is at the 0.01 mole level, or less. Although Lauryldimethylamine-oxide is a commercial surfactant, it is possible to use almost any saponifier as a surface tension reduction agent, so long as it does not have sodium or potassium in its composition, which can “plug” certain catalytic converters used in waste gas handling after burning of the coal.
The mixing with the aqueous liquid renders the coated coal dust very safe to transport, and the surfactant makes it easy to pump the coal-liquid mixture into standard petroleum transport rail cars or shipboard tanks. Since these have only minor vents to air, there will be little evaporation of the liquid during transport, and the mixture will only freeze at very low temperatures, not likely to be encountered in most parts of the US. Even with the weight of the added ammonia-surfactant liquid the powdered coal is now volumetrically in a very efficient state for transport, so that less transport rail cars will be needed to bring the coal to the point of use or further transport.
Although the rotary collider, which has been designed to handle 4″ input lumps of coal, is quite large and heavy, it may still be transported by flat bed rail car or highway “low boy” trailer to make it available to the desired location for lump to powder conversion. The rotary collider electric motor will usually operate on 3 phase 440 volt electricity for economy, but can be equipped to work on 220 (2 or 3) phase, or even be powered by a truck size diesel engine where electrical power is not readily available.
The coal-liquid mixture is readily pumped, especially when a surfactant has been added. If the change in height between pump point and discharge point is not too great, centrifugal pumps may be used. When the height is greater, it is more favorable to use piston-stroke pumps. This will enable the rotary collider to be located away from the exact railhead point and will allow for more delivery options at the final delivery location. On occasion powdered coal has been stored in “heaps”, as at a shipping receiving station near a power plant, and the wind has a tendency to blow the “super fines” of the heap toward the neighbors, making this method of storage unpopular. When heaping piles are exposed to the weather, rain runoffs can meander towards neighbors' properties, which will further aggravate the storage problem. The delivered coal-liquid mixture can be readily stored in standard petroleum tanks, or alternately, within “cement ring” structures. Using the proposed coal-aqueous liquid mixture enables the tank contents to be almost non-flammable in bulk storage. The fine grain of the coal that forms the particle lattice in the mixture means that the mixture will exert somewhat less force on the tank walls than would liquid crude petroleum on a similar volume basis.
This method of tank storage can be used at the coal mine site, if desired, so that between train car arrivals, the liquid-coal mixture can be made up and stored. Ideally, when a storage tank is used, there would be a multiplicity of pumps used so that, for example, five or more cars could be filled at once from the storage tank, reducing the number of times the shunt engine has to move the train to bring empty cars to the filling point. Although it would require a small bit of development, the standard coal hopper cars can be used to transport the coal-liquid mixture. It would be favorable to have made up hopper lid structures that have convenient “grabber bars” atop the lids so that the lids can be readily removed for hopper car filling, as by gravity filling from a storage tank well above the filling level, after which filling the lids are replaced. The weight of the lid plus slightly wedged sides allows the lids to fit any standard hopper car, so that removal of lids and stacking them near the filling point is entirely practical. The lids only have to fit so tightly that the liquid-coal fill will not “slop out” should the train handling cause somewhat violent starts or stops.
Whether the coal-liquid mixture arrives by train car, ship or overland pipes, we can assume that it will be placed in large storage tanks for holding before use. For nearby power stations or heat generation plants, the coal-liquid mixture can be readily piped, much as can be done with currently used large diameter “coal dust” pipes which connect sea port shore delivery stations to coal-burning plants.
The use of an ammonia-water-surfactant-powdered coal mixture as a fuel allows the coal burning plant operator to use one of two options: (1) Burn the liquid-coal mixture (direct burning) or (2) Remove most of the liquid from the coal before burning (indirect burning) The direct burning (option 1) of the ammonia-water-surfactant-powdered mixture in the coal burning furnace will release significant amounts of ammonia as a furnace byproduct, and in some bag house post treatment systems, this amount of ammonia is enough to complex out the NOx components and “clump them” so that post-burning bag walls can capture the complexed reaction particles for later removal. Of course, the furnace operator can elect to add more water-ammonia mix to the effluent flue gases before the bag house, but usually, it would be more favorable to extract the water-ammonia-surfactant liquid from the incoming liquid-coal mixture, so that little or no additional water-ammonia liquid needs to be added.
In Option 2, the ammonia-water-surfactant portion is largely removed by centrifugal spinning, or by stroke pumping the mixture over a fine sieve plate. When the coal dust is largely separated from the liquid mixture, it can be burned by introducing it directly into standard boilers. The ammonia-water-surfactant extraction is then added AFTER burning, as at the entrance to a bag house to a post-burning anti-NOx catalytic reactor using a rare-earth zeolite catalyst. If the zeolite manufacturer is notified about the use of Lauryldimethylamine-oxide, experiments can be conducted to assure that the chosen surfactant will not “plug” the catalyst, even after long use. One prominent NOx removal zeolite manufacturer is Siemens (Munich, Germany).
The ammonia-water-surfactant liquid coating of the powdered coal offers other delivery options to small scale customers when compared to large coal burning plants. The liquid plus coal mixture can be pumped by delivery trucks directly to holding tanks in a house or small business for direct feed to a flame boiler for water or house air heating.
Additionally, smaller amounts of the liquid-coal mixture can be packaged in a burnable jacket, such as heavy cellophane for “package storage” as input stock for a furnace. People who have installed wood pellet burning stoves or furnaces and experience difficulty in getting the wood fuel pellets could easily use the coal-liquid package as a fuel source. It would even be possible to offer a product line of fireplace “logs” using a similar package, but one with minerals added that lend color to the flame while burning. The vaporized ammonia released during such “log” burning could also help clean the chimney.
Viewing
The rightmost rotary collider 7-1 has its ejecta exit (fine particle exit 92-1) facing rightward, and the leftmost rotary collider 70-2 has its ejecta exit (fine particle exit 92-1) facing left, both ejecting particles into the vortex particle decelerator 100 to be further described when viewing
The remainder of the equipment in the rightmost portion of the schematic of
In
The rock lumps are escalated up the angled auger convey 60 to a duplexer separator 62, which divides the rock lump flow into two parts, one half to comprise the rock lump feed down input chute to the rotary collider 80-1, the other half to be passed by the horizontal cross auger conveyor to the rightmost rotary collider (7-2, not shown in
A cutaway side view of the casing 8-1 for the leftmost rotary collider 7-1 is shown, along with a side view of the interior impeller vane 9-1.
In
Once inside the rotary collider 7-1, the rock lump 5 will hit other rocks that have previously entered, and will be impelled to rotate by one of the faces of the impeller 9-1 (three impeller blades 9-1 are shown). The impeller blades 9-1 are rotating a such a speed that a transonic pressure wave is built up before the blade 9-1, preventing the rock lump 5, or a fragment thereof, from actually touching the blade 9-1 face. Thus, the major rock fracturing method within the rotary collider is by inter-collision with other rock particles, thus reducing wear on the rotary collider 7-1 itself.
It is desirable to remove the fractured particles 96-1 from the interior of the rotary collider 7-1 when they have become small enough, as an example, when they reach “rice crispie” size. To do this a gas jet sorter 70-1 with a gas jet nozzle 72-1 are installed. Pressurized flue gas emits from the nozzle 72-1, and the gas jets are arranged across the width of the rotary collider 7-1 (here, about 10 inches in the laboratory model). This array of gas nozzle jets 72-1 forms a “picket fence” across the depth of the rotary collider 7-1 just before the particles will pass by exit slot 92-1. If the particles 96-1 are small enough to pass through the “picket fence” row of gas nozzle jets 72, centrifugal force will encourage them to exit through the exit slot 92-1.
If the rock lump 5 fragments do not pass through the “picket fence” of gas nozzle jets 72-1, they will be deflected downwards back into the main cavity of the rotary collider 7-1, wherein they will be further subjected to inter-collision until they are of sufficiently small size to pass out of the rotary collider at exit slot 92-1. As mentioned previously, it may be advantageous to use Schlieren or Shadowgraph imaging to adjust preferentially the row of gas nozzle jets 72-1, as through a quartz plate (not shown) mounted in the casing 8-1 of rotary collider 7-1 near the gas nozzle jets 72-1.
The ejecta particles of fractured Oligocene rock 96-1 emitting from rotary collider 7-1 at exit slot 92-1 will have a very high rightward speed, and the exit slot 92-1 is positioned so that the ejecta particles 96-1 will have a mild downward angle, perhaps 20 degrees to the horizontal.
In
After the falling particles 120 have settled in the particle sump 130, they will be carried upward at an angle by the auger conveyor 220, powered by the auger motor 220. The spiral auger blades 230 (see
In
Any flue gas that passes through the slit lips 252,254 will pass upward through gas relief tubes 270, 272. In gas relief tube 270, a poppet valve 255 is installed. This poppet valve is set to open when the gas pressure within rises above, say, ½ atmosphere and will close again when the gas pressure drops below that amount. The other gas relief tube 272 has no valve and will allow any gas passing through the slit lips 254 to travel in the tube 272. Both relief tubes pass into the gas trap water bath 280. Flue gas traveling in gas relief tube 270 will be at higher pressure than in gas relief tube 272, so gas relief tube opens to the water bath 280 at a much greater depth, so that the column of water above the exit has sufficient weight. Correspondingly, the exit of gas relief tube 272, having a lower interior gas pressure, can exit at a much higher level in the water bath 280. Note that both gas relief tubes 270,272 have ultrasonic tips 290, 292 which tend to cavitate the gas-water mixture in the tip region, so as to encourage the formation of carbonic acid (CO2 plus water). An alkalai soda (as soda ash) has been added to the water bath so that the carbonic acid formed will tend to form a neutralized precipitate 274 at the bottom of the water bath 280. As mentioned previously, a surfactant (such as Sodium Laurel Sulfate) has been added to the water to increase its future ability to coat particles.
A mixture of water from water bath 280 and precipitate 274 can emerge from the bottom of the water bath tank 280 into mixer 320. A hopper 330 containing a dry mix of coating agent, such as cement, and a mild protein (as milk protein) conveys the mix to the mixer 320. The mixer blends the liquid and dry mix and conveys the blend to the auger conveyor where it is poured onto the passing rock particles. The action of the rotating spiral conveyor blades 230 churns the liquid and dry mixture with the particles, so as to thoroughly coat them 340 before they reach the end of the spiral auger blades 230 in the auger conveyor tube 220.
A blow-down pressurized gas input 350 is provided to mixer 220, so as to clean out the mix line from the mixer downward when the equipment is shut down. This will serve to clear the mix line from mixer 320 into the auger blade 220 during periods of non-operation.
Viewing
Most surfactants have this “head and tail” structure, as with the “head” being hydrophilic and the “tail” being hydrophobic in LDAO. This surfactant can also be written as CH3(CH2)11N(O)(CH3)2. Note that there are neither sodium or potassium in this surfactant. Since the surfactant will travel with the coal dust to the site for burning, it is important to use a non-sodium and non-potassium material in preparing the coal for transport. Many coal burning sites use SCR-type catalysts to complex out NOx in the exhaust flue gas after burning. These selective catalysts often use zeolite “sponges” which include rare earth particles to clump the NOx in the presence of ammonia. Even a little sodium or potassium in the flue gasses will eventually “plug” the catalytic zeolite, and would force its entire replacement (very expensive) and necessitating a long repair cycle.
As example, the pipe line 808 may bring it to a large power plant 820 (upper right in
At middle right, the pipe line 808 may alternately bring the wetted coal slurry 766 is withdrawn from bulk storage for coal slurry 800 and introduced directly into the medium size (or small) power plant 835. This plant will also use a bed burning boiler or a special turbine to convert the coal into heat. Here, however, the ammonia NH3 has remained wetting the coal, so that the NH3 will be released during burning. The NH3 will clump with the NOx gases during the burning, and may be extracted using the walls of a “bag house” filter 834. The burlap type walls of the bag house 834 will filter the exiting flue gases, and the cleaned flue gas will then be allowed to escape into the atmosphere using flue gas stack 830. Note that a bag house 834 is practical for a medium or small size power plant because the small flow of exiting gases allows a reasonable size for the bag house 834. These filters are called “bag houses” since they are at least the size of a garage, and for larger plants, the size of a small house. For a large power plant, the use of a bag house as a clumped NOx filter is a bit impractical, as it would take multiple “bag houses” to filter the much larger exiting gas flows.
At middle left, a pipe line 808 has brought the wetted coal slurry 766 from bulk storage 800 to fill local delivery trucks 840. These trucks 840 closely resemble the trucks that deliver bulk propane to customers. Here these trucks 840 would carry the wetted coal slurry 766 to smaller users who wish to store their coal supply on site, much as was done when “coal bins” were often found in households and apartment buildings. Since the wetted coal slurry 766 may be readily pumped to the onsite storage location from the delivery truck 840, this delivery system is convenient and low cost. Note that the wetted coal slurry 766 may be stored conveniently in tanks, similar to those used for heating oil, the use of coal is a lower price alternative to the use of heating oil. Note also that its “pre-wetted” condition will make the use of the coal dust slurry very safe, so that fires or explosions will be eliminated.
For much smaller users, who would like to use low burning rate boilers or furnaces 854, it is possible to use the wetted coal slurry to fill small “packages” so as to form cartridges 850. The casing can be burnable, such as heavy cellophane. These packages would be sufficiently tough to be stacked for use and then placed end to end for a “stoker” type furnace or boiler, so that the feed rate of the filled cartridges 850 can be varied to meet heating needs of the small users heating equipment 854.
At lower right of
As with the T130 turbine of
After combustion in combustion section 912, the hot gasses of combustion expand and rotate the power turbine blades of section 920, which through the single shaft, power the front compressor blade section 914 and furnish output power to the load shaft 930. Note that just “down flow” of the power turbine blade section is the most heavily modified part of special turbine 900, the exhaust and fluidized limestone bed section 924. Herein a limestone and flue gas cleansing mix 904 is introduced to section 924. Inside (not shown here, but will be shown in detail in
Although flat “bubbling limestone” beds are a familiar part of waste gas cleansing at the gas exit of a large power station boiler (as 820 of
As with a flat limestone gas cleaning bed (not shown), the limestone mix 904 should be “fluffed” as by hot air jets, and to this end, the exterior exhaust cage housing 960 is made air porous. At the bottom pressurized hot air 944 is fed to manifold 947 and thence to individual air jets 949 so as to continuously fluff the limestone mix bed 990. The hot air pressure 944 may be varied to improve the fluffing of the limestone mix bed 990.
In a slowly rotating bed, the rotating will shake up the limestone mix 904 when it rotates around, but adding air jets 949 at the bottom for fully fluffing the limestone is critical. But even at the top of the rotating bed, it is advantageous to use air fluffing, as by pressurized air 944 fed to air manifold 946 and thence to individual air jets 948, but here, the air jets are angled to the surface of the rotating porous casing 960, so that “side fluffing” of the limestone bed 970 occurs. The inner surface of the limestone bed cage 980 is formed in a long spiral, so that rotating of the cage 980 tends to urge the limestone mix 904 from the entrance point towards the outlet point for spent limestone mix 956. The speed with which the limestone mix 904 is urged to the exit outlet 956 is governed by the rotation speed of the limestone bed cage 980. This speed is regulated by the continuously variable transmission CVT 950. The specific gear ratio employed by CVT 950 is determined by the absorptivity of the rotating limestone bed 980. The gear ratio of CVT 950 should adjust the speed of urging the limestone mix 904 across the rotating cage 980 so that the sulfur compounds are “just removed” during passage, so as not to waste any of the limestone mix 904. This can be done by intermittent chemical assay, or by “on line” chemical assay of the emerging spent limestone mix 956, in which case the assay station would furnish “speed instructions” to the CVT 950. Cold start conditions would put the rotation of the limestone bed 980 at “stop” or a very low speed until the limestone bed region 970 had reached “full heat” to operational standards, at which time the CVT 950 would operate on instructions furnished by the limestone bed assay station (not shown).
Applicant claims priority of the following provisional applications, for each of which he is the inventor: a. Versatile System for Coal Purification, Coating, Transport, Storage, Recycling, and Distributed Use by Households and Small and Medium Sized Power Plants b. System for Efficient Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide c. Fractured Oligocene Particles for Carbon Dioxide Waste Gas Sequestration System