Coccidiocidal compositions

Monensin is known as a polyether antibiotic from U.S. Pat. No. 3,501,568 or Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother. 1967, 349 (see also Merck Index, 10th edition, page 893 (1983)). There its use as an anticoccidiosis agent is also described. The compound is prepared by fermentation (see Fermentation Advances, Pap. 3rd Int. Ferment. Symp., 1968, D. Perlman, Ed. (Academic Press, N.Y., 1969), pages 517-540).
It has now been found that the action of monensin is increased beyond the expected extent when the latter is combined with other known coccidiocidal active substances.
The subject of the invention is therefore formed by cocidiocidal agents which agents which contain monensin or its physiologically acceptable salt in combination with one or more active substances of the group comprising methyl benzo-, quate, nicarbazin, amprolium, beclotiamine or halofuginone or its salt.
In particular, two-component combinations are suitable. According to the invention, three-component combinations can also be used with other active substances being included; of the latter, the combination of monensin with methyl benzoquate and meticlorpindol or with amprolium and ethopabate.
The combination partners to be used according to the invention for monensin have been known for a fairly long time in veterinary medicine. They are all described in the Merck Index, 10th edition, published by Merck & Co., Inc. USA (1983): meticlorpindol (3,5-dichloro-2,6-dimethyl-4-pyridinol) on page 341; methyl benzoquate (nequinate; 3-methoxycarbonyl-6-n-butyl-7-benzyloxy-4-oxoquinoline on page 928; nicarbazin (complex of N,N'-bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea with 4,6-dimethyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone on page 931; ethopabate (methyl 4-acetamido-2-ethoxybenzoate) on page 544; amprolium (1-[(4-amino-2-propyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-2-methyl-piperidinium chloride) on page 613; beclotiamine (3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-5-(2-chloroethyl)-4-methylthiazolium chloride) on page 144, and halofuginone (7-bromo-6-chlorofebrifugine) on page 662. In addition to halofuginone, their physiologically acceptable salts such as the hydrohalides, in particular hydrobromide, acetate, lactate, alkali or alkaline earth salt, aceturic acid (see German Offenlegungsschrift No. 2,934,069) are also covered according to the invention, and also all the optical isomers or their mixtures. Amprolium or beclotiamine may be employed in the form of their hydrochloride addition salts. Instead of beclotiamine, its corresponding naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid salt may be employed.
The combination of meticlorpindol and methyl benzoquate is known as the commercial product .sup.(R) Lerbek (manufactured by I-CI). The combination of amprolium with ethopabate is one the market as the commercial product .sup.(R) Amprol (Merck, Sharp & Dohme).
Monensin may be employed as free acid or as salt, in particular as alkali (Na, K) salt or ammonium salt; preferably the Na salt is used. The product may be employed in purified form or as mycel or crude product.
The combination according to the invention exhibit synergistic effects in combating coccidiosis, in particular coccidiosis in poultry.
In the intensive husbandry of poultry in a confined space, for example broiler product or poultry rearing, there is always the potential risk of a coccidia infection, which, without chemotherapeutic control, leads to serious business losses, due to Eimeria species. Coccidia infections cause, as a rule, weight depression and bloody fecal excretions which occur as a result of lesions in the intestinal mucosa. In the case of poultry, severe coccidia infections lead, as a rule, also to higher mortality.
The use of the combinations according to the invention result in sbustantial advantages compared with the corresponding individual active substances since smaller quantities of coccidiocidal agents can be employed. This results in a reduction in the toxic side effects of the products compared with the application of the individual active substances, an increased efficiency and also a reduction in the residues in the edible tissues of the poultry.
In the agents according to the invention, the weight ratios of the active substances may vary in wide limits in order to achieve synergistic results. In the case of combinations of monensin
(a) with methyl benzoquate they are preferably between 125:1 to 1:2,
in particular between 70:1 to 8:1,
(b) with nicarbazin they are preferably between 9:1 and 1:6, in particular between 3:1 and 1:2.5,
(c) with halofuginone they are preferably between 250:1 to 8:1, in particular between 120:1 to 26:1,
(d) with a mixture of meticlorpindol and methyl benzoquate they are preferably 25:1 to 1:5, in particular 11:1 to 1:1,
(e) with amprolium they are preferably between 1:1 and 1:6,
(f) with beclotiamine they are preferably between 3:1 and 1:5,
(g) with a mixture of amprolium and ethopabate they are preferably between 4:1 and 1:4
(in each case the ratio of monensin to the combination partner is given).
The ratio of meticlorpindol to methyl benzoquate in case (d) may vary preferably between 20:1 to 7;1, while the ratio of amprolium to ethopabate in case (g) varies preferably between 30:1 and 10:1.
The combinations according to the invention are quite generally suitable for protecting poultry, i.e. for treating useful farm poultry, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks or geese or also other birds, such as, for example, pheasants, quails or guinea fowl; the latter types of fowl are recently also being kept in farms for economic exploitation and, like chickens, are frequently and severely attacked by coccidia.
The agents according to the invention may be employed at any time for successfully protecting poultry against coccidiosis. They may, in particular, find application in broiler farms or poultry rearing houses for pullets where a high burden of infection is produced for the poultry population because of the permanent forms of the coccidia (oocysts) which are constantly being excreted in the droppings. Since the risk of a coccidiosis outbreak always exists under these circumstances, the coccidiocidal agents according to the invention should be employed, in the case of poultry, continuously and before the outbreak of coccidiosis. The agents according to the invention may, however, also be administered during short time intervals, i.e. a few days.
The employment of the agents according to the invention and methods for combating coccidiosis are carried out in the normal manner. In accordance with the localization of the coccidia in the intestinal tract, an oral administration is primarily suitable. The active substance combinations according to the invention may in this case be mixed with feedstuffs or with drinking water.
The active substance concentrations of the combinations in feedstuffs or in drinking water may vary within certain limits. they are in general between 5 and 300 ppm of the active substance combination referred to the feedstuff or drinking water.
The particularly preferred concentrations for combating coccidiosis are, in the case of feedstuff, in each case 25 to 125 ppm, in particular 40 to 90 ppm, of monensin and
(a) 1 to 30 ppm, in particular 1.25 to 5 ppm of methyl benzoquate,
(b) 15 to 150 ppm, in particular 30 to 100 ppm of nicarbazin,
(c) 0.5 to 3 ppm, in particular 0.75 to 1.5 ppm of halofuginone and
(d) 5 to 120 ppm, in particular 8 to 30 ppm of meticlorpindol/methyl benzoquate,
(e) 100 to 150 ppm of amprolium,
(f) 40 to 125 ppm of beclotiamine,
(g) 30 to 100 ppm of amprolium/ethopabate.
In the case of use in drinking water, approximately half the specified concentrations is preferably used in each case.
All the concentrations, ratios, parts, quantities or percentages mentioned are based on weight units.
The active substance concentrations of the coccidiocidal agents are based on the feed or drinking water preparations ad lib, i.e. for free feed or drinking water consumption during a normal practical fattening or rearing period. Because of special factors due to practical conditions, it may however happen that the poultry expert has to adjust these applied concentrations upwards if the poultry have to be supplied with different feed or water stocks. In that case, however only a portion of the feed or water stocks contain the agents according to the invention.
All the feed formulations conventional in the poultry industry are suitable as carriers for the synergistically active coccidiocidal agents according to the invention. The formulations specified below for poultry feed are examples of normal practical formulations. In addition, it is also possibly, however, to use other feedstuffs based on some types of cereal grains which contain vitamin concentrates, mineral concentrates or other active substances and feed additives in any concentration. Both conventional dry mealy or pelletized feedstuffs and also liquid feed suspensions including feedstuffs such as distillers' residues and milk by-products can be used in the case of the agents according to the invention.
To prepare the poultry feed according to the invention, a concentrated premix is usually first made up which contains the synergistically active coccidiocidal agents in high concentration, for example, from 0.2 to 75%. For this purpose, the coccidiocidal agents are either dispersed or mixed in inert carrier substances, such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, attapulgite, calcium carbonate or Bolus alba, together with physiologically harmless carriers, such as proplyene glycols, polyethylene glycols, inert oils such as vegetable oils, highly refined mineral oils, ethanol, water, or aqueous alcohols. Organic carrier materials, such as wheat bran, shredded maize, soybean flour, lucerne meal, rice husks or ground maize cobs and any other organic carrier substances from vegetable products are likewise suitable for this purpose.
The synergistically active agents according to the invention may furthermore also be administered to poultry together with the drinking water. Its inclusion in the drinking water is achieved by adding a form of the agent concerned which is soluble in water or can be suspended in water to the drinking water in a suitable quantity. Such preparations are in general produced by selecting a water-soluble form of the agent. If these are undersirable or cannot be prepared, water-insoluble forms, for example suspensions, may be used. To produce the preparations, use is made of physiologically harmless auxiliary agents which keep the coccidiocidal agents according to the invention in suspension in water over a prolonged period. Auxiliary agents which are suitable for this purpose are swelling agents, such as alginates, gelatin, carboxymethylcellulose or polyvinylpyrrolidone. The agents, according to the invention may, however, be suspended also with various surfactant compounds, such as, for example, by means of lecithin, naphthalenesulfonates, alkylbenzenesulfonates, alkylphenol-polyethylene oxide adducts or polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters. Normally a concentrated suspension or even a dry formulation of the coccidiocidal agent according to the invention and the suspension agents is produced in certain mixing ratios and it is then diluted with the drinking water to the required application concentration or the premixes are mixed in suitable concentrations with the feedstuffs normal in practice. The drinking water or feed so medicated is then fed to the poultry either initially ad lib or for a certain period.
The treatment method according to the invention can also be extended to other methods for treating and feeding poultry. Thus, for example, the preparations according to the invention may be combined with other active substances, such as, for example, with growth-promoting agents or antiparasitics, which are, on the one hand, synthetic agents or, on the other hand, fermentation products in the widest sense.
Although the invention is to be a particular extent directed at the protection of poultry agent coccidia infections, it can, however, also be applied analogously to other domestic and useful animals, such as, for example, other birds, rabbits, pigs and ruminants.
The subject of the invention is therefore also a method for treating coccidiosis in poultry, wherein the abovement active agents are administered orally ad lib to poutlry, and in particular, either as feedstuff or by means of drinking water.

The invention is explained by the Examples below.
A. EXAMPLES OF ANIMAL FEED COMPOSITIONS
The following examples relate to animal feed compositions which can be used for administering the active substance combination according to the invention.
______________________________________I. Fattening feed for broilers______________________________________Composition in weight %Fishmeal (60-65%) 6.0Feeding yeast 2.0Beef dripping 4.7Coarse soybean meal (44%) 24.0Lucerne green meal 1.0Maize 44.89Wheat 6.35Coarse wheat flour 8.5Phosphate feed lime 1.4Carbonate feed lime 0.96Trace element premix* 0.04Cattle salt 0.09Methionine DL 0.07 100.0______________________________________(a) The following are added per kg of feed:VitaminA I.U. 12,000D.sub.3 I.U. 1,500E mg 18B.sub.1 mg 1.5B.sub.2 mg 6Pantothenic acid mg 9Nicotinic acid mg 24VitaminB.sub.6 mg 4.5B.sub.12 .mu.g 24K.sub.3 mg 3Choline chloride mg 1,300______________________________________*(b) 1.0 kg of feed containMn mg 106Zn mg 71Fe mg 44Cu mg 3.56I mg 0.4Co mg 0.16______________________________________
______________________________________II. Rearing feed for chickens (0- 8 weeks)Composition in % by weight______________________________________Fishmeal (60-65%) 5.0Lucerne green meal 6.0Coarse soybean meal (44%) 13.0Feeding yeast 2.8Beef dripping 2.0Barley 6.0Oats 6.0Maize 37.0Wheat 13.0Wheat bran 7.3Carbonate feed lime 1.29.RTM. Hostaphos 0.57Trace element premix* 0.04 100.0______________________________________ *see Example I (b); furthermore, as described in Example 1 (a), vitamins are added.
______________________________________III. Rearing feed for chickens (9-20 weeks)Composition in % by weight______________________________________Lucerne green meal 6.0Coarse soybean meal (44%) 10.24Feeding yeast 1.8Beef dripping 2.0Barley 8.0Oats 6.0Maize 40.0Wheat 15.0Wheat bran 8.3Carbonate feed lime 1.53.RTM. Hostaphos 1.02Trace element premix* 0.04Methionine DL 0.07 100.0______________________________________ *see Example I (b): furthermore, vitamins are added, see Example I (a).
______________________________________IV. Rearing feed for chickens (from 21st week onwards)Composition in % by weight______________________________________Fishmeal (60-65%) 1.5Coarse soybean meal (44%) 19.31Beef dripping 1.0Oats 6.7Maize 40.0Wheat 18.0Coarse wheat flour 3.0Methionine DL 0.07Feed paprika 0.3Carbonate feed lime 8.16.RTM. Hostaphos 1.91Trace element premix* 0.05 100.0______________________________________ Furthermore vitamins are added as described in Example I (a).
______________________________________V. Feed for turkeys (composition in % by weight) Turkey Turkey Turkey starter fattening fattening feed feed I feed II 0-8 weeks 9-12 weeks 13-16 weeks______________________________________Fishmeal 9.0 5.0 2.0Feeding yeast 4.5 2.91 4.0Fat 3.1 6.7Coarse soybean meal 26.0 23.9 23.87Lucerne green meal 4.6 2.0 0.95Barley 5.3 4.5 5.0Oats 1.0 4.45Maize 36.04 40.02 39.90Wheat 5.3 6.0 5.0Coarse wheat flour 5.95 4.0 3.8Wheat bran 4.0Phosphate feed lime 1.58 1.30 2.71Carbonate feed lime 1.35 1.29 0.96Trace element premix* 0.04 0.04 0.04Cattle salt 0.24 0.84 0.44Methionine 0.1 0.1 0.18 100.0 100.0 100.0Vitamin mixture per kg of feed:VitaminA I.U. 12,000 8,000 8,000D.sub.3 I.U. 1,500 1,000 1,000E mg 18 12 12B.sub.1 mg 1.5 1 1B.sub.2 mg 6.0 4 4Pantothenic acid mg 9.0 6 6Nicotinic acid mg 24.0 16 16Vitamin B.sub.6 mg 4.5 3 3B.sub.12 .mu.g 24.0 16 16K.sub.3 mg 3.0 2 2Choline chloride mg 1,300 1,300 1,300______________________________________ *1 kg of feed contains: 106 mg of Mn; 71 mg of Zn; 44 mg of Fe; 3.56 mg o Cu; 0.4 mg of I; 0.16 mg of Co.
B. BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES
The coccidiostatic effect of the present agents was investigated on chickens infected with coccidia. The experimental investigations cited below show the effectiveness of the various combinations according to the invention on the basis of some examples. The monensin is in this case employed in the form of a sodium salt of the unseparated mycel produced by fermentation.
To determine and assess the coccidiostatic effect of the agents according to the invention, in all the experimental investigations described below, so-called infection controls (untreated, infected animals) and 0 controls (untreated, uninfected animals) were used. The animals used for this purpose of both sexes (LSL chickens supplied by Lohmann, Wallau, FRG) were randomized and in each case made up into groups of 16 animals. The infected groups treated with the agents according to the invention were made up by the same method. The animals, except those of the 0 control were infected with a virulent Eimeria tenella strain which in 8 day old chickens results in severe (reproducible) lesions of the ceca. the coccidiocidal agents were mixed with the feed for the poultry in ppm quantities; the concentrations in each case are evident from the following Tables 1a to 1f.
The degree of the pathological and anatomical changes of the intestional mucosa in the ceca due to the infection is normally expressed (Experimental Parasitology, Vol. 28, 1970; or Long, P.L.: The Biology of the Coccidia, 1982, Univ. Park Press) in the form of damage figures (=lesion figures), hereinafter termed "lesion scores" (scale from 0 to 4). At the end of the investigations, the animals were killed 5 days after the infection and they were all investigated for typical pathological and anatomical changes produced by coccidiosis.
Description and assessment of the damage (Lesion scores): 0 to 4
0=animals in which no lesions can be detected in the intestinal tract,
1=animals with few, circumscribed small lesions (petechiae) in the ceca,
2=animals with several, circumscribed and somewhat larger lesions (petechiae) than described under 1,
3=animals with numerous and relatively large-area, bloody lesions which in some cases run together,
4=animals with large-area, bloody lesions which affect the entire intestinal mucosa of the ceca and also adjacent sections of the intestine (ileum or rectum).
The picture which presents itself is one of a largearea hemorrhagic enteritis of the severest degree which as a rule results in the death of the animal.
For the lesion scores specified under 1 to 4, fluid and bloody droppings are deposited to an increasing extent. The weight depression as a result of the refusal of nutrient corresponds likewise to the increase in the lesion scores.
From the observations mentioned, the relevance of the lesion scores for assessing the coccidiocidal action of the agents according to the invention becomes clear.
The lesion scores are listed on the one hand as individual values for each animal within a group and on the other hand as average values for the corresponding group of animals in the Tables 1a-1f.
TREATMENT AND INFECTIONS
In all the experiments, in each case 16 one week old LSL chickens per group were kept under constant room conditions in wire cages with 4 animals in each wire cage. The feed medicated with the agents according to the invention was fed from day D-1 (one day before the infection) up to day D+5 (5 days after the infection) ad lib. The control groups (0 group or infection control) did not receive medicated feed. The respective groups of animals were consequently fed for 7 days with the same feed. On the day of the infection (=D0) each animals was adminstered 200,000 sporulated oocysts of the abovementioned E. tenella strain using a stomach tube.
After digestion of the oocysts in the small intestine, these permanent forms released the infectious sporozoites which then attack the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa and multiply there on a large scale by change in form. The numerous schizonts which develop from the sporozoites destroy the intestinal epithelium as a result of repeated division processes. The maximum in the destructive effect of the schizonts on the intestinal epithelium is reached 5 days after the infection. The lesion scores were therefore determined at this instant in time in the manner described above.
The synergistic effect of the agents according to the invention (combinations) is shown below in the Tables 1a-1f, and in particular on the one hand, the effect of the individual active substances in the normal practical application concentration and, on the other hand, the more-than-additive or synergistic effect resulting from different combinations of the individual active substances. The lesion scores of the infection controls or 0 controls (uninfected animals) serve to balance the medicated and infected groups of animals in each case.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Treatment of Concentration Damage (lesion scores)medicated feed ppm Individual value per animal Total Average value per__________________________________________________________________________ groupCombination of monensin with methyl benzoquateNone 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4Infection control 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 56 3.5None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Uninfected control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 10 0.6Na salt of 0 0 1 1 1 3 3 3monensin 50 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 40 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 25 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 57 3.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0methyl benzoquate 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2.5 1 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 30 1.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Na salt of 50 + 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4 0.3monensin + methyl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0benzoquate 25 + 2.5 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 16 1.0Combination of monensin with nicarbazinNone 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4Infection control 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 56 3.5None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Uninfected control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 10 0.6Na salt of 0 0 1 1 1 3 3 3monensin 50 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 40 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 125 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 28 1.8nicarbazin 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 62.5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 45 2.8 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 31.25 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 52 3.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Na salt of 50 + 62.5 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 0.3monensin + nicarbazin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 + 31.25 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 3 10 0.6Combination of monensin with halofuginoneNone 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3Infection control 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 52 3.3None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Uninfected control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 9 0.6Na salt of 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3monensin 50 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 45 2.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0halofuginone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 26 1.6 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 0.75 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 48 3.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Na salt of 50 + 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 4 0.3monensin + halofuginone 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 50 + 0.75 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 29 1.8Combination of monensin with metichlorpindol/methyl benzoquateNone 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4Infection control 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 56 3.5None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Uninfected control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 10 0.6Na salt of 0 0 1 1 1 3 3 3monensin 50 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 40 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 108.35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0meticlorpindol/ 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1methyl benzoquate 9.5 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 30 1.9 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 6.75 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 2.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Na salt of monensin + 50 + 9.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4 0.3meticlorpindol/methyl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0benzoquate 50 + 6.75 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 12 0.8Combination of monensin with amproliumNone 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3Infection control 0 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 53 3.3None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Uninfected control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 1 1 3 3 4 12 0.8monensin 0 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 50 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 44 2.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0amprolium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62.5 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 0.3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31.25 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 44 2.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0monensin 30 + 62.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0+ amprolium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 + 31.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0.1Combination of monensin with amprolium + ethopabateNone 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4Infection control 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 57 3.6None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Uninfected control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 9 0.6monensin 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 50 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 58 3.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0amprolium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0+ ethopabate 62.5 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 7 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 31.25 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 4 22 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0monensin + amprolium 50 + 62.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0+ ethopabate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 + 31.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0__________________________________________________________________________

Number	Name	Date
3501568	Haney et al.	Mar 1970
4061755	McDougald	Dec 1977
4218438	Callender et al.	Aug 1980

Coccidiocidal compositions

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Entry
The Merck Index, 10th Ed. (1983) pp. 86, 144, 544, 662, 928.
Haney et al., Monensin, A New Biologically Active Compound.
The Merck Index, 10th Edition, 1983, Rahway, N.J., pp. 613, 893, 931.