Patent Grant
9181621
The present invention relates to coatings for cutting tools and, in particular, to coatings deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
Cutting tools, including cemented carbide cutting tools, have been used in both coated and uncoated conditions for machining various metals and alloys. In order to increase cutting tool wear resistance, performance and lifetime, one or more layers of refractory material have been applied to cutting tool surfaces. TiC, TiCN, TiN and/or Al2O3, for example, have been applied to cemented carbide substrates by CVD and by physical vapor deposition (PVD). While effective in inhibiting wear and extending tool lifetime in a variety of applications, refractory coatings based on single or multi-layer constructions of the foregoing refractory materials have increasingly reached their performance limits, thereby calling for the development of new coating architectures for cutting tools.
In one aspect, cutting tools are described having coatings adhered thereto which, in some embodiments, can demonstrate desirable wear resistance and increased cutting lifetimes. A coated cutting tool described herein comprises a substrate and a coating adhered to the substrate, the coating comprising a polycrystalline layer of TiZrAl2O3. The polycrystalline layer of TiZrAl2O3 can be deposited by CVD. Further, the TiZrAl2O3 polycrystalline layer can demonstrate various intra-layer compositional gradients. For example, the polycrystalline layer of TiZrAl2O3 can have a compositional gradient including a stage composed of Al2O3 and stage composed of TiZrAl2O3. Alternatively, the polycrystalline layer of TiZrAl2O3 can have a compositional gradient including a stage composed of Al2O3, a stage composed of ZrAl2O3 and a stage composed of TiAl2O3. In a further embodiment, the polycrystalline layer of TiZrAl2O3 can have a compositional gradient including a stage composed of Al2O3, a stage composed of ZrAl2O3, a stage composed of TiAl2O3 and a stage composed of TiZrAl2O3.
Intra-layer compositional gradients are also reflected in grains of the TiZrAl2O3 polycrystalline layer. For example, an individual grain of the polycrystalline layer can display an intra-grain compositional gradient formed by presence of an Al2O3 stage and a TiZrAl2O3 stage within the grain. In another embodiment, an intra-grain compositional gradient is formed by the presence of an Al2O3 stage, ZrAl2O3 stage and TiAl2O3 stage within the grain. In a further embodiment, an intra-grain compositional gradient is formed by the presence of an Al2O3 stage, ZrAl2O3 stage, TiAl2O3 stage and TiZrAl2O3 stage within the grain.
Methods of making coated cutting tools are also provided. A method of making a coated cutting tool described herein comprises providing a cutting tool substrate and depositing over a surface of the cutting tool substrate by chemical vapor deposition a coating comprising a polycrystalline layer of TiZrAl2O3. The gas mixture employed by the CVD process can comprise AlCl3, ZrCl4, TiCl4, H2 and CO2. Further, a polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer deposited according to a method described herein can demonstrate an intra-layer compositional gradient described above. For example, the CVD deposited TiZrAl2O3 layer can have an intra-layer compositional gradient including a stage composed of Al2O3 and a stage composed of TiZrAl2O3. In another embodiment, the CVD deposited TiZrAl2O3 layer can display a compositional gradient including a stage composed of Al2O3, a stage composed of ZrAl2O3 and a stage composed of TiAl2O3. In a further embodiment, the CVD deposited TiZrAl2O3 layer can display a compositional gradient including a stage composed of Al2O3, a stage composed of ZrAl2O3, a stage composed of TiAl2O3 and a stage composed of TiZrAl2O3. As described further herein, intra-layer compositional gradients can be formed by the simultaneous and/or alternate introduction of ZrCl4 and TiCl4 into the CVD gas mixture
These and other embodiments are described in greater detail in the detailed description which follows.
Embodiments described herein can be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description and examples and their previous and following descriptions. Elements, apparatus and methods described herein, however, are not limited to the specific embodiments presented in the detailed description and examples. It should be recognized that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and adaptations will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
I. Coated Cutting Tools
In one aspect, cutting tools are described having coatings adhered thereto which, in some embodiments, can demonstrate desirable wear resistance and increased cutting lifetimes. A coated cutting tool described herein comprises a substrate and a coating adhered to the substrate, the coating comprising a polycrystalline layer of TiZrAl2O3.
Turning now to specific components, a coated cutting tool described herein comprises a substrate. Substrates of coated cutting tools can comprise any material not inconsistent with the objectives of the present invention. In some embodiments, a substrate comprises cemented carbide, carbide, ceramic, cermet or steel.
A cemented carbide substrate can comprise tungsten carbide (WC). WC can be present in a substrate in an amount of at least about 70 weight percent. In some embodiments, WC is present in a substrate in an amount of at least about 80 weight percent or in an amount of at least about 85 weight percent. Additionally, metallic binder of a cemented carbide substrate can comprise cobalt or cobalt alloy. Cobalt, for example, can be present in a cemented carbide substrate in an amount ranging from about 3 weight percent to about 15 weight percent. In some embodiments, cobalt is present in a cemented carbide substrate in an amount of 5-12 weight percent or 6-10 weight percent. Further, a cemented carbide substrate may exhibit a zone of binder enrichment beginning at and extending inwardly from the surface of the substrate.
Cemented carbide substrates can also comprise one or more additives such as, for example, one or more of the following elements and/or their compounds: titanium, niobium, vanadium, tantalum, chromium, zirconium and/or hafnium. In some embodiments, titanium, niobium, vanadium, tantalum, chromium, zirconium and/or hafnium form solid solution carbides with WC in the substrate. The substrate, in some embodiments, comprises one or more solid solution carbides in an amount ranging from about 0.1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent. Additionally, a cemented carbide substrate can comprise nitrogen.
A substrate, in other embodiments, comprises polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PcBN). PcBN substrates can include any amount of PcBN not inconsistent with the objectives of the present invention. For example, PcBN substrates can comprise greater than 85 weight percent PcBN. In some embodiments, a cutting tool substrate described herein comprises PcBN in an amount selected from Table I.
Further, PcBN substrates of cutting tools described herein can also comprise ceramic or metallic binder. Suitable ceramic binders for PcBN substrates can comprise nitrides, carbonitrides, carbides and/or borides of titanium, tungsten, cobalt or aluminum. In some embodiments, for example, a PcBN substrate comprises a binder of AlN, AlB2 or mixtures thereof. Moreover, in some embodiments, a binder comprises solid solutions of any of the foregoing ceramic or metallic binders.
PcBN substrates having compositional parameters described herein can be provided in various constructions. For example, a coated cutting tool can comprise a stand-alone monolithic solid piece PcBN substrate. Alternatively, a PcBN substrate is provided as a compact or insert attached to a support by brazing or other joining technique. Further, a PcBN substrate can be a full top or full top/full bottom cutting insert on a support.
In some embodiments, a substrate of a coated cutting tool described herein comprises one or more cutting edges formed at the juncture of a rake face and flank faces of the substrate.
In some embodiments, a substrate of a coated cutting tool is an insert, drill bit, saw blade or other cutting apparatus.
A coating adhered to the substrate comprises a polycrystalline layer of TiZrAl2O3. Titanium and zirconium, for example, can be dopants in the polycrystalline structure. Titanium and zirconium can be present in the polycrystalline layer in any amount not inconsistent with the objectives of the present invention. In some embodiments, titanium and zirconium are present in the polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer in amounts selected from Tables II and III.
In being dopants, titanium and/or zirconium can be incorporated into the lattice of an Al2O3 phase. In such embodiments, the titanium and/or zirconium do not form oxide phase(s) separate from the Al2O3 phase.
Titanium and zirconium can be generally dispersed throughout the polycrystalline layer of TiZrAl2O3. Alternatively, a polycrystalline layer of TiZrAl2O3 can demonstrate various compositional gradients described herein. For example, the TiZrAl2O3 polycrystalline layer can display a compositional gradient including a stage composed of Al2O3 and a stage composed of TiZrAl2O3. This intra-layer compositional gradient can be established by a singular occurrence of the Al2O3 stage and the TiZrAl2O3 stage within the layer. In other embodiments, the intra-layer compositional gradient is established by multiple occurrences of the Al2O3 stage and the TiZrAl2O3 stage within the layer. In such embodiments, Al2O3 stages can alternate with TiZrAl2O3 stages throughout the polycrystalline layer.
An intra-layer gradient comprising an Al2O3 stage and a TiZrAl2O3 stage can be reflected in grains of the TiZrAl2O3 layer. For example, an individual grain of the polycrystalline layer can display an intra-grain compositional gradient formed by presence of the Al2O3 stage and the TiZrAl2O3 stage within the grain. In some embodiments, the Al2O3 stage and the TiZrAl2O3 stage alternate throughout individual grains.
Further, a TiZrAl2O3 stage of the polycrystalline layer can also display a compositional gradient formed by localization of titanium or zirconium in one or more regions of the stage. Zr, for example, can localize in regions adjacent to grain boundaries, thereby establishing a gradient with Ti within a TiZrAl2O3 stage.
Grains of the polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer can additionally display unique geometries not found in other CVD coatings, including alumina coatings. Grains of the polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer, for example, can have irregular geometries in the lateral and/or vertical dimension(s).
As described herein, a polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer can display other intra-layer compositional gradient arrangements. In some embodiments, an intra-layer compositional gradient comprises a stage composed of Al2O3, a stage composed of ZrAl2O3 and a stage composed of TiAl2O3. Such an intra-layer compositional gradient can be reflected in individual grains of the polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer. For example, an individual grain can comprise an intra-grain compositional gradient formed by the presence of the Al2O3 stage, the ZrAl2O3 stage and the TiAl2O3 stage. Further, an intra-layer compositional gradient can comprise a stage composed of Al2O3, a stage composed of ZrAl2O3, a stage composed of TiAl2O3 and a stage composed of TiZrAl2O3. This intra-layer compositional gradient can also be reflected in individual grains of the polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer.
A polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer can have any thickness not inconsistent with the objectives of the present invention. In some embodiments, a polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer has a thickness of 1-15 μm or 2-10 μm.
Moreover, a polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer can be deposited directly on a surface of the cutting tool substrate without use of bonding and/or modification layers. However, in some embodiments, one or more base layers of the coating reside between the substrate and the polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer. A base layer can comprise one or more metallic elements selected from the group consisting of aluminum and metallic elements of Groups IVB, VB and VIB of the Periodic Table and one or more non-metallic elements of Groups IIIA, IVA, VA and VIA of the Periodic Table. A base layer, for example, can be selected from the group consisting of titanium nitride (TiN), titanium carbonitride (TiCN) and titanium oxycarbonitride (TiOCN). In some embodiments, a multilayer arrangement is present comprising TiN, TiCN and/or TiOCN. A base layer can have any thickness not inconsistent with the objectives of the present invention. In some embodiments, a base layer has a thickness of 0.2-12 μm or 0.5-5 μm.
Additionally, a coating described herein can further comprise one or more outer layers over the polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer. An outer layer, in some embodiments, comprises one or more metallic elements selected from the group consisting of aluminum and metallic elements of Groups IVB, VB and VIB of the Periodic Table and one or more non-metallic elements selected from the group consisting of non-metallic elements of Groups IIIA, IVA, VA and VIA of the Periodic Table. In some embodiments, one or more outer layers over the TiZrAl2O3 layer comprise a nitride, carbonitride, oxide or boride of one or more metallic elements selected from the group consisting of aluminum and metallic elements of Groups IVB, VB and VIB of the Periodic Table. For example, one or more outer layers are selected from the group consisting of titanium nitride, titanium carbonitride, titanium carbide, zirconium nitride, zirconium carbonitride, hafnium nitride, hafnium carbonitride and alumina and mixtures thereof. Outer layers of coatings described herein can have any thickness not inconsistent with the objectives of the present invention. An outer layer of a coating, in some embodiments, can have a thickness ranging from 0.5 μm to 5 μm.
In some embodiments, a CVD coating described herein can have an architecture selected from Table IV. Coating architectures provided in Table IV begin with the innermost layer adjacent to the substrate and continue to the outermost layer. Additionally, TiZrAl2O3 layers of the coating architectures listed in Table IV can demonstrate any of the compositional gradients described in this Section I.
Coatings of cutting tools described herein can be subjected to post-coat treatments. Coatings, for example, can be blasted with various wet and/or dry particle compositions. Post coat blasting can be administered in any desired manner. In some embodiments, post coat blasting comprises shot blasting or pressure blasting. Pressure blasting can be administered in a variety of forms including compressed air blasting, wet compressed air blasting, pressurized liquid blasting, wet blasting, pressurized liquid blasting and steam blasting. Wet blasting, for example, is accomplished using a slurry of inorganic and/or ceramic particles, such as alumina, and water. The alumina particle slurry can be pneumatically projected at a surface of the coated cutting tool body to impinge on the surface of the coating. The alumina particles can generally range in size between about 20 μm and about 100 μm.
Blasting parameters include pressure, angle of impingement, distance to the part surface and duration. In some embodiments, angle of impingement can range from about 45 degrees to about 90 degrees, i.e., the particles impinge the coating surface at an angle ranging from about 45 degrees to about 90 degrees. Suitable pressures can range from 30-55 pounds per square inch (psi) at a distance to the coated surface of 1-6 inches. Further, duration of the blasting can generally range from 1-10 seconds or longer. Blasting can be generally administered over the surface area of the coating or can be applied to select locations such as in a workpiece contact area of the cutting tool. A workpiece contact area can be a honed region of the cutting tool.
In other embodiments, a coating is subjected to a polishing post-coat treatment. Polishing can be administered with paste of appropriate diamond or ceramic grit size. Grit size of the paste, in some embodiments, ranges from 1 μm to 10 μm. In one embodiment, a 5-10 μm diamond grit paste is used to polish the coating. Further, grit paste can be applied to the CVD coating by any apparatus not inconsistent with the objectives of the present invention, such as brushes. In one embodiment, for example, a flat brush is used to apply grit paste to the CVD coating in a workpiece contact area of the cutting tool.
A coating described herein can be blasted or polished for a time period sufficient to achieve a desired surface roughness (Ra) and/or other parameters such as reducing residual tensile stress in the coating. In some embodiments, a coating subjected to post-coat treatment has a surface roughness (Ra) selected from Table V.
Coating surface roughness can be determined by optical profilometry using WYKO® NT-Series Optical Profilers commercially available from Veeco Instruments, Inc. of Plainview, N.Y.
Further, a post-coat treatment, in some embodiments, does not remove one or more outer layers of the coating. In some embodiments, for example, a post-coat treatment does not remove an outer layer of TiN and/or TiCN. Alternatively, a post-coat treatment can remove or partially remove one or more outer layers, such as TiN and/or TiCN.
Additionally, a coating described herein can demonstrate a critical load (Lc) up to about 90 N. Lc values for coatings described herein are determined according to ASTM C1624-05—Standard Test for Adhesion Strength by Quantitative Single Point Scratch Testing wherein a progressive loading of 10 N was used. In some embodiments, a coating described herein can exhibit an Lc of 60 to 90 N or 70 to 80 N.
II. Methods of Making Coated Cutting Tools
Methods of making coated cutting tools are also provided. A method of making a coated cutting tool described herein comprises providing a cutting tool substrate and depositing over a surface of the cutting tool substrate by CVD a coating comprising a polycrystalline layer of TiZrAl2O3.
Turning now to specific steps, a method described herein comprises providing a substrate. A substrate can comprise any substrate recited in Section I hereinabove. In some embodiments, for example, a substrate is cemented carbide, such as cemented tungsten carbide, or PcBN as described in Section I. Moreover, a polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer deposited according to a method described herein can demonstrate any intra-layer compositional gradient described above. For example, the CVD deposited TiZrAl2O3 layer can have an intra-layer compositional gradient including a stage composed of Al2O3 and stage composed of TiZrAl2O3. In another embodiment, the CVD deposited TiZrAl2O3 layer can display a compositional gradient including a stage composed of Al2O3, a stage composed of ZrAl2O3 and a stage composed of TiAl2O3. Such compositional gradients can also be reflected within individual grains of the TiZrAl2O3 layer.
In a method described herein, a polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer can be deposited from a gas mixture comprising an aluminum source, oxygen source, titanium source and zirconium source. In some embodiments, a polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer is deposited from a gas mixture comprising AlCl3, ZrCl4, TiCl4, H2 and CO2. The gas mixture may also optionally comprise H2S and/or HCl. General CVD deposition parameters for a polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer of a coating described herein are provided in Table VI.
Inclusion of titanium and zirconium sources simultaneously in the gas mixture, in some embodiments, provides a polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer demonstrating an intra-layer compositional gradient including a stage composed of Al2O3 and a stage composed of TiZrAl2O3. As described in Section I herein, the Al2O3 stage and the TiZrAl2O3 stage can alternate throughout the polycrystalline layer.
In other embodiments, zirconium and titanium sources can be selectively introduced in the gas mixture in an alternating manner. A zirconium source, for example, can be present in the gas mixture for a predetermined time period followed by replacement with a titanium source in the gas mixture or vice-versa. In some embodiments, alternate introduction of zirconium and titanium into the gas mixture is repeated several times throughout the duration of the CVD deposition process. In other embodiments, alternate introduction of zirconium and titanium sources occurs only once in the CVD deposition process. Alternate introduction of titanium and zirconium sources in the gas mixture can produce an intra-layer compositional gradient including a stage composed of Al2O3, a stage composed of ZrAl2O3 and a stage composed of TiAl2O3. In some embodiments, alternate introduction of titanium and zirconium sources in the gas mixture can precede or follow simultaneous introduction of the titanium and zirconium sources to provide an intra-layer compositional gradient including Al2O3 stage, a ZrAl2O3 stage, a TiAl2O3 stage and a TiZrAl2O3 stage.
A polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer can be deposited directly on a surface of the cutting tool substrate without use of bonding and/or modification layers. However, in some embodiments, one or more base layers of the coating reside between the substrate and the polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer. A base layer can comprise one or more metallic elements selected from the group consisting of aluminum and metallic elements of Groups IVB, VB and VIB of the Periodic Table and one or more non-metallic elements of Groups IIIA, IVA, VA and VIA of the Periodic Table. A base layer, for example, can be selected from the group consisting of titanium nitride (TiN), titanium carbonitride (TiCN) and titanium oxycarbonitride (TiOCN). In some embodiments, a multilayer arrangement is present comprising TiN, TiCN and/or TiOCN. General CVD deposition parameters for various base layers are provided in Table VII.
Additionally, methods described herein can further comprise depositing one or more outer layers over the polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer. An outer layer, in some embodiments, comprises one or more metallic elements selected from the group consisting of aluminum and metallic elements of Groups IVB, VB and VIB of the Periodic Table and one or more non-metallic elements selected from the group consisting of non-metallic elements of Groups IIIA, IVA, VA and VIA of the Periodic Table. In one embodiment, for example, an outer layer of TiN and/or TiCN is deposited with reference to CVD parameters set forth in Table VII. Coatings deposited according to methods described herein can have an architecture provided in Table IV above.
Further, the deposited coatings can be subjected to post-coat treatment(s) such as post-coat blasting or polishing as described in Section I hereinabove. Post coat blasting, in some embodiments, can change moderate tensile stress of the coating to moderate compressive stress or increase compressive stress in the as-deposited coating.
These and other embodiments are further illustrated in the following non-limiting examples.
A coated cutting tool described herein was produced by placing a cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co) cutting insert substrate [ANSI standard geometry CNMG432RN] into an axial flow hot-wall CVD reactor. The cutting insert comprised about 6 wt. % cobalt binder with the balance WC grains of size 1 to 5 μm. A coating having an architecture provided in Table VIII was deposited on the cemented WC cutting insert according to the CVD process parameters provided in Tables VI and VII. TiCl4 and ZrCl4 were simultaneously present in the CVD gas mixture to provide a polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer having an intra-layer compositional gradient of Al2O3 stages alternating with TiZrAl2O3 stages.
The resulting multilayered coating comprising the polycrystalline TiZrAl2O3 layer was subjected to a post-coat treatment of wet blasting with alumina slurry and demonstrated the properties provided in Table IX.
Coated cutting inserts (1-2) of Example 1 and Comparative coating inserts (3-6) were subjected to continuous turning testing of 1045 steel according to the parameters below. Comparative cutting inserts (3-6) displayed coating architectures and properties set forth in Tables X and XI. Comparative cutting inserts (3-6) employed a WC-Co substrate of substantially similar composition as Example 1 and an ANSI standard geometry CNMG432RN.
Further, coated cutting inserts (1-2) of Example 1 and Comparative coated inserts (3-6) were post-coat treated according to Table XII.
Coated cutting inserts (1-2) of Example 1 and Comparative coating inserts (3-6) were subjected to continuous turning testing as follows:
As provided in Table XIII, coated cutting tool 2 having the architecture of Example 1 demonstrated the best mean cutting lifetime. Further, coated cutting tools 1 and 2 having the architecture of Example 1 displayed enhanced resistance to micro-chipping, notably on the rake face, which contributed to longer tool lifetime.
Various embodiments of the invention have been described in fulfillment of the various objects of the invention. It should be recognized that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and adaptations thereof will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
The present application claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/803,948 filed Mar. 21, 2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20140287199 A1 | Sep 2014 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61803948 | Mar 2013 | US |
