Patent Application
20060204407
The invention is a facility for removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the flue gases of coal fired furnaces by absorption in a water spray or dilute aqueous alkaline spray. The use of basic alkaline solutions for the absorption of carbon dioxide has been well established from the earliest chemical studies and has been in use for many years, as in the instance of the Orsat laboratory test apparatus. However, the sequestering of larger quantities of carbon dioxide on a commercial scale from a coal burning furnace by such methods would be financially impractical. This impracticability can be readily appreciated by considering the magnitude of gaseous products produced in the combustion of coal.
If one assumes a completely saturated bituminous chain (hydrogen saturation) comprising methylene intermediate structure and complete combustion to carbon dioxide and water it can be shown that the proportion by weight of carbon reaction product (CO2), relative to reactant carbon (CH2) is about 3 to 1. In other words, the combustion of one ton of coal will produce 3 tons of carbon dioxide. To react 3 tons of carbon dioxide with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) would be financially impractical in considering the general formula, CmHn+(m+n/4)O2→mCO2+n/2H2O, where m is the number of carbon atoms present in the coal, and n is the number of hydrogen atoms. The reactant product would be sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and as indicated this material imbalance would be further exacerbated by the fact that it would require two sodium atoms to neutralize each carbon atom, and thus prohibitive in cost. The amount of alkaline material available in today's market product flow would not be sufficient in quantity to carry out the neutralization of carbon dioxide in coal fired furnace emissions. The problem is only partly alleviated by the use of calcium hydroxide (CaOH) which reacts on a one for one basis with carbon dioxide to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The primary novelty of this invention is the proposed use of spent electrolyte from electrolytic fuel cells that will be available in sufficient quantities to carry out these reactions. The spent electrolyte is obtained as a by-product of the fuel cell operation discussed in the above Cross References.
It is estimated that the Electrolytic Transportation fuel systems described in the above Cross References will produce about 5 gallons of NaOH solution from the combined initiator reactions (hydrolysis of Na) and calcium moderator reactions (hydrolysis of Ca) from one pound of the alloyed metals (NaCa). This material will be collected at vehicle service stations in tank car quantities to be shipped to coal burning electrical generating facilities for emission control. Noteworthy of this process for the removal of carbon dioxide from coal flue gas is the fact that the sequestered material produced is a saleable value-added commodity which will support the cost of the scrubbing treatment and material recovery operation.
Because of the huge volume of flue gas to be treated as compared with the smaller liquid volume of alkaline spent electrolyte available from the electrolytic fuels program, a unique method of efficiently bringing the two reactants into intimate contact is by use of a liquid to gas ejector system. This effectively improves the material surface contact and mixing characteristics between the two systems which react chemically as a function of the area of the reacting interface and turbulent agitation during the absorption.
Ejectors are used extensively in power generating facilities and have found wide application in the chemical industry. Ejectors may be operated with liquids, gases, or vapors. In the present invention air and water, and in other instances air and spent electrolyte are used as ejector nozzle driving fluids in the formation of absorbent spray in the sequestering process. The momentum exchange energies of these fluid masses passing through the nozzle are used to effect carbon dioxide entrainment by impact with intervening flue gases at the inlet of an axially opposed diffuser section. The resultant force of this impact carries the reacting fluids through the diffuser where they exit as a diffused mixture in a misting zone. At the diffuser exit the gaseous components expand and the liquid components form micron size droplets that have a high surface to volume ratio which increase the absorption rate of carbon dioxide. The small droplets diffuse rapidly in the turbulent system and sequester carbon dioxide in the upward draft of flue gases in the scrubber barrel. At the upper end of the scrubber barrel the diffused droplets are cooled and coalesce into condensed liquid form and pass downward on both sides of the scrubber barrel carrying the sequestered carbon dioxide into the sludge basin where it is pumped to the reclamation facility for further processing into saleable value added substances.
Compared with other gases carbon dioxide is quite soluble in water. The aqueous solutions created in these reactions are acid with a pH of about 4, which are generally considered as being carbonic acid H2CO3 formed by the reaction of the CO2 with the water H2O, although this reaction is only theoretical. However it is generally assumed a small amount of carbon dioxide does react to produce the said carbonic acid H2CO3 and it can be assumed to dissociate to form protons and bicarbonate ion (H2CO3H++HCO3−) which permit the charged reactants to be held in place by electrical charges that are placed on the ejectors and on charge plates immediately adjacent to the induced draft fan.
During an interim period, when electrolytic material is not available, the scrubber can be operated on water alone to produce the said carbonic reaction in the removal of carbon dioxide from flue gases.
The invention is a flue gas scrubber operating at the outlet duct to the stack of a coal gas furnace.
In one configuration the system employs an alkaline solution comprised of fuel cell electrolyte ejector spray for reaction with carbon dioxide to form sodium carbonate (N2CO3).
In another configuration the invention is used to sequester carbon dioxide from flue gas by absorption in a water spray as carbonic acid.
It is yet another object of the invention to sequester carbon dioxide from a flue gas by absorption into an electrically charged water spray, said electrical charge increasing the strength of ionic affiliation and thus maintain a stronger equilibrium and longer duration in the resonant formation of carbonic acid.
And still another object of the invention is to provide the processing equipment for reclamation and handling of water sequestered carbon dioxide gases and sodium and carbonate precipitate sludge solids as value-added material for resale.
Drawings of the invention are presented as part of the specification.
The invention shown in
The scrubber system of
The said connecting duct 4 is eccentrically attached to receiver 6 such that the ducted flue gas enters receiver 6 tangentially and thus generates a swirling motion within receiver 6 in the same manner as that induced in the manifolds of cyclone separators. The said swirling flue gases pass out of the open top of said receiver 6 into scrubber barrel 7 and pass into said misting zone 8 in which water or aqueous alkaline solutions are diffused as a mist by a plurality of ejectors 9 that are shown arranged in a single horizontal plane within scrubber barrel 7 above receiver 6.
The induced horizontal spiralling motion of the flue gas particles in receiver 6 increases the horizontal component of the vectored upward flow out of scrubber barrel 7 through scrubber barrel opening 10 into facility smoke stack 11. The said increased horizontal component of directed flow increases the mean free path of flue gas particulate matter and gaseous flow pattern. Since the residence time of particulate matter induced into the barrel remains unchanged by increases in particulate horizontal path it can only be assumed that particulate velocity is increased along the said spiral path into the misting zone 8. The increased particle horizontal velocity exponentially increases the force of impact of the carbon dioxide with the alkaline spray in passing through the said misting zone 8. The increased force of impact increases the energy of absorption and sequestering of the carbon dioxide.
Immediately above ejector 9 misting zone 8 is the sonic coalescing zone 12. Entrained water vapor passing above ejectors 9 from misting zone 8 enter the sonic coalescing zone 12 where it is subjected to high frequency sonic agitation by sonic transducers 13 attached to scrubber barrel 7 near barrel opening 10. Sonic agitation increases the random contact between vapor particles causing them to condense and fall toward the bottom of scrubber barrel 7.
Located immediately above the ejector system, within the coalescing zone, is the condenser plate assembly hereinafter referred to as condenser 14. Condenser 14 is comprised of a plurality of internally cooled surfaces 15 that are radially attached to a central water distributing column 16. Water enters column 16 through conduit 17 and circulates through plate surfaces 15 and exits condenser 14 at the top of distributing water column 16 through conduit 18. The top edge of cooling surfaces 15 are at right angles with the sides, but the lower edge of cooling surfaces 15 are trapezoidal being slanted downward towards the sides of scrubber barrel 7. Troughs 19 are fixedly attached at each bottom edge of cooling surfaces 15 and direct condensed water vapor holding sequestered material toward the sides of scrubber barrel 7 where it drains downward and passes out of scrubber barrel 7 through drain passage 20 into sludge basin 21. Submersible motor 22 turns rotating table 23 by drive shaft 24. Stationary scraper blade 25 fixedly attached to scrubber barrel 7 removes precipitated material from the rotating table 23 directing it through drain passage 20 leading into sludge basin 21. Submersible sludge basin pump 26 empties sludge basin 21 through conduit 27 that leads to the sludge reclamation facility and carbon dioxide compressor plant.
Turning now to
Compressed air entering ejector 9 at inlet port 28 pressurizes nozzle 29 chamber 30 and aspirates water or dilute aqueous alkaline solutions from injector tube 31 at throat 32 of said nozzle 29. Said water or dilute aqueous alkaline solutions entering ejector 9 injection tube 31 through inlet port 33. Flue gas enters ejector 9 through port 34 and fills the inlet volume 35 of the ejector 9 diffuser 36. High velocity flow of compressed air and aspirated aqueous solution exit nozzle 29 and impact the flue gas in the inlet volume 35. The impact of high velocity flow from nozzle 29 with flue gases in volume 35 carry the flue gas and aqueous solution through ejector 9 diffuser 36 where they are discharged from ejector 9 as an atomized spray in misting zone 8 and sequester carbon dioxide passing upward in scrubber barrel 7 from receiver 6.
Swirling flue gases rising upward from receiver 6 pass through misting zone 8 where carbon dioxide is sequestered in the aqueous droplets of the diffused spray from ejectors 9 and are condensed in the coalescing zone 12 and drain downward into the sludge basin 21.
In the current invention, references to aqueous alkaline solutions relates to spent electrolyte substances that are produced by hydrolysis of alkali metals and alkali earth metals as specified in U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,007, A Hydrogen Generator For Fuel Cell Operation, and copending applications; A Consumable Electrode Ser. No. 10/392,608 filed Mar. 21, 2003 and Fuel Cell Electrode, Ser. No. 10/607,245 filed Jun. 27, 2003 and Alkaline Electrode Tape, Ser. No. 10/877,201 filed Jun. 17, 2004.
