Patent Grant
11365472
This application is a § 371 National Stage Application of PCT International Application No. PCT/EP2017/058438 filed Apr. 7, 2017 claiming priority to E{ 16164553.6 filed Apr. 8, 2016.
The present invention relates to a coated cutting tool for chip forming metal machining comprising a body and a coating for use in metal cutting applications generating high tool temperatures, e.g. super alloys, and/or abrasive materials, e.g., machining of hardened steels. The coating comprising of at least two sub-coatings based on (Ti,Al)N and (Ti,Al,Si)N deposited by means of physical vapour deposition (PVD).
Since the mid 1980's, efforts have been made to improve the properties e.g. wear resistance and hence the performance of PVD tool coatings. At that time, the common practice was to coat cutting tools with TiN and later with Ti(C,N) and combinations thereof. However, due to its relatively poor oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures, alloying TiN with Al resulting in (Ti,Al)N was suggested and implemented with good results in the mid-1990's and sometimes in multilayer with Ti(C,N) to combine the properties.
Today (Ti,Al)N based coatings are among the most common hard and protective PVD coating materials used in metal cutting applications. The cubic, B1, structure of (Ti,Al)N, as a monolith layer or part of a laminated coating structure, combine attractive mechanical properties such as high hardness and improved high temperature stability and oxidation resistance providing good performance in metal machining applications. The technological benefits of (Ti,Al)N and its excellent physical properties, especially at elevated temperatures, is partly explained in terms of a spinodal decomposition process during which cubic (Ti,Al)N decompose isostructurally into coherent cubic c-AlN- and c-TiN-enriched domains. The combination of elastic properties and a lattice mismatch between coherent c-AlN- and c-TiN-enriched domains leads to significant age hardening during which the hardness of (Ti,Al)N thin layers have shown to increase with between 15% and 20%. At further aging, c-AlN transforms into the thermodynamically stable hexagonal, wurtzite B4 structure, h-AlN resulting in a dual phase structure comprising c-TiN and h-AlN with reduced mechanical properties.
During the 2000's alloying with Si into the TiN generating a (Ti,Si)N materials started to be used to improve the hardness and thermal properties which is especially useful for machining of hardened materials. Often have the (Ti,Si)N layers been one of the layers in a laminated structure combined with (Ti,Al)N based layers.
Today industry continuously seeks solutions for economic and high productivity manufacturing. To meet these demands there is a need for new materials with advanced properties to improve tool life during operation. Within the metal cutting tool industry, a major part of this effort is focused to improve the wear behavior of the cutting tools by designing the properties of the coating material used in the application. Typically, a high productivity cutting process results in a dramatic increase of the tool temperature and hence a coating material with a high temperature wear resistance is essential.
High efficient machining of full hardened materials (48 up to 65 HRC) become more and more important for the Die&Mold industry producing dies and molds for e.g pressing, injection, extrusion etc. since it reduces the overall production cost as well as the lead time due to eliminating the hardening treatment and the grinding/polishing operations.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a coated cutting tool especially suited for machining of hardened steels with a coating showing improved high temperature properties as well as high abrasive wear resistance, that results in improved performance in metal cutting applications generating high temperatures and/or demands high abrasive wear resistance. The invention also demonstrate high capability to remain the macro cutting geometry stable in order to generate a constant surface profile during long time of use, which is especially important for machining of e.g. molds and dies from hardened steels.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a hard and wear resistant PVD coating on a body, wherein the body comprises cemented carbide, cermet, ceramics, polycrystalline diamond, polycrystalline cubic boron nitride based materials, or high speed steels, and the coating comprises a first layer of (Ti1-xAlx)N with 0.3≤x≤0.7 and a second layer of (Ti1-p-qAlp Siq)N with 0.15≤p≤0.45 and 0.05≤q≤0.20, wherein the second layer is deposited outside the first layer as seen in a direction from the body.
A body as described in the present description and claims should be understood as a substrate onto which the hard and wear resistant PVD coating is deposited. Common for cutting tools is that this body, e.g., a solid carbide milling tool, drill or a cutting insert, may be a solid body or a body comprising a backing body onto which an additional material is placed.
According to one embodiment of the invention 0.40≤x≤0.70, preferably 0.50≤x≤0.70, most preferably 0.60≤x≤0.67.
According to one embodiment 0.20≤p≤0.40, preferably 0.25≤p≤0.37.
According to one embodiment 0.08≤q≤0.18, most preferably 0.10≤q≤0.18.
According to one embodiment of the invention the second layer is a single layer.
According to one embodiment the first layer has a thickness from 0.2 μm to 5.0 μm, preferably from 0.2 μm to 3.0 μm, most preferably from 0.2 μm to 2.5 μm.
According to one embodiment the second layer has a thickness from 0.5 μm to 6.0 μm, preferably from 0.5 μm to 4.0 μm, most preferably from 1.0 μm to 3.0 μm.
According to one embodiment the first layer is arranged in contact with the body.
According to one embodiment the second layer is arranged on and in contact with the first layer.
According to one embodiment the first layer comprises a first sub-layer and a second sub-layer, the first sub-layer being arranged closer to the body than the second sub-layer and is having an average column width that is at least twice the grain size of the second sub-layer, preferably four times the grain size of the second sub-layer.
According to one embodiment the first sub-layer of the first layer has a thickness that is from 0.2 to 1 μm, and the second sub-layer has a thickness from 0.2 to 2.0 μm.
According to one embodiment the first sub-layer of the first layer has an average column width from 50 to 200 nm.
According to one embodiment the second sub-layer of the first layer has an average grain-size that is from 5 to 30 nm.
According to one embodiment the coating comprises an outer layer being a single or laminated layer deposited onto and in contact with the second layer, and comprising any of the following compositions: TiN, (Ti,Al)N, (Ti,Al,Si)N. The outer layer could also be a carbonitride or any other nitride from the previous mentioned nitrides. Preferably the outer layer is a single layer of (Ti,Al,Si)N.
According to one embodiment, the coating comprises an outermost layer consisting of (Ti1-p-qAlpSiq)N, where 0.15≤p≤0.45 and 0.05≤q≤0.20.
According to one embodiment, the coating comprises an outermost layer consisting of (Ti1-p-qAlpSiq)N, where 0.15≤p≤0.45 and 0.05≤q≤0.20, and the outermost layer has a lower Al- and/or Si-content than the second layer.
According to one embodiment the outermost layer is deposited onto and in contact with the second layer, and has a thickness from 0.05 μm to 0.8 μm, preferably from 0.1 μm to 0.5 μm.
According to one embodiment the total coating thickness, tOD, measured on the outer diameter of the tool, including any optional innermost or outermost layer, is from 0.7 μm to 10 μm, preferably from 1.0 μm to 8 μm, and most preferably from 1.0 μm to 5 μm.
According to one embodiment the body consists of cemented carbide comprising 4-15 wt % Co and a balance of WC, preferably 4-15 wt % Co, 0-2 wt % Cr and a balance of WC.
According to one embodiment the body consists of cemented carbide comprising 8.5-9.5 wt % Co, 0-2 wt % Cr and a balance of WC, and a coercivity (Hc) higher than 35 kA/m.
According to one embodiment of the invention the solid milling tool comprises a cutting edge and a flank face, a corner radius or a full radius, the ratio of the coating thickness, tw, measured on the flank face at a position at least 50 μm and at the most 100 μm from the cutting edge in a perpendicular direction from the cutting edge, and the coating thickness, tOD, measured on the flank face at a distance of 50% of cutting diameter, Dc, and from a transition between the corner radius, or the full radius, and the outer diameter, is 0.7-1.2.
According to one embodiment the coated cutting tool is a full radius solid carbide milling tool, also called ball nose solid carbide milling tool, comprises a cutting edge, a rake face and a flank face, and the total coating thickness, tw, as measured at a position at least 50 μm and at the most 100 μm from the cutting edge in a perpendicular direction on the flank face at a position 25% of the cutting diameter, Dc, out from the centre, is from 1.5 to 5 μm.
According to one embodiment the coated cutting tool is a high feed solid milling tool or a torical solid milling tool with a dish angle of more than 4°, preferably to be used for machining of hardened steel at low depth of cut and low width of cut, comprises a cutting edge, a rake face and a flank face, and the total coating thickness, tw, as measured at a position at least 50 μm and at the most 100 μm from the cutting edge in a perpendicular direction on the flank face at a position 40% of the cutting diameter, Dc, out from the centre, is from 1.5 to 5 μm.
According to one embodiment the cutting tool is a solid carbide milling tool, preferably a full radius solid milling tool, also called a ball nose solid milling tool, a high feed solid milling tool or a torical solid milling tool with a dish angle of more than 4°.
One advantage with the coated cutting tool according to the present invention is that the hard and wear resistant coating has improved abrasive wear resistance and high temperature stability. Another advantage with the coated cutting tool according the present invention is that a coated cutting tool having improved performance in metal cutting applications in hard materials like hardened steel. A further advantage with the coated cutting tool according to the present invention is that it can be used for a long time generating high surface quality and keeping required high tolerances on the produced workpiece.
According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for producing a coated cutting tool comprising a body and a hard and wear resistant coating by applying PVD (physical vapour deposition) techniques, preferably cathodic arc evaporation, the method comprising:
According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided for use of a coated cutting tool according to any of the above described embodiments where the coated cutting tool is a solid carbide milling tool used for machining at cutting speeds of 50-300 m/min, preferably 80-280 m/min, with an average feed per tooth in the case of milling of 0.009-0.019×Dc mm, preferably 0.010-0.015×Dc mm, depending on workpiece material, hardness, cutting speed and solid end mill type. Dc is the diameter of the solid carbide milling tool.
a-c shows a full radius solid milling tool, also called a ball nose solid milling tool and the positions for measuring the coating thickness.
Single layer; the term is used for a layer deposited by allowing the body pass through the deposition fluxes solely from one combination of cathode compositions and growth parameters. Often this sort of single layers contains a layered structure if analysed at high enough magnification due to the by time alternating deposition conditions because of the rotation.
Laminated layer/coating; Generally, the laminated coatings structure, like variants A to C in example 1, are obtained by allowing the coating body to alternately pass through the deposition flux from at least two different cathode compositions used for growth of the different layers, at otherwise fixed deposition conditions. Since tools coated using a 3-fold rotation are not always passing in similar positions through the deposition flux in front of the evaporation sources of the different materials; no exact measures on wave length (the thickness of two subsequent layers of the different materials) or the individual layer thicknesses can be defined.
Composition; For the (Ti,Al)N layers and (Ti,Al,Si)N layers it should be understood that the nitrogen content is preferably close to stoichiometric but could be allowed to vary in the interval of 90-110 at %. Additionally, the layers may contain some oxygen (O) and/or carbon (C) in concentration from 0 to 3 at %, preferably from 0 to 2 at % as determined by EDS, in spite of that the chemical nomination just a N has been used throughout the description. If magnetron sputtering is used as deposition technique from 0 to 3 at % argon (Ar) may be present in the coating.
Grain size; The grain size and column width referred to in the description is based on analyse of the TEM micrographs for the coating 7 at a known magnification. Column width is used for the grain size when the grains are elongated in the growth direction of the layer and the layer thereby obtains a columnar grain-structure. The column width is the size of the grain perpendicular to its length direction.
For measuring the column width of the grains of the first sub-layer 4, the average column width intersecting a first line parallel to the surface of the body 1 of 10 grains was measured. The first line is drawn in the middle of the first sub-layer 4 parallel to the surface of the body 1 and the length of the first line intercepting 10 grains is measured. By calculating the true length of the first line intercepting 10 grains and dividing the true length of the first line with ten the average column width for one grain is obtained.
For measuring the grain size of the second sub-layer 5, the average size of 10 grains that are in reflection orientation (black) is measured. A second line is drawn in the middle of the second sub-layer 5 parallel to the surface of the body 1 and the combined length of the parts of the second line intercepting 10 grains that are in reflection orientation (black) is measured and calculated. By calculating the true length of the parts of the second line intercepting 10 grains and dividing the true length of the second line with ten the average grain size for one grain in the second sub-layer is obtained.
For measuring the column width of the second layer 3, the average width of 10 columns intersecting a line parallel to the surface of the body 1 was measured. A third line is drawn in the middle of the second layer 3 parallel to the surface of the body 1 and the length of the third line intercepting 10 grains is measured. By calculating the true length of the third line intercepting 10 grains and dividing the true length of the third line with ten the average column width for one grain in the second layer 3 is obtained.
According to one embodiment of the invention, schematically shown in
According to one embodiment of the present invention, schematically shown in
a-c shows a full radius solid carbide milling tool, also called ball nose solid carbide milling tool, comprises a cutting edge 8, a rake face 9, a flank face 10, an outer diameter 15, a full radius 13, and a transition 14 between the full radius 13, and the outer diameter. The coating or layer thickness, tw, as measured at a position at least 50 μm and at the most 100 μm from the cutting edge 8 in a perpendicular direction on the flank face, and at a position 25% of the tool diameter out from the centre 11, is from 1.5 to 5 μm.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the body is a substrate for a coated cutting tool such as an end mill for machining by chip removal. The body comprises a body 1 of a hard alloy of cemented carbide, cermet, ceramics, polycrystalline diamond, cubic boron nitride (cBN) based material or high speed steel. The coating of this invention may also be used, for example, drills, threading taps, reamers, cutting inserts and other cuttings tools.
The (Ti,Al,Si)N coating may further comprise one or more further metal elements Me in small amounts not substantially altering the properties of the claimed (Ti,Al,Si)N coating, e.g., resulting from impurities in the targets used in the PVD deposition process, e.g., less than 1 at %, or less than 0.5 at %, or less than 0.3 at %, or less than 0.1 at %, of the sum of Ti+Al+Si+Me in the coating. Me is one or more of Zr, Hf, Cr, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, Fe, and W.
The second layer 3 may be a single layer comprising (Ti,Al,Me,Si)N where Me is one or several elements from group 4B, 5B and 6B of the periodic table, and Me is less than 5 at %.
According to one embodiment the second layer 3 is a laminated layer based on (Ti1-p-qAlpSiq)N, where 0.15≤p≤0.40, and 0.05≤q≤0.20 and a second material TiN, (Ti,Al)N, (Ti,Al,Cr)N, (Cr,Al)N or other carbides and/or nitrides from group 4B, 5B and 6B of the periodic table.
A solid cemented carbide ball nose cutter of diameter 6 mm and an edge rounding of more than 3 μm, with a compositions of 9 wt % Co and 0.4 wt % Cr and a balance of WC, cohesive force, Hc, 39 kA/m, were used as a body for the coatings deposited by cathodic arc evaporation.
Before deposition the tools were cleaned in ultrasonic baths of water based alkali solutions. The system was evacuated to a pressure of less than 2.0×10−3 Pa, after which the tools mounted on a 3-fold rotating fixture were sputter cleaned using Ar ions.
A first layer being a (Ti,Al)N-based layer, consisting of a coarse grained (Ti1-xAlx)N layer with x˜0.65 deposited directly onto the cemented carbide body from composite cathodes of composition Ti/Al:33/67 at % in 3.5 Pa N2 atmosphere using a bias between −40 and −100V. The growth temperature was of about 500° C. and the arc evaporation current used were in the range of 100-200 A. The thickness of the (Ti,Al)N-based first layer was from 0.50 to 1.3 μm.
Three different variants A, B and C of second layers, being abrasive wear resistant layers were deposited on the (Ti,Al)N-based first layers. The second layers consist of laminated structures consisting of alternating (Ti,Al)N and (Ti,Si)N layers, where the (Ti1-xAlx)N layer has x˜0.65, and the (Ti1-ySiy)N layers has y˜0.1 (variant A), y˜0.15 (variant B) and y˜0.2 (variant C). The deposition data for the laminated second layers were; 3.5 Pa N2 atmosphere using a bias of −80V, growth temperature of about 500° C. and an arc evaporation current in the range of 130-180 A. The thickness of the laminated second layers, were from 0.9 to 1.3 μm.
The variant of the present innovation (variant D) had an abrasive wear resistant layer, corresponding to the second layer 3 in
The copy milling test of a 3D shape was performed using the following cutting parameters;
Example 1 clearly shows that the tool life is much longer using a cutting tool according to an embodiment of the invention.
In this example similar tools as in example 1 were coated. The first layer 2 was split into a first sub-layer 4 and second sub-layers 5 for variant F. The second sub-layer 5 consisted of a fine grained structure and the first sub-layer 4 consisted of a coarse grained structure like the ones seen for the sub-layers in
Example 2 clearly shows that the tool life is increased when using g a cutting tool according to an embodiment of the invention, where the first layer 2 is partly fine grained.
In this example similar tools as in example 1 were coated with different coating thicknesses. The coating thickness on the outer diameter of the tool, tOD, was rather constant while the coating thickness at the end face tw, were varied for variants G, H and I, see table 3. The deposition data for the first layer 2 of (Ti,Al)N was as in example 1 and for the second layer 3 of (Ti,Al,Si)N as in example 1 for variant D. The different coating thickness distributions were obtained by using different geometrical arrangements of the tool in the deposition flux.
A similar milling test as in example 1 was performed until a flank wear of 100 m were achieved. The results of the tests are shown in table 3.
The ratio, k, between the coating thickness of the second layer 3 being a (TiAlSi)N-layer and the first layer 2 being a (Ti,Al)N-layer, (thickness the second layer 3)/(thickness first layer 2), was kept in the range of 0.7-0.9.
Example 3 shows that the tool life could be further increased by optimising the coating thickness distribution with increasing tw but does not depend on the tOD for this type of tool geometry in a cutting tool according to an embodiment of the invention.
In this example similar tools as in example 1 were coated with different ratio, k (see definition in example 3), varying between 1.13 to 3.85. The results of the tests are shown in table 4.
Example 4 shows that the tool life could be further increased by optimising the layer thicknesses of the first and second layer towards increasing k value in a cutting tool according to an embodiment of the invention.
In this example similar tools as in example 1 are coated. Variant M and N are coated as variant F in example 2. The variant O is a single layer fine grained (Ti1-xAlx)Nz layer with x˜0.65 and z˜1 which is the coating used for this sort of work piece materials today. The results of the tests are shown in table 5.
The test was performed using following cutting data;
Workpiece material: 1.2344 (53 HRC)
Vc: 280 m/min
Fz: 0.078 mm
Ae: 0.05 mm
Ap: 0.05 mm
The variants were tested as in example 1 but the work piece material hardness was only HRC 53.
This example clearly shows that the tool life is increased when copy milling in softer materials and using a cutting tool according to an embodiment of the invention.
In this example solid carbide high feed milling tools with a diameter of 6 mm, a compositions of 9 wt % Co, 0.4 wt % Cr and a balance of WC, cohesive force, Hc, 39 kA/m, are coated. Variant P is coated as variant F in example 2. The variant Q is a single layer fine grained (Ti1-xAlx)Nz layer with x˜0.65 and z˜1 which is the coating used for this sort of work piece materials today. The results of the tests are shown in table 6.
The test was performed using following cutting data:
Coolant: Emulsion
Workpiece Material: Ti6Al4V
Cutting Data:
Vc=115 m/min
n=6100 RPM
Vf=2440 mm/min
fz=0.1 mm
ap=0.15 mm
ae=4 mm
This example clearly shows that the tool life is increased in pocket milling of titanium alloys when using a cutting tool according to an embodiment of the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16164553 | Apr 2016 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2017/058438 | 4/7/2017 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2017/174801 | 10/12/2017 | WO | A |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20190161849 A1 | May 2019 | US |
