Patent Application
20250119586
This disclosure relates to video encoding and video decoding.
Digital video capabilities can be incorporated into a wide range of devices, including digital televisions, digital direct broadcast systems, wireless broadcast systems, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop or desktop computers, tablet computers, e-book readers, digital cameras, digital recording devices, digital media players, video gaming devices, video game consoles, cellular or satellite radio telephones, so-called “smart phones,” video teleconferencing devices, video streaming devices, and the like. Digital video devices implement video coding techniques, such as those described in the standards defined by MPEG-2, MPEG-4, ITU-T H.263, ITU-T H.264/MPEG-4, Part 10, Advanced Video Coding (AVC), ITU-T H.265/High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), ITU-T H.266/Versatile Video Coding (VVC), and extensions of such standards, as well as proprietary video codecs/formats such as AOMedia Video 1 (AV1) that was developed by the Alliance for Open Media. The video devices may transmit, receive, encode, decode, and/or store digital video information more efficiently by implementing such video coding techniques.
Video coding techniques include spatial (intra-picture) prediction and/or temporal (inter-picture) prediction to reduce or remove redundancy inherent in video sequences. For block-based video coding, a video slice (e.g., a video picture or a portion of a video picture) may be partitioned into video blocks, which may also be referred to as coding tree units (CTUs), coding units (CUs) and/or coding nodes. Video blocks in an intra-coded (I) slice of a picture are encoded using spatial prediction with respect to reference samples in neighboring blocks in the same picture. Video blocks in an inter-coded (P or B) slice of a picture may use spatial prediction with respect to reference samples in neighboring blocks in the same picture or temporal prediction with respect to reference samples in other reference pictures. Pictures may be referred to as frames, and reference pictures may be referred to as reference frames.
In general, this disclosure describes techniques for transform coding in video encoding and decoding. The techniques of this disclosure include context selection techniques that may improve coding efficiency in video compression, including in the enhanced compression model (ECM) based on Versatile Video Coding (VVC/H.266) The techniques of this disclosure may be used in other advanced video codecs, including extensions of HEVC and VVC, as well as the next generation of video coding standards.
A video coder may be configured to code a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of a transform coefficients in a block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags. The greater_than_N flags indicate whether or not the absolute value of a transform coefficient is greater than some value N (e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.). The video coder may further determine first respective contexts for each syntax element in a first set of the plurality of syntax elements from respective context tables for each syntax element in the first set of the plurality of syntax elements, and determine second respective contexts for each syntax element in a second set of the plurality of syntax elements from a shared context table.
In one example, this disclosure describes a method of decoding video data, the method comprising receiving a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of a transform coefficients in a block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags, decoding the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, and decoding the block based on the absolute value of the transform coefficients.
In another example, this disclosure describes an apparatus configured to decode video data, the apparatus comprising a memory, and processing circuitry in communication with the memory, the processing circuitry configured to receive a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of a transform coefficients in a block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags, decode the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, and decode the block based on the absolute value of the transform coefficients.
In another example, this disclosure describes a device configured to decode video data, the device comprising means for receiving a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of a transform coefficients in a block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags, means for decoding the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, and means for decoding the block based on the absolute value of the transform coefficients.
In another example, this disclosure describes a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed, cause one or more processors of a device configured to decode video data to receive a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of a transform coefficients in a block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags, decode the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, and decode the block based on the absolute value of the transform coefficients.
In another example, this disclosure describes a method of encoding video data, the method comprising generating a block of transform coefficients, generating a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags, and entropy encoding the plurality of syntax elements.
In another example, this disclosure describes an apparatus configured to encode video data, the apparatus comprising a memory, and processing circuitry in communication with the memory, the processing circuitry configured to generate a block of transform coefficients, generate a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags, and entropy encode the plurality of syntax elements.
In another example, this disclosure describes a device configured to encode video data, the device comprising means for generating a block of transform coefficients, means for generating a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags, and means for entropy encoding the plurality of syntax elements.
In another example, this disclosure describes a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed, cause one or more processors of a device configured to encode video data to generate a block of transform coefficients, generate a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags, and entropy encode the plurality of syntax elements.
The details of one or more examples are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description, drawings, and claims.
Transform coefficient coding in video coding is an aspect of the compression process, where the transform coefficients that are derived after applying a transform, such as the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) to a block of video data, are encoded into a bitstream.
The encoding of transform coefficients begins after the video data has been transformed, which usually results in most of the energy being concentrated in the lower-frequency coefficients. The higher-frequency coefficients often contain small or zero values. To make this data more compact, the coefficients are typically rearranged into a one-dimensional sequence through a zigzag scanning pattern. This pattern places the lower-frequency coefficients, which are more likely to be non-zero, at the beginning of the sequence, leading to long runs of zeros in the latter part of the sequence.
One element of the encoding process is the use of Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC), an entropy coding technique that further compresses the transform coefficients. CABAC works by encoding binary symbols based on probabilities that are derived from the context in which they occur. This context is influenced by the values of previously encoded coefficients and other relevant information, allowing CABAC to predict the probability of each symbol more accurately. This adaptability makes CABAC highly efficient, especially compared to simpler methods like Huffman coding, as CABAC dynamically adjusts to the statistical properties of the video content, leading to better compression.
Within CABAC, most of the transform coefficients are encoded using regular coding modes, which involve the use of context models to predict the probability of each bit or symbol. However, for certain parts of the bitstream that do not benefit as much from context modeling, such as when the symbols have a more uniform probability distribution, bypass coding is employed. Bypass coding is a simpler and faster process where bits are directly written to the bitstream without the use of complex probability models. This approach is particularly useful for encoding less significant coefficients or residuals that exhibit less structure.
In accordance with the techniques of this disclosure, a video coder may be configured to code a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of a transform coefficients in a block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags. The greater_than_N flags indicate whether or not the absolute value of a transform coefficient is greater than some value N (e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.). The video coder may further determine first respective contexts for each syntax element in a first set of the plurality of syntax elements from respective context tables for each syntax element in the first set of the plurality of syntax elements, and determine second respective contexts for each syntax element in a second set of the plurality of syntax elements from a shared context table. The techniques of this disclosure may improve compression efficiency while maintaining low distortion.
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System 100 as shown in
In general, video source 104 represents a source of video data (i.e., raw, unencoded video data) and provides a sequential series of pictures (also referred to as “frames”) of the video data to video encoder 200, which encodes data for the pictures. Video source 104 of source device 102 may include a video capture device, such as a video camera, a video archive containing previously captured raw video, and/or a video feed interface to receive video from a video content provider. As a further alternative, video source 104 may generate computer graphics-based data as the source video, or a combination of live video, archived video, and computer-generated video. In each case, video encoder 200 encodes the captured, pre-captured, or computer-generated video data. Video encoder 200 may rearrange the pictures from the received order (sometimes referred to as “display order”) into a coding order for coding. Video encoder 200 may generate a bitstream including encoded video data. Source device 102 may then output the encoded video data via output interface 108 onto computer-readable medium 110 for reception and/or retrieval by, e.g., input interface 122 of destination device 116.
Memory 106 of source device 102 and memory 120 of destination device 116 represent general purpose memories. In some examples, memories 106, 120 may store raw video data, e.g., raw video from video source 104 and raw, decoded video data from video decoder 300. Additionally or alternatively, memories 106, 120 may store software instructions executable by, e.g., video encoder 200 and video decoder 300, respectively. Although memory 106 and memory 120 are shown separately from video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 in this example, it should be understood that video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may also include internal memories for functionally similar or equivalent purposes. Furthermore, memories 106, 120 may store encoded video data, e.g., output from video encoder 200 and input to video decoder 300. In some examples, portions of memories 106, 120 may be allocated as one or more video buffers, e.g., to store raw, decoded, and/or encoded video data.
Computer-readable medium 110 may represent any type of medium or device capable of transporting the encoded video data from source device 102 to destination device 116. In one example, computer-readable medium 110 represents a communication medium to enable source device 102 to transmit encoded video data directly to destination device 116 in real-time, e.g., via a radio frequency network or computer-based network. Output interface 108 may modulate a transmission signal including the encoded video data, and input interface 122 may demodulate the received transmission signal, according to a communication standard, such as a wireless communication protocol. The communication medium may include any wireless or wired communication medium, such as a radio frequency (RF) spectrum or one or more physical transmission lines. The communication medium may form part of a packet-based network, such as a local area network, a wide-area network, or a global network such as the Internet. The communication medium may include routers, switches, base stations, or any other equipment that may be useful to facilitate communication from source device 102 to destination device 116.
In some examples, source device 102 may output encoded data from output interface 108 to storage device 112. Similarly, destination device 116 may access encoded data from storage device 112 via input interface 122. Storage device 112 may include any of a variety of distributed or locally accessed data storage media such as a hard drive, Blu-ray discs, DVDs, CD-ROMs, flash memory, volatile or non-volatile memory, or any other suitable digital storage media for storing encoded video data.
In some examples, source device 102 may output encoded video data to file server 114 or another intermediate storage device that may store the encoded video data generated by source device 102. Destination device 116 may access stored video data from file server 114 via streaming or download.
File server 114 may be any type of server device capable of storing encoded video data and transmitting that encoded video data to the destination device 116. File server 114 may represent a web server (e.g., for a website), a server configured to provide a file transfer protocol service (such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (FLUTE) protocol), a content delivery network (CDN) device, a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) server, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) or Enhanced MBMS (eMBMS) server, and/or a network attached storage (NAS) device. File server 114 may, additionally or alternatively, implement one or more HTTP streaming protocols, such as Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), HTTP Live Streaming (HLS), Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), HTTP Dynamic Streaming, or the like.
Destination device 116 may access encoded video data from file server 114 through any standard data connection, including an Internet connection. This may include a wireless channel (e.g., a Wi-Fi connection), a wired connection (e.g., digital subscriber line (DSL), cable modem, etc.), or a combination of both that is suitable for accessing encoded video data stored on file server 114. Input interface 122 may be configured to operate according to any one or more of the various protocols discussed above for retrieving or receiving media data from file server 114, or other such protocols for retrieving media data.
Output interface 108 and input interface 122 may represent wireless transmitters/receivers, modems, wired networking components (e.g., Ethernet cards), wireless communication components that operate according to any of a variety of IEEE 802.11 standards, or other physical components. In examples where output interface 108 and input interface 122 include wireless components, output interface 108 and input interface 122 may be configured to transfer data, such as encoded video data, according to a cellular communication standard, such as 4G, 4G-LTE (Long-Term Evolution), LTE Advanced, 5G, or the like. In some examples where output interface 108 includes a wireless transmitter, output interface 108 and input interface 122 may be configured to transfer data, such as encoded video data, according to other wireless standards, such as an IEEE 802.11 specification, an IEEE 802.15 specification (e.g., ZigBee™), a Bluetooth™ standard, or the like. In some examples, source device 102 and/or destination device 116 may include respective system-on-a-chip (SoC) devices. For example, source device 102 may include an SoC device to perform the functionality attributed to video encoder 200 and/or output interface 108, and destination device 116 may include an SoC device to perform the functionality attributed to video decoder 300 and/or input interface 122.
The techniques of this disclosure may be applied to video coding in support of any of a variety of multimedia applications, such as over-the-air television broadcasts, cable television transmissions, satellite television transmissions, Internet streaming video transmissions, such as dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH), digital video that is encoded onto a data storage medium, decoding of digital video stored on a data storage medium, or other applications.
Input interface 122 of destination device 116 receives an encoded video bitstream from computer-readable medium 110 (e.g., a communication medium, storage device 112, file server 114, or the like). The encoded video bitstream may include signaling information defined by video encoder 200, which is also used by video decoder 300, such as syntax elements having values that describe characteristics and/or processing of video blocks or other coded units (e.g., slices, pictures, groups of pictures, sequences, or the like). Display device 118 displays decoded pictures of the decoded video data to a user. Display device 118 may represent any of a variety of display devices such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, or another type of display device.
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Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 each may be implemented as any of a variety of suitable encoder and/or decoder circuitry that includes a processing system, such as one or more microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), discrete logic, software, hardware, firmware or any combinations thereof. When the techniques are implemented partially in software, a device may store instructions for the software in a suitable, non-transitory computer-readable medium and execute the instructions in hardware using one or more processors to perform the techniques of this disclosure. Each of video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be included in one or more encoders or decoders, either of which may be integrated as part of a combined encoder/decoder (CODEC) in a respective device. A device including video encoder 200 and/or video decoder 300 may implement video encoder 200 and/or video decoder 300 in processing circuitry such as an integrated circuit and/or a microprocessor. Such a device may be a wireless communication device, such as a cellular telephone, or any other type of device described herein.
Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may operate according to a video coding standard, such as ITU-T H.265, also referred to as High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) or extensions thereto, such as the multi-view and/or scalable video coding extensions. Alternatively, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may operate according to other proprietary or industry standards, such as ITU-T H.266, also referred to as Versatile Video Coding (VVC). In other examples, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may operate according to a proprietary video codec/format, such as AOMedia Video 1 (AV1), extensions of AV1, and/or successor versions of AV1 (e.g., AV2). In other examples, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may operate according to other proprietary formats or industry standards. The techniques of this disclosure, however, are not limited to any particular coding standard or format. In general, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to perform the techniques of this disclosure in conjunction with any video coding techniques that use contexts for coding transform coefficients.
In general, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may perform block-based coding of pictures. The term “block” generally refers to a structure including data to be processed (e.g., encoded, decoded, or otherwise used in the encoding and/or decoding process). For example, a block may include a two-dimensional matrix of samples of luminance and/or chrominance data. In general, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may code video data represented in a YUV (e.g., Y, Cb, Cr) format. That is, rather than coding red, green, and blue (RGB) data for samples of a picture, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may code luminance and chrominance components, where the chrominance components may include both red hue and blue hue chrominance components. In some examples, video encoder 200 converts received RGB formatted data to a YUV representation prior to encoding, and video decoder 300 converts the YUV representation to the RGB format. Alternatively, pre- and post-processing units (not shown) may perform these conversions.
This disclosure may generally refer to coding (e.g., encoding and decoding) of pictures to include the process of encoding or decoding data of the picture. Similarly, this disclosure may refer to coding of blocks of a picture to include the process of encoding or decoding data for the blocks, e.g., prediction and/or residual coding. An encoded video bitstream generally includes a series of values for syntax elements representative of coding decisions (e.g., coding modes) and partitioning of pictures into blocks. Thus, references to coding a picture or a block should generally be understood as coding values for syntax elements forming the picture or block.
HEVC defines various blocks, including coding units (CUs), prediction units (PUs), and transform units (TUs). According to HEVC, a video coder (such as video encoder 200) partitions a coding tree unit (CTU) into CUs according to a quadtree structure. That is, the video coder partitions CTUs and CUs into four equal, non-overlapping squares, and each node of the quadtree has either zero or four child nodes. Nodes without child nodes may be referred to as “leaf nodes,” and CUs of such leaf nodes may include one or more PUs and/or one or more TUs. The video coder may further partition PUs and TUs. For example, in HEVC, a residual quadtree (RQT) represents partitioning of TUs. In HEVC, PUs represent inter-prediction data, while TUs represent residual data. CUs that are intra-predicted include intra-prediction information, such as an intra-mode indication.
As another example, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to operate according to VVC. According to VVC, a video coder (such as video encoder 200) partitions a picture into a plurality of CTUs. Video encoder 200 may partition a CTU according to a tree structure, such as a quadtree-binary tree (QTBT) structure or Multi-Type Tree (MTT) structure. The QTBT structure removes the concepts of multiple partition types, such as the separation between CUs, PUs, and TUs of HEVC. A QTBT structure includes two levels: a first level partitioned according to quadtree partitioning, and a second level partitioned according to binary tree partitioning. A root node of the QTBT structure corresponds to a CTU. Leaf nodes of the binary trees correspond to CUs.
In an MTT partitioning structure, blocks may be partitioned using a quadtree (QT) partition, a binary tree (BT) partition, and one or more types of triple tree (TT) (also called ternary tree (TT)) partitions. A triple or ternary tree partition is a partition where a block is split into three sub-blocks. In some examples, a triple or ternary tree partition divides a block into three sub-blocks without dividing the original block through the center. The partitioning types in MTT (e.g., QT, BT, and TT), may be symmetrical or asymmetrical.
When operating according to the AV1 codec, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to code video data in blocks. In AV1, the largest coding block that can be processed is called a superblock. In AV1, a superblock can be either 128×128 luma samples or 64×64 luma samples. However, in successor video coding formats (e.g., AV2), a superblock may be defined by different (e.g., larger) luma sample sizes. In some examples, a superblock is the top level of a block quadtree. Video encoder 200 may further partition a superblock into smaller coding blocks. Video encoder 200 may partition a superblock and other coding blocks into smaller blocks using square or non-square partitioning. Non-square blocks may include N/2×N, N×N/2, N/4×N, and N×N/4 blocks. Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may perform separate prediction and transform processes on each of the coding blocks.
AV1 also defines a tile of video data. A tile is a rectangular array of superblocks that may be coded independently of other tiles. That is, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may encode and decode, respectively, coding blocks within a tile without using video data from other tiles. However, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may perform filtering across tile boundaries. Tiles may be uniform or non-uniform in size. Tile-based coding may enable parallel processing and/or multi-threading for encoder and decoder implementations.
In some examples, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may use a single QTBT or MTT structure to represent each of the luminance and chrominance components, while in other examples, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may use two or more QTBT or MTT structures, such as one QTBT/MTT structure for the luminance component and another QTBT/MTT structure for both chrominance components (or two QTBT/MTT structures for respective chrominance components).
Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to use quadtree partitioning, QTBT partitioning, MTT partitioning, superblock partitioning, or other partitioning structures.
In some examples, a CTU includes a coding tree block (CTB) of luma samples, two corresponding CTBs of chroma samples of a picture that has three sample arrays, or a CTB of samples of a monochrome picture or a picture that is coded using three separate color planes and syntax structures used to code the samples. A CTB may be an N×N block of samples for some value of N such that the division of a component into CTBs is a partitioning. A component is an array or single sample from one of the three arrays (luma and two chroma) that compose a picture in 4:2:0, 4:2:2, or 4:4:4 color format or the array or a single sample of the array that compose a picture in monochrome format. In some examples, a coding block is an M×N block of samples for some values of M and N such that a division of a CTB into coding blocks is a partitioning.
The blocks (e.g., CTUs or CUs) may be grouped in various ways in a picture. As one example, a brick may refer to a rectangular region of CTU rows within a particular tile in a picture. A tile may be a rectangular region of CTUs within a particular tile column and a particular tile row in a picture. A tile column refers to a rectangular region of CTUs having a height equal to the height of the picture and a width specified by syntax elements (e.g., such as in a picture parameter set). A tile row refers to a rectangular region of CTUs having a height specified by syntax elements (e.g., such as in a picture parameter set) and a width equal to the width of the picture.
In some examples, a tile may be partitioned into multiple bricks, each of which may include one or more CTU rows within the tile. A tile that is not partitioned into multiple bricks may also be referred to as a brick. However, a brick that is a true subset of a tile may not be referred to as a tile. The bricks in a picture may also be arranged in a slice. A slice may be an integer number of bricks of a picture that may be exclusively contained in a single network abstraction layer (NAL) unit. In some examples, a slice includes either a number of complete tiles or only a consecutive sequence of complete bricks of one tile.
This disclosure may use “N×N” and “N by N” interchangeably to refer to the sample dimensions of a block (such as a CU or other video block) in terms of vertical and horizontal dimensions, e.g., 16×16 samples or 16 by 16 samples. In general, a 16×16 CU will have 16 samples in a vertical direction (y=16) and 16 samples in a horizontal direction (x=16). Likewise, an N×N CU generally has N samples in a vertical direction and N samples in a horizontal direction, where N represents a nonnegative integer value. The samples in a CU may be arranged in rows and columns. Moreover, CUs need not necessarily have the same number of samples in the horizontal direction as in the vertical direction. For example, CUs may include N×M samples, where Mis not necessarily equal to N.
Video encoder 200 encodes video data for CUs representing prediction and/or residual information, and other information. The prediction information indicates how the CU is to be predicted in order to form a prediction block for the CU. The residual information generally represents sample-by-sample differences between samples of the CU prior to encoding and the prediction block.
To predict a CU, video encoder 200 may generally form a prediction block for the CU through inter-prediction or intra-prediction. Inter-prediction generally refers to predicting the CU from data of a previously coded picture, whereas intra-prediction generally refers to predicting the CU from previously coded data of the same picture. To perform inter-prediction, video encoder 200 may generate the prediction block using one or more motion vectors. Video encoder 200 may generally perform a motion search to identify a reference block that closely matches the CU, e.g., in terms of differences between the CU and the reference block. Video encoder 200 may calculate a difference metric using a sum of absolute difference (SAD), sum of squared differences (SSD), mean absolute difference (MAD), mean squared differences (MSD), or other such difference calculations to determine whether a reference block closely matches the current CU. In some examples, video encoder 200 may predict the current CU using uni-directional prediction or bi-directional prediction.
Some examples of VVC also provide an affine motion compensation mode, which may be considered an inter-prediction mode. In affine motion compensation mode, video encoder 200 may determine two or more motion vectors that represent non-translational motion, such as zoom in or out, rotation, perspective motion, or other irregular motion types.
To perform intra-prediction, video encoder 200 may select an intra-prediction mode to generate the prediction block. Some examples of VVC provide sixty-seven intra-prediction modes, including various directional modes, as well as planar mode and DC mode. In general, video encoder 200 selects an intra-prediction mode that describes neighboring samples to a current block (e.g., a block of a CU) from which to predict samples of the current block. Such samples may generally be above, above and to the left, or to the left of the current block in the same picture as the current block, assuming video encoder 200 codes CTUs and CUs in raster scan order (left to right, top to bottom).
Video encoder 200 encodes data representing the prediction mode for a current block. For example, for inter-prediction modes, video encoder 200 may encode data representing which of the various available inter-prediction modes is used, as well as motion information for the corresponding mode. For uni-directional or bi-directional inter-prediction, for example, video encoder 200 may encode motion vectors using advanced motion vector prediction (AMVP) or merge mode. Video encoder 200 may use similar modes to encode motion vectors for affine motion compensation mode.
AV1 includes two general techniques for encoding and decoding a coding block of video data. The two general techniques are intra prediction (e.g., intra frame prediction or spatial prediction) and inter prediction (e.g., inter frame prediction or temporal prediction). In the context of AV1, when predicting blocks of a current frame of video data using an intra prediction mode, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 do not use video data from other frames of video data. For most intra prediction modes, video encoder 200 encodes blocks of a current frame based on the difference between sample values in the current block and predicted values generated from reference samples in the same frame. Video encoder 200 determines predicted values generated from the reference samples based on the intra prediction mode.
Following prediction, such as intra-prediction or inter-prediction of a block, video encoder 200 may calculate residual data for the block. The residual data, such as a residual block, represents sample by sample differences between the block and a prediction block for the block, formed using the corresponding prediction mode. Video encoder 200 may apply one or more transforms to the residual block, to produce transformed data in a transform domain instead of the sample domain. For example, video encoder 200 may apply a discrete cosine transform (DCT), an integer transform, a wavelet transform, or a conceptually similar transform to residual video data. Additionally, video encoder 200 may apply a secondary transform following the first transform, such as a mode-dependent non-separable secondary transform (MDNSST), a signal dependent transform, a Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), or the like. Video encoder 200 produces transform coefficients following application of the one or more transforms.
As noted above, following any transforms to produce transform coefficients, video encoder 200 may perform quantization of the transform coefficients. Quantization generally refers to a process in which transform coefficients are quantized to possibly reduce the amount of data used to represent the transform coefficients, providing further compression. By performing the quantization process, video encoder 200 may reduce the bit depth associated with some or all of the transform coefficients. For example, video encoder 200 may round an n-bit value down to an m-bit value during quantization, where n is greater than m. In some examples, to perform quantization, video encoder 200 may perform a bitwise right-shift of the value to be quantized.
Following quantization, video encoder 200 may scan the transform coefficients, producing a one-dimensional vector from the two-dimensional matrix including the quantized transform coefficients. The scan may be designed to place higher energy (and therefore lower frequency) transform coefficients at the front of the vector and to place lower energy (and therefore higher frequency) transform coefficients at the back of the vector. In some examples, video encoder 200 may utilize a predefined scan order to scan the quantized transform coefficients to produce a serialized vector, and then entropy encode the quantized transform coefficients of the vector. In other examples, video encoder 200 may perform an adaptive scan. After scanning the quantized transform coefficients to form the one-dimensional vector, video encoder 200 may entropy encode the one-dimensional vector, e.g., according to context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC). Video encoder 200 may also entropy encode values for syntax elements describing metadata associated with the encoded video data for use by video decoder 300 in decoding the video data.
To perform CABAC, video encoder 200 may assign a context within a context model to a symbol to be transmitted. The context may relate to, for example, whether neighboring values of the symbol are zero-valued or not. The probability determination may be based on a context assigned to the symbol.
Video encoder 200 may further generate syntax data, such as block-based syntax data, picture-based syntax data, and sequence-based syntax data, to video decoder 300, e.g., in a picture header, a block header, a slice header, or other syntax data, such as a sequence parameter set (SPS), picture parameter set (PPS), or video parameter set (VPS). Video decoder 300 may likewise decode such syntax data to determine how to decode corresponding video data.
In this manner, video encoder 200 may generate a bitstream including encoded video data, e.g., syntax elements describing partitioning of a picture into blocks (e.g., CUs) and prediction and/or residual information for the blocks. Ultimately, video decoder 300 may receive the bitstream and decode the encoded video data.
In general, video decoder 300 performs a reciprocal process to that performed by video encoder 200 to decode the encoded video data of the bitstream. For example, video decoder 300 may decode values for syntax elements of the bitstream using CABAC in a manner substantially similar to, albeit reciprocal to, the CABAC encoding process of video encoder 200. The syntax elements may define partitioning information for partitioning of a picture into CTUs, and partitioning of each CTU according to a corresponding partition structure, such as a QTBT structure, to define CUs of the CTU. The syntax elements may further define prediction and residual information for blocks (e.g., CUs) of video data.
The residual information may be represented by, for example, quantized transform coefficients. Video decoder 300 may inverse quantize and inverse transform the quantized transform coefficients of a block to reproduce a residual block for the block. Video decoder 300 uses a signaled prediction mode (intra- or inter-prediction) and related prediction information (e.g., motion information for inter-prediction) to form a prediction block for the block. Video decoder 300 may then combine the prediction block and the residual block (on a sample-by-sample basis) to reproduce the original block. Video decoder 300 may perform additional processing, such as performing a deblocking process to reduce visual artifacts along boundaries of the block.
This disclosure may generally refer to “signaling” certain information, such as syntax elements. The term “signaling” may generally refer to the communication of values for syntax elements and/or other data used to decode encoded video data. That is, video encoder 200 may signal values for syntax elements in the bitstream. In general, signaling refers to generating a value in the bitstream. As noted above, source device 102 may transport the bitstream to destination device 116 substantially in real time, or not in real time, such as might occur when storing syntax elements to storage device 112 for later retrieval by destination device 116.
In general, this disclosure describes techniques for transform coding in video encoding and decoding. The techniques of this disclosure include context selection techniques that may improve coding efficiency in video compression, including in the enhanced compression model (ECM) based on Versatile Video Coding (VVC/H.266) The techniques of this disclosure may be used in other advanced video codecs, including extensions of HEVC and VVC, as well as the next generation of video coding standards.
In accordance with the techniques of this disclosure, as will be explained in more detail below, a video coder may be configured to code a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of a transform coefficients in a block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags. The greater_than_N flags indicate whether or not the absolute value of a transform coefficient is greater than some value N (e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.). The video coder may further determine first respective contexts for each syntax element in a first set of the plurality of syntax elements from respective context tables for each syntax element in the first set of the plurality of syntax elements, and determine second respective contexts for each syntax element in a second set of the plurality of syntax elements from a shared context table. The techniques of this disclosure may improve compression efficiency while maintaining low distortion.
The absolute value of transform coefficients may be represented by a plurality of syntax elements. In one example, the absolute value of a transform coefficients may be represented by the values of a significant coefficient flag (e.g., sig_coeff_flag), a greater-than-one flag (e.g., greater1_flag), a greater-than-three flag (e.g., greater3_flag), a parity flag (e.g., parity_flag), and a remaining level syntax element (e.g., coeff_abs_level_remaining). In other examples, other combinations of syntax elements may be used.
The sig_coeff_flag(s) indicates whether or not the absolute value of the transform coefficient is greater than 0. The greater1_flag (gt1) indicates whether or not the absolute value of the transform coefficient is greater than 1. The greater3_flag (gt3) indicates whether or not the absolute value of the transform coefficient is greater than 3. The parity_flag (p) indicates whether the absolute value of the transform coefficient is even (parity_flag=0) or odd (parity_flag=1). The coeff_abs_level_remaining syntax element (rem) indicates that absolute value of the transform coefficient above three in this example that uses a gt3 flag. For example, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may determine the value of the coeff_abs_level_remaining syntax element (rem) as the absolute value of the transform coefficient minus 3 minus the value of the greater3_flag and minus the value of the parity_flag (see below and
In some examples, the context model selection for context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) of the bins of the sig_coeff_flag, the greater1_flag, greater3_flag, and the parity_flag, as well as the binarization code selection for the syntax element coeff_abs_level_remaining, is based on already coded absolute values in a local neighborhood relative to the currently coded coefficient. The size and shape of the local template used is shown
For the actual context selection, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may determine the sum of absolute transform coefficient levels and the number of significant neighboring positions inside the template including neighboring coefficients 606. In some examples, the coefficient levels are the reconstructed levels in a first coefficient pass (e.g., not necessarily the entire level of the coefficients. These values are used for deriving the context model index and the Rice parameter for current coefficient 602. To get the final context offset, the position within block 600 is also used. The final context ID (ctxId) may be derived as follows:
ctxId=contextTable[posX][posY][offset(sum(Abs(coeff)))],
where contextTable outputs a context based on the X position (posX) and the Y position (posY) of the current coefficient in the block, and the offset is determined as the sum of absolute values (ABS) of coefficients (coeff) within the local template. In one example, for a particular coefficient position at (posX, posY), video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 are configured to determine ctxId using an offset. The offset is determined based on a sum of absolute coefficients (e.g., partially reconstructed levels in a 5 causal neighbor template) in a first coding pass and based on an offset zone the coefficient belongs to.
An example of context offset zones for the sig_coeff_flag is depicted
For the first bin of the Truncated Unary code, also referred to as the significance bin sig_coeff_flag, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may determine the context (also called context model) based on a diagonal position inside the transform block, the quantizer used, and the sum of absolute transform coefficient levels inside the template. The quantizer used is specified by a syntax element quantId, which may be derived as specified by the pseudo code shown in
where sumAbs represents a sum of all coefficients in the causal neighborhood, which may be capped at 5 for odd coefficients and at 4 for even coefficients.
For the second bin of the truncated unary code, also referred to as the significance bin greater1_flag, the chosen context depends on the diagonal position inside the transform block, the quantizer used, and the sum of absolute transform coefficient levels greater than 1 inside the template. Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to derive an offset in the formula as follows:
Offset=min (tmplCpSum1, 4),
where tmplCpSum1=sumAbs−numPos, and where numPos is number of non-zero coefficients in the causal neighborhood.
For the remaining bins of the truncated unary code part, the chosen context depends on the diagonal position inside the transform block, the quantizer used, and the sum of absolute transform coefficient levels greater than 1 inside the template. A separate context model is used for the last significant coefficient.
Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may determine a Rice parameter based on the number of absolute transform coefficient levels greater than 1.
The coefficient level (c) is decoded in ECM in the following way:
Example values of the syntax elements s, gt1, gt3, p, and rem for various coefficient levels (c) using the above technique are shown in Table 620 in
This disclosure describes techniques where video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 mare configured to use more context coded flags (e.g., 4 or more) for unary binarization of the absolute value of the transform coefficient before using an Exp-Golomb code in bypass mode for further syntax elements, such as the remainder (rem or levelRem or coeff_abs_level_remaining). The techniques of this disclosure may increase coding gains relative to other transform coefficient coding techniques. For example, by coding up to N greater than N flags, the number of context coded bins is increased, which may increase compression. Additionally, when coded, the value of the remainder syntax element is generally smaller.
In one example, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to code N context coded bins in the unary binarization of the coefficient. After decoding the greater_than_N_flag, if the last greater than flag, i.e., gtN, is equal to 1, the remainder is decoded using bypass mode. In one example, N is four or more. As shown below, in one example N is 7.As such, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to code a significance flag(s), as well as gt1, gt2, gt3, gt4, gt5, gt6, and gt7 flags.
In this example the absolute value (c) of the coefficient is determined as follows:
In this example, N=6. As such, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may code s, gt1, gt2, gt3, gt4, gt5, and gt6 context coded bins. Example values of the syntax elements for various coefficient levels using the technique of this example are shown in table 630 of
In the example of
Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 are configured to code the same number of context coded flags as in context derivation example 1. However, in this example, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 are configured to determine contexts for each of the gtN flags (N in {1,6}) from their own context table.
Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 are configured to code the same number of context coded flags as in context derivation example 1. However, in this example, in this example, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 are configured to code the s flag, the gt1 flag, and the gt2 flag are a context determined from a first context table. There are two other tables (e.g., a second context table and third context table) used to determine contexts for the other gtN flags. For example, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may use a second context table is used to determine contexts for the gt3 and gt4 flags, and may use a third context table is used to determine contexts for the gt5 and gt6 flags.
After a certain threshold for N in gtN, for example N=4, for every group of M gtN levels, the N+k×M flag is coded with it's a context from its own context table. The intermediate M−1 gtN levels in all groups, i.e., k×M+m, where m={1, . . . ,M−1) and k={1, . . . , K}, gets coded with a context from a shared context table. Here K is last group of M gtN flags. For example if coding up to gt12 and N=4 and M=4, then each of gt1, gt2, gt3, gt4 has its own context table. In addition gt8 and gt12 would have its own separate context table. For the intermediate bit planes, gt5 could share context table with gt9, gt6, with gt10, gt7 with gt11 context table. This corresponds to increments across group of M gtN levels share the context tables.
Currently in ECM and VVC, a parity flag is coded after the gt1 flag if the gt1 flag is equal to 1. In this example, the coefficients levels are represented by Coeff=sig+gt1+parity+2*(gt3+rem).
In the ECM/VVC scheme, the sig flag, gt1 flag, gt3 flag and parity flag are regularly coded (i.e., context coded), and the remainder (rem) syntax element (also called remLevel) is bypass coded using a Golomb-Rice code.
In another example of this disclosure, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to code the parity flag after the last gtN flag. In this example, the coefficient levels (Coeff) are represented by Coeff=sig+gt1+gt2+ . . . +gtN+parity +2*remlevel. Note that value of the remlevel syntax element is equal to half the remaining value of the coefficient minus the value of N when the remaining value is even. When the remaining value is odd, the remaining value is subtracted by one before dividing by two.
With this scheme, grouping of regular coded bins and bypass coded bins in a transform unit is possible enabling dependent quantization usage. Dependent quantization is Trellis coded quantization (TCQ) with two quantizers with 4 or 8 states, where the state transitions are determined by the parity of the coefficient level, and the quantizer is determined by the state of the coefficient. For each coefficient in a transform unit, the sig, gt1-gtN, and parity flags are coded in a first pass across coefficients. In a second pass, the remLevel values are coded for coefficients where gtN is equal to 1.
Context Derivation with Parity Flag
In some examples, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may derive context offsets to be used to determine context identifiers (ctxId) to be used to entropy encode or decode a significance flag (sig flag) as follows:
ctxId=contextTable[posX][posY][offset(sum(Abs(coeff)))].
The context table used for the sig flag is represented as contextTable and the inputs to the table are the x position (posX) and y position (posY) of the transform coefficient, as well as an output of an offset function. In this example, the offset function=min (ƒ(N), T), where min is a minimum function, T is some number smaller than the gtN level (e.g., 7), and ƒ is function of neighborhood N (that is, the causal neighborhood, e.g., as shown by coefficients 606 in
Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may derive context offsets for greater than N flags (gtN flags) as follows: offset=min (ƒ(N), T), where min is a minimum function, T is some number smaller than the gtN level (e.g., 7), and ƒ is function of neighborhood N.
For the scheme with gtN=7 and a parity flag, the absolute value of a transform coefficient is represented by: Coeff=sig+gt1+gt2+gt3+gt4+gt5+gt6+gt7+parity+2*remlevel. Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may determine the function of neighborhood N f(N) as (sumAbs+1)>>1. That is, the sum of the absolute value of transform coefficients in the local template around the current transform coefficient (e.g., see coefficients 606 in
Accordingly, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may determine the offset used for context determination for the sig flag as follows:
The minimum function (min) outputs the minimum value of (sumAbs+1)>>1 or 5.
For gtN flags the ƒ(N)=sumAbs−numPos, where numPos is the number of non-zero transform coefficients in the local template, and T=6. As such, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may determine the offset used for context determination for a gtN flag as follows:
In summary, for a video coding process, video encoder 200 may be configured to generate a block of transform coefficients, generate a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags, and entropy encode the plurality of syntax elements. In a reciprocal fashion, video decoder 300 may be configured to receive a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of a transform coefficients in a block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags, decode the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, and decode the block based on the absolute value of the transform coefficients.
In one example, N equals seven, and the four or more greater_than_N flags include a greater_than_1 flag (gt1), a greater_than_2 flag (gt2), a greater_than_3 flag (gt3), a greater_than_4 flag (gt4), a greater_than_5 flag (gt5), a greater_than_6 flag (gt6), and a greater_than_7 flag (gt7).
In a further example, the plurality of syntax elements further include a significance flag (sig), a parity flag (parity), and a level remaining syntax element (remlevel), and wherein the absolute value of a respective transform coefficient is equal to sig+gt1+gt2+gt3+gt4+gt5+gt6+gt7+parity+ (2*remlevel). In this example, to entropy encode and decode the plurality of syntax elements, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 are configured to determine a first context for the significance flag for a first transform coefficient based on a first offset, wherein the first offset is a function of a sum of absolute values of transform coefficients in a causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient, and determine respective second contexts for one or more greater_than_N flags for the first transform coefficient based on respective second offsets, wherein the respective second offsets are a function of the sum of absolute values of transform coefficients in the causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient and a number of non-zero transform coefficients in the causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient.
In another example, to entropy encode the plurality of syntax elements, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 are configured to determine first respective contexts for each syntax element in a first set of the plurality of syntax elements from respective context tables for each syntax element in the first set of the plurality of syntax elements, and determine second respective contexts for each syntax element in a second set of the plurality of syntax elements from a shared context table.
Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may also be configured to encode and decode, respectively, context coded syntax elements of the plurality of syntax elements in a first pass, and encode and decode, respectively, bypass coded syntax elements of the plurality of syntax elements in a second pass after the first pass.
In another example, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to determine contexts for coding a first set of transform coefficient syntax elements using a first context table, determine contexts for coding a second set of transform coefficient syntax elements using a second context table, and code the first set of transform coefficient syntax elements and the second set of transform coefficient syntax elements using a second context table using the determined contexts. In one example, the first set of transform coefficient syntax elements includes a sig_coeff_flag(s), a greater1_flag (gt1), and a greater2_flag (gt2), and the second set of transform coefficient syntax elements includes a greater3_flag (gt3), a greater4_flag (gt4), a greater5_flag (gt5), and a greater6_flag (gt6).
In another example, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to determine contexts for coding transform coefficient syntax elements using a separate context table for each of the transform coefficient syntax elements, and code the transform coefficient syntax elements using the determined contexts. In one example, the transform coefficient syntax elements include a sig_coeff_flag(s), a greater1_flag (gt1), a greater2_flag (gt2), a greater3_flag (gt3), a greater4_flag (gt4), a greater5_flag (gt5), and a greater6_flag (gt6).
In another example, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to determine contexts for coding a first set of transform coefficient syntax elements using a first context table, determine contexts for coding a second set of transform coefficient syntax elements using a second context table, determine contexts for coding a third set of transform coefficient syntax elements using a third context table, and code the first set of transform coefficient syntax elements, the second set of transform coefficient syntax elements, and the third set of transform coefficient syntax elements using a second context table using the determined contexts. In one example, the first set of transform coefficient syntax elements includes a sig_coeff_flag(s), a greater1_flag (gt1), and a greater2_flag (gt2), the second set of transform coefficient syntax elements includes a greater3_flag (gt3), and a greater4_flag (gt4), and the third set of transform coefficient syntax elements includes a greater5_flag (gt5), and a greater6_flag (gt6).
In another example, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to code context coded transform coefficient syntax elements in a first pass, and code bypass coded transform coefficient syntax elements in a second pass after the first pass. Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to code a parity flag after coding all gtN flags.
In the example of
Video data memory 230 is an example of a memory system that may store video data to be encoded by the components of video encoder 200. Video encoder 200 may receive the video data stored in video data memory 230 from, for example, video source 104 (
In this disclosure, reference to video data memory 230 should not be interpreted as being limited to memory internal to video encoder 200, unless specifically described as such, or memory external to video encoder 200, unless specifically described as such. Rather, reference to video data memory 230 should be understood as reference memory that stores video data that video encoder 200 receives for encoding (e.g., video data for a current block that is to be encoded). Memory 106 of
The various units of
Video encoder 200 may include arithmetic logic units (ALUs), elementary function units (EFUs), digital circuits, analog circuits, and/or programmable cores, formed from programmable circuits. In examples where the operations of video encoder 200 are performed using software executed by the programmable circuits, memory 106 (
Video data memory 230 is configured to store received video data. Video encoder 200 may retrieve a picture of the video data from video data memory 230 and provide the video data to residual generation unit 204 and mode selection unit 202. Video data in video data memory 230 may be raw video data that is to be encoded.
Mode selection unit 202 includes a motion estimation unit 222, a motion compensation unit 224, and an intra-prediction unit 226. Mode selection unit 202 may include additional functional units to perform video prediction in accordance with other prediction modes. As examples, mode selection unit 202 may include a palette unit, an intra-block copy unit (which may be part of motion estimation unit 222 and/or motion compensation unit 224), an affine unit, a linear model (LM) unit, or the like.
Mode selection unit 202 generally coordinates multiple encoding passes to test combinations of encoding parameters and resulting rate-distortion values for such combinations. The encoding parameters may include partitioning of CTUs into CUs, prediction modes for the CUS, transform types for residual data of the CUs, quantization parameters for residual data of the CUs, and so on. Mode selection unit 202 may ultimately select the combination of encoding parameters having rate-distortion values that are better than the other tested combinations.
Video encoder 200 may partition a picture retrieved from video data memory 230 into a series of CTUs, and encapsulate one or more CTUs within a slice. Mode selection unit 202 may partition a CTU of the picture in accordance with a tree structure, such as the MTT structure, QTBT structure. superblock structure, or the quad-tree structure described above. As described above, video encoder 200 may form one or more CUs from partitioning a CTU according to the tree structure. Such a CU may also be referred to generally as a “video block” or “block.”
In general, mode selection unit 202 also controls the components thereof (e.g., motion estimation unit 222, motion compensation unit 224, and intra-prediction unit 226) to generate a prediction block for a current block (e.g., a current CU, or in HEVC, the overlapping portion of a PU and a TU). For inter-prediction of a current block, motion estimation unit 222 may perform a motion search to identify one or more closely matching reference blocks in one or more reference pictures (e.g., one or more previously coded pictures stored in DPB 218). In particular, motion estimation unit 222 may calculate a value representative of how similar a potential reference block is to the current block, e.g., according to sum of absolute difference (SAD), sum of squared differences (SSD), mean absolute difference (MAD), mean squared differences (MSD), or the like. Motion estimation unit 222 may generally perform these calculations using sample-by-sample differences between the current block and the reference block being considered. Motion estimation unit 222 may identify a reference block having a lowest value resulting from these calculations, indicating a reference block that most closely matches the current block.
Motion estimation unit 222 may form one or more motion vectors (MVs) that defines the positions of the reference blocks in the reference pictures relative to the position of the current block in a current picture. Motion estimation unit 222 may then provide the motion vectors to motion compensation unit 224. For example, for uni-directional inter-prediction, motion estimation unit 222 may provide a single motion vector, whereas for bi-directional inter-prediction, motion estimation unit 222 may provide two motion vectors. Motion compensation unit 224 may then generate a prediction block using the motion vectors. For example, motion compensation unit 224 may retrieve data of the reference block using the motion vector. As another example, if the motion vector has fractional sample precision, motion compensation unit 224 may interpolate values for the prediction block according to one or more interpolation filters. Moreover, for bi-directional inter-prediction, motion compensation unit 224 may retrieve data for two reference blocks identified by respective motion vectors and combine the retrieved data, e.g., through sample-by-sample averaging or weighted averaging.
When operating according to the AV1 video coding format, motion estimation unit 222 and motion compensation unit 224 may be configured to encode coding blocks of video data (e.g., both luma and chroma coding blocks) using translational motion compensation, affine motion compensation, overlapped block motion compensation (OBMC), and/or compound inter-intra prediction.
As another example, for intra-prediction, or intra-prediction coding, intra-prediction unit 226 may generate the prediction block from samples neighboring the current block. For example, for directional modes, intra-prediction unit 226 may generally mathematically combine values of neighboring samples and populate these calculated values in the defined direction across the current block to produce the prediction block. As another example, for DC mode, intra-prediction unit 226 may calculate an average of the neighboring samples to the current block and generate the prediction block to include this resulting average for each sample of the prediction block.
When operating according to the AV1 video coding format, intra-prediction unit 226 may be configured to encode coding blocks of video data (e.g., both luma and chroma coding blocks) using directional intra prediction, non-directional intra prediction, recursive filter intra prediction, chroma-from-luma (CFL) prediction, intra block copy (IBC), and/or color palette mode. Mode selection unit 202 may include additional functional units to perform video prediction in accordance with other prediction modes.
Mode selection unit 202 provides the prediction block to residual generation unit 204. Residual generation unit 204 receives a raw, unencoded version of the current block from video data memory 230 and the prediction block from mode selection unit 202. Residual generation unit 204 calculates sample-by-sample differences between the current block and the prediction block. The resulting sample-by-sample differences define a residual block for the current block. In some examples, residual generation unit 204 may also determine differences between sample values in the residual block to generate a residual block using residual differential pulse code modulation (RDPCM). In some examples, residual generation unit 204 may be formed using one or more subtractor circuits that perform binary subtraction.
In examples where mode selection unit 202 partitions CUs into PUs, each PU may be associated with a luma prediction unit and corresponding chroma prediction units. Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may support PUs having various sizes. As indicated above, the size of a CU may refer to the size of the luma coding block of the CU and the size of a PU may refer to the size of a luma prediction unit of the PU. Assuming that the size of a particular CU is 2N×2N, video encoder 200 may support PU sizes of 2N×2N or N×N for intra prediction, and symmetric PU sizes of 2N×2N, 2N×N, N×2N, N×N, or similar for inter prediction. Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may also support asymmetric partitioning for PU sizes of 2N×nU, 2N×nD, nL×2N, and nR×2N for inter prediction.
In examples where mode selection unit 202 does not further partition a CU into PUs, each CU may be associated with a luma coding block and corresponding chroma coding blocks. As above, the size of a CU may refer to the size of the luma coding block of the CU. The video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may support CU sizes of 2N×2N, 2N×N, or N×2N.
For other video coding techniques such as an intra-block copy mode coding, an affine-mode coding, and linear model (LM) mode coding, as some examples, mode selection unit 202, via respective units associated with the coding techniques, generates a prediction block for the current block being encoded. In some examples, such as palette mode coding, mode selection unit 202 may not generate a prediction block, and instead generate syntax elements that indicate the manner in which to reconstruct the block based on a selected palette. In such modes, mode selection unit 202 may provide these syntax elements to entropy encoding unit 220 to be encoded.
As described above, residual generation unit 204 receives the video data for the current block and the corresponding prediction block. Residual generation unit 204 then generates a residual block for the current block. To generate the residual block, residual generation unit 204 calculates sample-by-sample differences between the prediction block and the current block.
Transform processing unit 206 applies one or more transforms to the residual block to generate a block of transform coefficients (referred to herein as a “transform coefficient block”). Transform processing unit 206 may apply various transforms to a residual block to form the transform coefficient block. For example, transform processing unit 206 may apply a discrete cosine transform (DCT), a directional transform, a Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), or a conceptually similar transform to a residual block. In some examples, transform processing unit 206 may perform multiple transforms to a residual block, e.g., a primary transform and a secondary transform, such as a rotational transform. In some examples, transform processing unit 206 does not apply transforms to a residual block.
When operating according to AV1, transform processing unit 206 may apply one or more transforms to the residual block to generate a block of transform coefficients (referred to herein as a “transform coefficient block”). Transform processing unit 206 may apply various transforms to a residual block to form the transform coefficient block. For example, transform processing unit 206 may apply a horizontal/vertical transform combination that may include a discrete cosine transform (DCT), an asymmetric discrete sine transform (ADST), a flipped ADST (e.g., an ADST in reverse order), and an identity transform (IDTX). When using an identity transform, the transform is skipped in one of the vertical or horizontal directions. In some examples, transform processing may be skipped.
Quantization unit 208 may quantize the transform coefficients in a transform coefficient block, to produce a quantized transform coefficient block. Quantization unit 208 may quantize transform coefficients of a transform coefficient block according to a quantization parameter (QP) value associated with the current block. Video encoder 200 (e.g., via mode selection unit 202) may adjust the degree of quantization applied to the transform coefficient blocks associated with the current block by adjusting the QP value associated with the CU. Quantization may introduce loss of information, and thus, quantized transform coefficients may have lower precision than the original transform coefficients produced by transform processing unit 206.
Inverse quantization unit 210 and inverse transform processing unit 212 may apply inverse quantization and inverse transforms to a quantized transform coefficient block, respectively, to reconstruct a residual block from the transform coefficient block. Reconstruction unit 214 may produce a reconstructed block corresponding to the current block (albeit potentially with some degree of distortion) based on the reconstructed residual block and a prediction block generated by mode selection unit 202. For example, reconstruction unit 214 may add samples of the reconstructed residual block to corresponding samples from the prediction block generated by mode selection unit 202 to produce the reconstructed block.
Filter unit 216 may perform one or more filter operations on reconstructed blocks. For example, filter unit 216 may perform deblocking operations to reduce blockiness artifacts along edges of CUs. Operations of filter unit 216 may be skipped, in some examples.
When operating according to AV1, filter unit 216 may perform one or more filter operations on reconstructed blocks. For example, filter unit 216 may perform deblocking operations to reduce blockiness artifacts along edges of CUs. In other examples, filter unit 216 may apply a constrained directional enhancement filter (CDEF), which may be applied after deblocking, and may include the application of non-separable, non-linear, low-pass directional filters based on estimated edge directions. Filter unit 216 may also include a loop restoration filter, which is applied after CDEF, and may include a separable symmetric normalized Wiener filter or a dual self-guided filter.
Video encoder 200 stores reconstructed blocks in DPB 218. For instance, in examples where operations of filter unit 216 are not performed, reconstruction unit 214 may store reconstructed blocks to DPB 218. In examples where operations of filter unit 216 are performed, filter unit 216 may store the filtered reconstructed blocks to DPB 218. Motion estimation unit 222 and motion compensation unit 224 may retrieve a reference picture from DPB 218, formed from the reconstructed (and potentially filtered) blocks, to inter-predict blocks of subsequently encoded pictures. In addition, intra-prediction unit 226 may use reconstructed blocks in DPB 218 of a current picture to intra-predict other blocks in the current picture.
In general, entropy encoding unit 220 may entropy encode syntax elements received from other functional components of video encoder 200. For example, entropy encoding unit 220 may entropy encode quantized transform coefficient blocks from quantization unit 208. As another example, entropy encoding unit 220 may entropy encode prediction syntax elements (e.g., motion information for inter-prediction or intra-mode information for intra-prediction) from mode selection unit 202. Entropy encoding unit 220 may perform one or more entropy encoding operations on the syntax elements, which are another example of video data, to generate entropy-encoded data. For example, entropy encoding unit 220 may perform a context-adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) operation, a CABAC operation, a variable-to-variable (V2V) length coding operation, a syntax-based context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (SBAC) operation, a Probability Interval Partitioning Entropy (PIPE) coding operation, an Exponential-Golomb encoding operation, or another type of entropy encoding operation on the data. In some examples, entropy encoding unit 220 may operate in bypass mode where syntax elements are not entropy encoded.
Video encoder 200 may output a bitstream that includes the entropy encoded syntax elements needed to reconstruct blocks of a slice or picture. In particular, entropy encoding unit 220 may output the bitstream.
In accordance with AV1, entropy encoding unit 220 may be configured as a symbol-to-symbol adaptive multi-symbol arithmetic coder. A syntax element in AV1 includes an alphabet of N elements, and a context (e.g., probability model) includes a set of N probabilities. Entropy encoding unit 220 may store the probabilities as n-bit (e.g., 15-bit) cumulative distribution functions (CDFs). Entropy encoding unit 220 may perform recursive scaling, with an update factor based on the alphabet size, to update the contexts.
The operations described above are described with respect to a block. Such description should be understood as being operations for a luma coding block and/or chroma coding blocks. As described above, in some examples, the luma coding block and chroma coding blocks are luma and chroma components of a CU. In some examples, the luma coding block and the chroma coding blocks are luma and chroma components of a PU.
In some examples, operations performed with respect to a luma coding block need not be repeated for the chroma coding blocks. As one example, operations to identify a motion vector (MV) and reference picture for a luma coding block need not be repeated for identifying a MV and reference picture for the chroma blocks. Rather, the MV for the luma coding block may be scaled to determine the MV for the chroma blocks, and the reference picture may be the same. As another example, the intra-prediction process may be the same for the luma coding block and the chroma coding blocks.
Video encoder 200 represents an example of a device configured to encode video data including a memory configured to store video data, and one or more processing units implemented in circuitry and configured to generate a block of transform coefficients, generate a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags, and entropy encode the plurality of syntax elements.
In the example of
Prediction processing unit 304 includes motion compensation unit 316 and intra-prediction unit 318. Prediction processing unit 304 may include additional units to perform prediction in accordance with other prediction modes. As examples, prediction processing unit 304 may include a palette unit, an intra-block copy unit (which may form part of motion compensation unit 316), an affine unit, a linear model (LM) unit, or the like. In other examples, video decoder 300 may include more, fewer, or different functional components.
When operating according to AV1, motion compensation unit 316 may be configured to decode coding blocks of video data (e.g., both luma and chroma coding blocks) using translational motion compensation, affine motion compensation, OBMC, and/or compound inter-intra prediction, as described above. Intra-prediction unit 318 may be configured to decode coding blocks of video data (e.g., both luma and chroma coding blocks) using directional intra prediction, non-directional intra prediction, recursive filter intra prediction, CFL, IBC, and/or color palette mode, as described above.
CPB memory 320 is an example of a memory system that may store video data, such as an encoded video bitstream, to be decoded by the components of video decoder 300. The video data stored in CPB memory 320 may be obtained, for example, from computer-readable medium 110 (
Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, video decoder 300 may retrieve coded video data from memory 120 (
The various units shown in
Video decoder 300 may include ALUs, EFUs, digital circuits, analog circuits, and/or programmable cores formed from programmable circuits. In examples where the operations of video decoder 300 are performed by software executing on the programmable circuits, on-chip or off-chip memory may store instructions (e.g., object code) of the software that video decoder 300 receives and executes.
Entropy decoding unit 302 may receive encoded video data from the CPB and entropy decode the video data to reproduce syntax elements. Prediction processing unit 304, inverse quantization unit 306, inverse transform processing unit 308, reconstruction unit 310, and filter unit 312 may generate decoded video data based on the syntax elements extracted from the bitstream.
In general, video decoder 300 reconstructs a picture on a block-by-block basis. Video decoder 300 may perform a reconstruction operation on each block individually (where the block currently being reconstructed, i.e., decoded, may be referred to as a “current block”).
Entropy decoding unit 302 may entropy decode syntax elements defining quantized transform coefficients of a quantized transform coefficient block, as well as transform information, such as a quantization parameter (QP) and/or transform mode indication(s). Inverse quantization unit 306 may use the QP associated with the quantized transform coefficient block to determine a degree of quantization and, likewise, a degree of inverse quantization for inverse quantization unit 306 to apply. Inverse quantization unit 306 may, for example, perform a bitwise left-shift operation to inverse quantize the quantized transform coefficients. Inverse quantization unit 306 may thereby form a transform coefficient block including transform coefficients.
After inverse quantization unit 306 forms the transform coefficient block, inverse transform processing unit 308 may apply one or more inverse transforms to the transform coefficient block to generate a residual block associated with the current block. For example, inverse transform processing unit 308 may apply an inverse DCT, an inverse integer transform, an inverse Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), an inverse rotational transform, an inverse directional transform, or another inverse transform to the transform coefficient block.
Furthermore, prediction processing unit 304 generates a prediction block according to prediction information syntax elements that were entropy decoded by entropy decoding unit 302. For example, if the prediction information syntax elements indicate that the current block is inter-predicted, motion compensation unit 316 may generate the prediction block. In this case, the prediction information syntax elements may indicate a reference picture in DPB 314 from which to retrieve a reference block, as well as a motion vector identifying a location of the reference block in the reference picture relative to the location of the current block in the current picture. Motion compensation unit 316 may generally perform the inter-prediction process in a manner that is substantially similar to that described with respect to motion compensation unit 224 (
As another example, if the prediction information syntax elements indicate that the current block is intra-predicted, intra-prediction unit 318 may generate the prediction block according to an intra-prediction mode indicated by the prediction information syntax elements. Again, intra-prediction unit 318 may generally perform the intra-prediction process in a manner that is substantially similar to that described with respect to intra-prediction unit 226 (
Reconstruction unit 310 may reconstruct the current block using the prediction block and the residual block. For example, reconstruction unit 310 may add samples of the residual block to corresponding samples of the prediction block to reconstruct the current block.
Filter unit 312 may perform one or more filter operations on reconstructed blocks. For example, filter unit 312 may perform deblocking operations to reduce blockiness artifacts along edges of the reconstructed blocks. Operations of filter unit 312 are not necessarily performed in all examples.
Video decoder 300 may store the reconstructed blocks in DPB 314. For instance, in examples where operations of filter unit 312 are not performed, reconstruction unit 310 may store reconstructed blocks to DPB 314. In examples where operations of filter unit 312 are performed, filter unit 312 may store the filtered reconstructed blocks to DPB 314. As discussed above, DPB 314 may provide reference information, such as samples of a current picture for intra-prediction and previously decoded pictures for subsequent motion compensation, to prediction processing unit 304. Moreover, video decoder 300 may output decoded pictures (e.g., decoded video) from DPB 314 for subsequent presentation on a display device, such as display device 118 of
In this manner, video decoder 300 represents an example of a video decoding device including a memory configured to store video data, and one or more processing units implemented in circuitry and configured to receive a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of a transform coefficients in a block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags, decode the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, and decode the block based on the absolute value of the transform coefficients.
In this example, video encoder 200 initially predicts the current block (400). For example, video encoder 200 may form a prediction block for the current block. Video encoder 200 may then calculate a residual block for the current block (402). To calculate the residual block, video encoder 200 may calculate a difference between the original, unencoded block and the prediction block for the current block. Video encoder 200 may then transform the residual block and quantize transform coefficients of the residual block (404). Next, video encoder 200 may scan the quantized transform coefficients of the residual block (406). During the scan, or following the scan, video encoder 200 may entropy encode the transform coefficients (408). For example, video encoder 200 may encode the transform coefficients using CAVLC or CABAC. Video encoder 200 may then output the entropy encoded data of the block (410).
Video decoder 300 may receive entropy encoded data for the current block, such as entropy encoded prediction information and entropy encoded data for transform coefficients of a residual block corresponding to the current block (500). Video decoder 300 may entropy decode the entropy encoded data to determine prediction information for the current block and to reproduce transform coefficients of the residual block (502). Video decoder 300 may predict the current block (504), e.g., using an intra- or inter-prediction mode as indicated by the prediction information for the current block, to calculate a prediction block for the current block. Video decoder 300 may then inverse scan the reproduced transform coefficients (506), to create a block of quantized transform coefficients. Video decoder 300 may then inverse quantize the transform coefficients and apply an inverse transform to the transform coefficients to produce a residual block (508). Video decoder 300 may ultimately decode the current block by combining the prediction block and the residual block (510).
In one example, video encoder 200 is configured to generate a block of transform coefficients (1000), and generate a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags (1002). Video encoder 200 may then entropy encode the plurality of syntax elements (1004).
In one example, N equals seven, and the four or more greater_than_N flags include a greater_than_1 flag (gt1), a greater_than_2 flag (gt2), a greater_than_3 flag (gt3), a greater_than_4 flag (gt4), a greater_than_5 flag (gt5), a greater_than_6 flag (gt6), and a greater_than_7 flag (gt7). In a further example, the plurality of syntax elements further include a significance flag (sig), a parity flag (parity), and a level remaining syntax element (remlevel), and the absolute value of a respective transform coefficient is equal to sig+gt1+gt2+gt3+gt4+gt5+gt6+gt7+parity+ (2*remlevel).
In another example, to entropy encode the plurality of syntax elements, video encoder 200 is configured to determine a first context for the significance flag for a first transform coefficient based on a first offset, wherein the first offset is a function of a sum of absolute values of transform coefficients in a causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient, and determine respective second contexts for one or more greater_than_N flags for the first transform coefficient based on respective second offsets, wherein the respective second offsets are a function of the sum of absolute values of transform coefficients in the causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient and a number of non-zero transform coefficients in the causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient.
In another example, to entropy encode the plurality of syntax elements, video encoder 200 is configured to determine first respective contexts for each syntax element in a first set of the plurality of syntax elements from respective context tables for each syntax element in the first set of the plurality of syntax elements, and determine second respective contexts for each syntax element in a second set of the plurality of syntax elements from a shared context table.
In another example, to entropy encode the plurality of syntax elements, video encoder 200 is configured to encode context coded syntax elements of the plurality of syntax elements in a first pass, and encode bypass coded syntax elements of the plurality of syntax elements in a second pass after the first pass.
In another example, to generate the block of transform coefficients, video encoder 200 is configured to determine residual values for the block using a prediction process, and apply a transform the residual values to generate the block of transform coefficients.
In one example, video decoder 300 is configured to receive a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of a transform coefficients in a block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags (1100). Video decoder 300 may further decode the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block (1102), and decode the block based on the absolute value of the transform coefficients (1104).
In one example, N equals seven, and the four or more greater_than_N flags include a greater_than_1 flag (gt1), a greater_than_2 flag (gt2), a greater_than_3 flag (gt3), a greater_than_4 flag (gt4), a greater_than_5 flag (gt5), a greater_than_6 flag (gt6), and a greater_than_7 flag (gt7). In a further example, the plurality of syntax elements further include a significance flag (sig), a parity flag (parity), and a level remaining syntax element (remlevel), and the absolute value of a respective transform coefficient is equal to sig+gt1+gt2+gt3+gt4+gt5+gt6+gt7+parity+ (2*remlevel).
In another example, to decode the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, video decoder 300 is configured to determine a first context for the significance flag for a first transform coefficient based on a first offset, wherein the first offset is a function of a sum of absolute values of transform coefficients in a causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient, and determine respective second contexts for one or more greater_than_N flags for the first transform coefficient based on respective second offsets, wherein the respective second offsets are a function of the sum of absolute values of transform coefficients in the causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient and a number of non-zero transform coefficients in the causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient.
In another example, to decode the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, video decoder 300 is configured to determine first respective contexts for each syntax element in a first set of the plurality of syntax elements from respective context tables for each syntax element in the first set of the plurality of syntax elements, and determine second respective contexts for each syntax element in a second set of the plurality of syntax elements from a shared context table.
In another example, to decode the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, video decoder 300 is configured to decode context coded syntax elements of the plurality of syntax elements in a first pass, and decode bypass coded syntax elements of the plurality of syntax elements in a second pass after the first pass.
In another example, to decode the block based on the absolute value of the transform coefficients, video decoder 300 is configured to determine respective signs of the absolute value of the transform coefficients to determine values of the transform coefficients, apply an inverse transform to the values of the transform coefficients to determine residual values, and perform a prediction process on the residual values to decode the block.
The following numbered clauses illustrate one or more aspects of the devices and techniques described in this disclosure.
Aspect 1A. A method of coding video data, the method comprising: determining contexts for coding a first set of transform coefficient syntax elements using a first context table; determining contexts for coding a second set of transform coefficient syntax elements using a second context table; and coding the first set of transform coefficient syntax elements and the second set of transform coefficient syntax elements using the determined contexts.
Aspect 2A. The method of Aspect 1A, wherein the first set of transform coefficient syntax elements includes a sig_coeff_flag(s), a greater1_flag (gt1), and a greater2_flag (gt2), and wherein the second set of transform coefficient syntax elements includes a greater3_flag (gt3), a greater4_flag (gt4), a greater5_flag (gt5), and a greater6_flag (gt6).
Aspect 3A. A method of coding video data, the method comprising: determining contexts for coding transform coefficient syntax elements using a separate context table for each of the transform coefficient syntax elements; and coding the transform coefficient syntax elements using the determined contexts.
Aspect 4A. The method of Aspect 3A, wherein the transform coefficient syntax elements include a sig_coeff_flag(s), a greater1_flag (gt1), a greater2_flag (gt2), a greater3_flag (gt3), a greater4_flag (gt4), a greater5_flag (gt5), and a greater6_flag (gt6).
Aspect 5A. A method of coding video data, the method comprising: determining contexts for coding a first set of transform coefficient syntax elements using a first context table; determining contexts for coding a second set of transform coefficient syntax elements using a second context table; determining contexts for coding a third set of transform coefficient syntax elements using a third context table; and coding the first set of transform coefficient syntax elements, the second set of transform coefficient syntax elements, and the third set of transform coefficient syntax elements using the determined contexts.
Aspect 6A. The method of Aspect 5A, wherein the first set of transform coefficient syntax elements includes a sig_coeff_flag(s), a greater1_flag (gt1), and a greater2_flag (gt2), wherein the second set of transform coefficient syntax elements includes a greater3_flag (gt3), and a greater4_flag (gt4), and wherein the third set of transform coefficient syntax elements includes a greater5_flag (gt5), and a greater6_flag (gt6).
Aspect 7A. A method of coding video data, the method comprising: coding context coded transform coefficient syntax elements in a first pass; and coding bypass coded transform coefficient syntax elements in a second pass after the first pass.
Aspect 8A. The method of Aspect 7A, further comprising: coding a parity flag after coding all gtN flags.
Aspect 9A. The method of any of Aspects 1A-8A, wherein coding comprises decoding.
Aspect 10A. The method of any of Aspects 1A-8A, wherein coding comprises encoding.
Aspect 11A. A device for coding video data, the device comprising one or more means for performing the method of any of Aspects 1A-10A.
Aspect 12A. The device of Aspect 11A, wherein the one or more means comprise one or more processors implemented in circuitry.
Aspect 13A. The device of any of Aspects 11A and 12A, further comprising a memory to store the video data.
Aspect 14A. The device of any of Aspects 11A-13A, further comprising a display configured to display decoded video data.
Aspect 15A. The device of any of Aspects 11A-14A, wherein the device comprises one or more of a camera, a computer, a mobile device, a broadcast receiver device, or a set-top box.
Aspect 16A. The device of any of Aspects 11A-15A, wherein the device comprises a video decoder.
Aspect 17A. The device of any of Aspects 11A-16A, wherein the device comprises a video encoder.
Aspect 18A. A computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed, cause one or more processors to perform the method of any of Aspects 1A-10A.
Aspect 1B. A method of decoding video data, the method comprising: receiving a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of a transform coefficients in a block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags; decoding the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block; and decoding the block based on the absolute value of the transform coefficients.
Aspect 2B. The method of Aspect 1B, wherein N equals seven, and wherein the four or more greater_than_N flags include a greater_than_1 flag (gt1), a greater_than_2 flag (gt2), a greater_than_3 flag (gt3), a greater_than_4 flag (gt4), a greater_than_5 flag (gt5), a greater_than_6 flag (gt6), and a greater_than_7 flag (gt7).
Aspect 3B. The method of Aspect 2B, wherein the plurality of syntax elements further include a significance flag (sig), a parity flag (parity), and a level remaining syntax element (remlevel), and wherein the absolute value of a respective transform coefficient is equal to sig+gt1+gt2+gt3+gt4+gt5+gt6+gt7+parity+ (2*remlevel).
Aspect 4B. The method of Aspect 3B, wherein decoding the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block comprises: determining a first context for the significance flag for a first transform coefficient based on a first offset, wherein the first offset is a function of a sum of absolute values of transform coefficients in a causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient; and determining respective second contexts for one or more greater_than_N flags for the first transform coefficient based on respective second offsets, wherein the respective second offsets are a function of the sum of absolute values of transform coefficients in the causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient and a number of non-zero transform coefficients in the causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient.
Aspect 5B. The method of any of Aspects 1B-4B, wherein decoding the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block comprises: determining first respective contexts for each syntax element in a first set of the plurality of syntax elements from respective context tables for each syntax element in the first set of the plurality of syntax elements; and determining second respective contexts for each syntax element in a second set of the plurality of syntax elements from a shared context table.
Aspect 6B. The method of Aspects 1B-5B, wherein decoding the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block comprises: decoding context coded syntax elements of the plurality of syntax elements in a first pass; and decoding bypass coded syntax elements of the plurality of syntax elements in a second pass after the first pass.
Aspect 7B. The method of Aspects 1B-6B, wherein decoding the block based on the absolute value of the transform coefficients comprises: determining respective signs of the absolute value of the transform coefficients to determine values of the transform coefficients; applying an inverse transform to the values of the transform coefficients to determine residual values; and performing a prediction process on the residual values to decode the block.
Aspect 8B. An apparatus configured to decode video data, the apparatus comprising: a memory; and processing circuitry in communication with the memory, the processing circuitry configured to: receive a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of a transform coefficients in a block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags; decode the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block; and decode the block based on the absolute value of the transform coefficients.
Aspect 9B. The apparatus of Aspect 8B, wherein N equals seven, and wherein the four or more greater_than_N flags include a greater_than_1 flag (gt1), a greater_than_2 flag (gt2), a greater_than_3 flag (gt3), a greater_than_4 flag (gt4), a greater_than_5 flag (gt5), a greater_than_6 flag (gt6), and a greater_than_7 flag (gt7).
Aspect 10B. The apparatus of Aspect 9B, wherein the plurality of syntax elements further include a significance flag (sig), a parity flag (parity), and a level remaining syntax element (remlevel), and wherein the absolute value of a respective transform coefficient is equal to sig+gt1+gt2+gt3+gt4+gt5+gt6+gt7+parity+ (2*remlevel).
Aspect 11B. The apparatus of Aspect 10B, wherein to decode the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, the processing circuitry is further configured to: determine a first context for the significance flag for a first transform coefficient based on a first offset, wherein the first offset is a function of a sum of absolute values of transform coefficients in a causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient; and determine respective second contexts for one or more greater_than_N flags for the first transform coefficient based on respective second offsets, wherein the respective second offsets are a function of the sum of absolute values of transform coefficients in the causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient and a number of non-zero transform coefficients in the causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient.
Aspect 12B. The apparatus of Aspects 8B-11B, wherein to decode the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, the processing circuitry is further configured to: determine first respective contexts for each syntax element in a first set of the plurality of syntax elements from respective context tables for each syntax element in the first set of the plurality of syntax elements; and determine second respective contexts for each syntax element in a second set of the plurality of syntax elements from a shared context table.
Aspect 13B. The apparatus of Aspects 8B-12B, wherein to decode the plurality of syntax elements to determine the absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, the processing circuitry is further configured to: decode context coded syntax elements of the plurality of syntax elements in a first pass; and decode bypass coded syntax elements of the plurality of syntax elements in a second pass after the first pass.
Aspect 14B. The apparatus of Aspects 8B-13B, wherein to decode the block based on the absolute value of the transform coefficients, the processing circuitry is further configured to: determine respective signs of the absolute value of the transform coefficients to determine values of the transform coefficients; apply an inverse transform to the values of the transform coefficients to determine residual values; and perform a prediction process on the residual values to decode the block.
Aspect 15B. The apparatus of Aspect 14B, further comprising a display configured to display a picture that includes the block.
Aspect 16B. A method of encoding video data, the method comprising: generating a block of transform coefficients; generating a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags; and entropy encoding the plurality of syntax elements.
Aspect 17B. The method of Aspect 16B, wherein N equals seven, and wherein the four or more greater_than_N flags include a greater_than_1 flag (gt1), a greater_than_2 flag (gt2), a greater_than_3 flag (gt3), a greater_than_4 flag (gt4), a greater_than_5 flag (gt5), a greater_than_6 flag (gt6), and a greater_than_7 flag (gt7).
Aspect 18B. The method of Aspect 17B, wherein the plurality of syntax elements further include a significance flag (sig), a parity flag (parity), and a level remaining syntax element (remlevel), and wherein the absolute value of a respective transform coefficient is equal to sig+gt1+gt2+gt3+gt4+gt5+gt6+gt7+parity+ (2*remlevel).
Aspect 19B. The method of Aspect 18B, wherein entropy encoding the plurality of syntax elements comprises: determining a first context for the significance flag for a first transform coefficient based on a first offset, wherein the first offset is a function of a sum of absolute values of transform coefficients in a causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient; and determining respective second contexts for one or more greater_than_N flags for the first transform coefficient based on respective second offsets, wherein the respective second offsets are a function of the sum of absolute values of transform coefficients in the causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient and a number of non-zero transform coefficients in the causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient.
Aspect 20B. The method of any of Aspects 16B-19B, wherein entropy coding the plurality of syntax elements comprises: determining first respective contexts for each syntax element in a first set of the plurality of syntax elements from respective context tables for each syntax element in the first set of the plurality of syntax elements; and determining second respective contexts for each syntax element in a second set of the plurality of syntax elements from a shared context table.
Aspect 21B. The method of any of Aspects 16B-20B, wherein entropy coding the plurality of syntax elements: encoding context coded syntax elements of the plurality of syntax elements in a first pass; and encoding bypass coded syntax elements of the plurality of syntax elements in a second pass after the first pass.
Aspect 22B. The method of any of Aspects 16B-21B, wherein generating the block of transform coefficients comprises: determining residual values for the block using a prediction process; and applying a transform the residual values to generate the block of transform coefficients.
Aspect 23B. An apparatus configured to encode video data, the apparatus comprising: a memory; and processing circuitry in communication with the memory, the processing circuitry configured to: generate a block of transform coefficients; generate a plurality of syntax elements that indicate an absolute value of the transform coefficients in the block, wherein the plurality of syntax elements include a significance flag and four or more greater_than_N flags; and entropy encode the plurality of syntax elements.
Aspect 24B. The apparatus of Aspect 23B, wherein N equals seven, and wherein the four or more greater_than_N flags include a greater_than_1 flag (gt1), a greater_than_2 flag (gt2), a greater_than_3 flag (gt3), a greater_than_4 flag (gt4), a greater_than_5 flag (gt5), a greater_than_6 flag (gt6), and a greater_than_7 flag (gt7).
Aspect 25B. The apparatus of Aspect 24B, wherein the plurality of syntax elements further include a significance flag (sig), a parity flag (parity), and a level remaining syntax element (remlevel), and wherein the absolute value of a respective transform coefficient is equal to sig+gt1+gt2+gt3+gt4+gt5+gt6+gt7+parity+ (2*remlevel).
Aspect 26B. The apparatus of Aspect 25B, wherein to entropy encode the plurality of syntax elements, the processing circuitry is further configured to: determine a first context for the significance flag for a first transform coefficient based on a first offset, wherein the first offset is a function of a sum of absolute values of transform coefficients in a causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient; and determine respective second contexts for one or more greater_than_N flags for the first transform coefficient based on respective second offsets, wherein the respective second offsets are a function of the sum of absolute values of transform coefficients in the causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient and a number of non-zero transform coefficients in the causal neighborhood of the first transform coefficient.
Aspect 27B. The apparatus of any of Aspects 23B-26B, wherein to entropy encode the plurality of syntax elements, the processing circuitry is further configured to: determine first respective contexts for each syntax element in a first set of the plurality of syntax elements from respective context tables for each syntax element in the first set of the plurality of syntax elements; and determine second respective contexts for each syntax element in a second set of the plurality of syntax elements from a shared context table.
Aspect 28B. The apparatus of any of Aspects 23B-27B, wherein to entropy encode the plurality of syntax elements, the processing circuitry is further configured to: encode context coded syntax elements of the plurality of syntax elements in a first pass; and encode bypass coded syntax elements of the plurality of syntax elements in a second pass after the first pass.
Aspect 29B. The apparatus of any of Aspects 23B-28B, wherein to generate the block of transform coefficients, the processing circuitry is further configured to: determining residual values for the block using a prediction process; and apply a transform the residual values to generate the block of transform coefficients.
Aspect 30B. The apparatus of any of Aspects 23B-29B, further comprising a camera configured to capture a picture that includes the block.
It is to be recognized that depending on the example, certain acts or events of any of the techniques described herein can be performed in a different sequence, may be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g., not all described acts or events are necessary for the practice of the techniques). Moreover, in certain examples, acts or events may be performed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing, interrupt processing, or multiple processors, rather than sequentially.
In one or more examples, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium and executed by a hardware-based processing unit. Computer-readable media may include computer-readable storage media, which corresponds to a tangible medium such as data storage media, or communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another, e.g., according to a communication protocol. In this manner, computer-readable media generally may correspond to (1) tangible computer-readable storage media which is non-transitory or (2) a communication medium such as a signal or carrier wave. Data storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by one or more computers or one or more processors to retrieve instructions, code and/or data structures for implementation of the techniques described in this disclosure. A computer program product may include a computer-readable medium.
By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable storage media may include one or more of RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, flash memory, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if instructions are transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. It should be understood, however, that computer-readable storage media and data storage media do not include connections, carrier waves, signals, or other transitory media, but are instead directed to non-transitory, tangible storage media. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc, where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
Instructions may be executed by one or more processors, such as one or more DSPs, general purpose microprocessors, ASICs, FPGAs, or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Accordingly, the terms “processor” and “processing circuitry,” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structures or any other structure suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein. In addition, in some aspects, the functionality described herein may be provided within dedicated hardware and/or software modules configured for encoding and decoding, or incorporated in a combined codec. Also, the techniques could be fully implemented in one or more circuits or logic elements.
The techniques of this disclosure may be implemented in a wide variety of devices or apparatuses, including a wireless handset, an integrated circuit (IC) or a set of ICs (e.g., a chip set). Various components, modules, or units are described in this disclosure to emphasize functional aspects of devices configured to perform the disclosed techniques, but do not necessarily require realization by different hardware units. Rather, as described above, various units may be combined in a codec hardware unit or provided by a collection of interoperative hardware units, including one or more processors as described above, in conjunction with suitable software and/or firmware.
Various examples have been described. These and other examples are within the scope of the following claims.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/588,590, filed Oct. 6, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/615,016, filed Dec. 27, 2023, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63588590 | Oct 2023 | US | |
| 63615016 | Dec 2023 | US |
