Patent Grant
9515452
This is the U.S. national phase of PCT/EP2014/059552, filed May 9, 2014, which claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 13167333.7, filed May 10, 2013.
The present invention is in the field of optics. In particular, the present invention relates to a coherent dynamically controllable narrow band light source involving a Raman-active material.
Coherent dynamically controllable narrow band light sources have many applications in medicine, life sciences, spectroscopy and environmental sensing. In many applications, it is preferable if the light source is controllable such that time-dependent intensity patterns, such as pulse patterns can be arbitrarily generated under electronic control. Further, it is often necessary to obtain high output power and in particular, high peak power in case of a pulsed operation. Finally, in many cases it is preferable if the light source can emit light of different wavelengths to make the light source more versatile.
A laser source which meets many of the above requirements is known from US 2006/0198397. This light source comprises a pulsed cascaded Raman laser which includes a pulse light source for generating a pulsed light having an optical spectrum centered at a source wavelength. A non-linear Raman conversion fiber is coupled to the pulse light source. The pulsed light traverses the non-linear Raman conversion fiber and the source power at the source wavelength is converted to an output power of an output signal having an output wavelength longer than the source wavelength due to a cascaded stimulated Raman scattering process.
In this prior art light source, a wavelength conversion is hence achieved by a cascaded stimulated Raman scattering. For this, the pulsed light signal is, after suitable amplification, combined with a Raman seed and introduced in a Raman conversion fiber. The seed-signal has a longer wavelength than the source signal and causes a first Raman scattering due to stimulated Raman emission in the Raman conversion fiber. Depending on the length of the Raman conversion fiber, further cascaded Raman scattering occurs, with correspondingly increasing the wavelength, such that different output wavelengths can be generated.
However, this prior art pulsed cascaded Raman laser also has drawbacks. In particular, one of the drawbacks is that the output bandwidth of the light source is generally limited by the bandwidth of the Stokes band of the Raman-active material. Namely, even if a Raman-active medium is pumped with a narrow band laser, the Raman scattered light generally has a certain bandwidth that reflects the width of the Stokes band of the Raman-active medium. With simulated Raman emission, a narrow band scattered light can be obtained if the probe light is of narrow width. However, in a cascaded Raman laser as described in the above prior art, stimulated Raman emission serves as the pump light for further Raman scattering, and this further Raman scattering is no longer stimulated but exhibits the emission bandwidth reflecting the entire Stokes band. For example, if an optical fiber is used as the Raman-active medium, a typical frequency shift in a certain range of 13 to 15 THz is obtained. Further, in the above-mentioned prior art, the light source lacks of flexibility in the time control of the light source.
It is thus one object underlying the invention to provide a coherent dynamically controllable light source allowing for a non-linear frequency conversion but at the same time obtaining output light having a narrow bandwidth.
It is a further object to provide a coherent light source allowing for improved time control of the light output pattern.
The first object is solved by a light source according to claim 1 and a method according to claim 23. Preferable embodiments are defined in the dependent claims.
According to a first aspect of the invention, the light source comprises a first sub-light source, said first sub-light source being electrically controllable such as to generate controllable time-dependent intensity patterns of light having a first wavelength, a Raman-active medium suitable to cause Raman scattering of light having said first wavelength and exhibiting a wavelength shift within a range of Stokes shifts, a second sub-light source capable of emitting light with a second wavelength, said second wavelength being longer than said first wavelength and differing from said first wavelength by a wavelength shift within said range of Stokes shifts, and an optical fiber or wave guide, wherein said light emitted by said first and second sub-light sources traverses a length of said optical fiber or wave guide in a feed-forward configuration to facilitate a non-linear wavelength conversion step involving said Raman-active medium. Herein, at least one of said first and second sub-light sources has a coherence length longer than 0.05 mm, preferably longer than 0.5 mm and most preferably longer than 2 mm.
According to this aspect of the invention, first and second sub-light sources and a Raman-active medium are provided in a manner similar to the prior art discussed above. In the invention, the first sub-light source is electronically controllable such as to generate controllable time-dependent intensity patterns. Further, the light source comprises an optical fiber or wave guide in which the light emitted by the first and second sub-light sources traverses the length of said optical fiber in a feed-forward configuration to facilitate a non-linear wavelength conversion step involving the Raman-active medium. Herein, the “feed-forward configuration” can be a 1-4 pass feed-forward configuration. The “Feed-forward configuration” distinguishes the light source from a resonator-based light source. A feed-forward or “resonator-less” light source allows for flexible and fast electronic control of the intensity pattern.
Further, according to this aspect of the invention, at least one, preferably both of said first and second sub-light sources have a minimum coherence length. In particular, one or both of the first and second sub-light sources has a coherence length longer than 0.05 mm, preferably longer than 0.5 mm and most preferably longer than 2 mm.
The inventors have found out that surprisingly, if the first and/or second light sources have a sufficient coherence length, higher numbers of Raman shifts can be obtained while keeping the band width of the light signal below the width normally occurring due to spontaneous Raman emission in the Raman active medium. In fact, it is seen that consecutive Raman-shifted light signals can be obtained having a much narrower bandwidth than what would be expected from spontaneous Raman emission and which is shifted in frequency by multiples of the frequency difference between the first and second wavelength light. While a narrow bandwidth would be understandable for the first order Raman shifted light matching the second wavelength light due to the stimulated emission, for the higher order wavelength shifted light this is entirely unexpected, as there is no appropriate wavelength light source that could cause stimulated Raman scattering based on the first or higher order wavelength shifted light. Instead, for the “second or higher orders” of shifted light, it would appear that only vacuum fluctuations would be available for stimulating Raman emission, or in other words, a spontaneous Raman emission type process is expected to occur. Herein, the “order” of a shift shall indicate how many combined Raman processes are involved. For example, a third order shift would lead to a wavelength shift that corresponds to three times the frequency difference between the first and the second wavelength light. In the present disclosure, reference is made to “combined” Raman processes rather than “cascaded” Raman processes for reasons explained in more detail below.
Accordingly, it was surprisingly found that even for the “second order” shift a narrow Raman emission can be obtained that is much narrower than what would be expected from spontaneous Raman emission and that is shifted precisely by the frequency difference between the first and the second wavelength light. It thus appears that even for the generation of the second and the higher order wavelength shifts, the first wavelength light is involved in the combined Raman shift process. It is currently believed by the inventors that the underlying process is a four-way mixing type process which combines two Raman processes. This is why herein the term of “combined Raman processes” is used rather than cascaded processes, because the term “cascaded” relates to independent processes occurring one after the other. While a full understanding of the underlying process is still under investigation, the inventors have observed that this effect can be obtained provided that the coherence length of the first and/or second light sources is above the aforementioned lower boundary.
In a preferred embodiment, the wavelength converted light resulting from the wavelength conversion step has likewise a coherence length longer than 0.05 mm, preferably longer than 0.5 mm and most preferably longer than 2 mm.
According to a second aspect of the invention, a coherent dynamically controllable narrow light source is provided, comprising
wherein light generated by said first sub-light source and modulated by said modulator, and light generated by said second sub-light source are fiber-coupled into said Raman active medium.
This design allows for a very flexible control of the output light pattern. In particular, the modulator may allow modulating the substantially continuous wave light from the first sub-light source with a modulation frequency of more than 100 kHz, preferably more than 500 kHz and most preferably more than 1 MHz.
Preferred embodiments of the light sources according to either one of the first or second aspects of the invention are discussed in the following.
In a preferred embodiment, the light source further comprises a modulator for modulating light generated by the first or second sub-light source.
Herein, the modulator may be one of
Among these modulators, an electro-optical modulator is particularly preferred because it allows generating almost arbitrary intensity patterns in a simple way, for example, under the control of a programmable function generator and/or a triggerable pulse generator. In particular, the modulator can be electronically controlled to generate one or more of:
In a preferred embodiment, the pulse lengths of the light pulse pattern are at least 10 ps, preferably at least 20 ps and most preferably at least 30 ps. In addition or alternatively, the pulse length may be 50 ns or below, preferably 10 ns or below and most preferably 2.5 ns or below.
With this range of pulses, the light source can find use in many applications, including, but not limited thereto, stimulated Raman emission or photo-acoustic applications.
In a preferred embodiment, the modulator can be electronically controlled to configure the time delay between each two consecutive pulses with a mean repetition rate of 10 kHz or more, preferably 100 kHz or more, and most preferably 1 MHz or more.
Preferably, at least one of the first and second sub-light sources is a laser light source, and in particular a semi-conductor laser light source, preferably a semi-conductor laser diode.
The first sub-light source may have a wavelength in the range of 950 nm to 1200 nm, preferably in the range of 1000 to 1150 nm.
In a preferred embodiment, the first sub-light source has a wavelength of 1044 nm to 1084 nm, for optimum comparability with YAG laser optics.
In an alternative preferred embodiment, the wavelength of the first sub-light source may be in the range of 1010 to 1050 nm, for optimum amplification using Ytterbium as a gain medium.
In a yet further preferred embodiment, the wavelength of the first light source is between 950 nm and 1050 nm for enabling a maximum Raman shift.
Preferably, the wavelength of the second sub-light source is red-shifted compared to the wavelength of the first light source by 300 to 700 cm−1.
In a further preferred embodiment, the first sub-light source may have a wavelength of 1450 to 1700 nm, preferably of 1480 to 1650 nm.
In a preferred embodiment at least one of the first and second sub-light sources has a spectral width narrower than 1 nm, preferably narrower than 0.1 nm.
In a preferred embodiment, the light source is operable with a duty cycle of less than 10%, preferably less than 1% and most preferably less than 0.1%. The instantaneous power may be more than 10 W, preferably more than 100 W, more preferably more than 300 W and most preferably more than 1 kW.
In a preferred embodiment, the light source comprises at least one optical amplifier. The optical amplifier may for example be used to amplify the light signal generated by the first sub-light source and modulated by the aforementioned modulator.
In a preferred embodiment, the at least one optical amplifier comprises a gain medium and a third sub-light source for pumping said gain medium. Herein, the gain medium is preferably a rare-earth doped optical fiber, wherein said rare-earth is preferably one or more of Ytterbium, Erbium, Thulium, Holmium and Praseodymium.
A number of this type of optical amplifiers can be arranged in series to provide consecutive amplification stages. Such amplifiers are also referred to as master oscillator power amplifiers (MOPAs) in the art.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, at least one of the optical amplifiers comprises a double-clad fiber having a core portion formed by a rare-earth doped fiber and a cladding layer for guiding pump light. Herein, the core portion fiber is preferably a single-mode fiber and the cladding layer is providing multi-mode pump light. In this embodiment, the core portion carries the signal that is to be amplified only, while the pump light is guided in the cladding layer. Accordingly, the entire light capacity of the fiber can be dedicated to the light signal that is to be amplified. This compares favorably with applications where both, the pump light and the light signal to be amplified are confined to the same fiber. Further, since the cladding layer allows guiding multi-mode pump light, the intensity of the pump light can be comparatively high, thereby leading to a high amplification gain.
Preferably, the pump light is fed into the cladding layer in a direction opposite to that of the light propagating in the core portion. This avoids that the amplified light signal is contaminated with pump light.
In a preferred embodiment, the light source comprises two or more optical amplifiers, wherein between two optical amplifiers, a filter, in particular a laser line filter, is provided for filtering an amplified stimulated emission background. In this way the signal-to-noise ratio can be efficiently increased. In a preferred embodiment, the Raman-active medium is formed by an optical fiber, in particular a silica fiber.
The number of combined Raman shifts will depend on the length of the fiber. Preferably, the fiber length is selected such as to allow for at least two consecutive Raman wavelength shifts.
In a preferred embodiment, the non-linear wavelength conversion step is carried out in an optical amplifier, and in particular in the last optical amplification stage of the light source. Preferably, the light signal, i.e. the signal generated by the second sub-light source is introduced into the optical amplifier prior to or during amplification in the amplifier where the wavelength conversion step takes place. Namely, as long as the intensity of the original light signal generated by the first sub-light source and pre-amplified by one or more of the aforementioned amplifiers (i.e. the “first light signal”) is still low, the Raman gain is made negligible, such that bringing in the light signal as a Raman-seed signal does not have any significant influence on the light. Only when the first wavelength light receives a strong amplification, the broadband Raman gain is seeded by the narrow second wavelength light (second light signal) acting as the Raman seed. In total, this leads to a narrow line width at the shifted wavelength, where the other properties of the initial signal generated by the first sub-light source can largely be conserved. In particular, this allows avoiding a parasitic Raman background in the spectrum.
In one embodiment, the second sub-light source may be a tunable light source, which in turn allows choosing the wavelengths obtainable by the wavelength conversion. For this, for example, a grating based tunable laser or a Fabry-Pérot tunable laser can be used. While in case of the combined Raman shifts several frequencies of output light are usually generated, the selection of the suitable wavelengths can be made using suitable filters at the location of use of the light. In some embodiments, however, the selection of the appropriate wavelengths can be achieved using optical filters in the fiber setup.
In some embodiments, the electro-optical modulator has a switch voltage of <40 V, preferably <10 V and most preferably <5.6 V.
The fibers used in the light source may be polarization-conserving fibers. In particular, the fibers may be single-mode fibers of the group SMF28 or its equivalents or Hi1060 or its equivalents.
If a double cladding fiber is used for one of the optical amplifiers, the core diameter may be at least 3 μm, preferably at least 5 μm, and more preferably at least 6 μm. In addition or alternatively, the core diameter may be 18 μm or less, preferably 12 μm or less and more preferably 9 μm or less. In practice, the core diameter of the double cladding fiber may correspond to that of the single mode fibers used in the setup, for a better overlap of the modes.
In a preferred embodiment, the pulse length generated by a first sub-light source can be variably adjusted. In the preferred embodiment, the light source comprises one or more optical isolators. In a preferred embodiment, the first and second sub-light sources are synchronized with each other. Preferably, this synchronization is established electronically and in particular based on sharing common electrical signals or phase-locking electrical signals involved in the time control of the respective sub-light source.
In a preferred embodiment, the first sub-light source is capable of generating pulse patterns having pulses that are spaced in time with a time distance of less than 10 ns, preferably less than 2 ns and particularly preferably less than 1 ns. This can be used to suppress stimulated Brioullin scattering.
The invention further relates to a method for generating coherent narrow band light comprising the following steps:
generating light having a first wavelength using a first sub-light source,
generating light having a second wavelength using a second sub-light source, said second wavelength being longer than said first wavelength,
superposing said first and second wavelength light in an optical fiber or waveguide, thereby facilitating a non-linear wavelength conversion step involving a Raman-active medium,
wherein at least one of said first and second sub-light sources has a coherence length longer than 0.05 mm, preferably longer than 0.5 mm and most preferably longer than 2 mm.
For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the preferred embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is intended thereby, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated device and method and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated therein as would normally occur now or in the future to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.
With reference to
In
With further reference to
Note that stimulated Raman scattering in an optical fiber only occurs at a significant amount when high powers are applied. For this, a second amplifier 26 is provided which likewise comprises a gain medium and is pumped by a forth sub-light source 28. While the fibers 22, 30 and the second amplifier 26 are shown as separate objects in the schematic view of
With further reference to
In fact, the inventors noticed that in the fiber 30, the Raman shifts are not simply “repeated” in the sense of a cascaded Raman scattering process where the individual Raman processes are unrelated to each other. Instead, provided that the coherence lengths of the first and/or second light sources 12, 20 are sufficiently long, it is seen that the first sub-light source light also plays a role in the generation of “second order” Raman shifted light, i.e. the light that is shifted towards longer wavelengths as compared to the second wavelength by a wavelength corresponding to the frequency difference of the first and second light sources. This is evidenced by the fact that the frequency shift between the second order Raman shifted light and the first order Raman shifted light matches precisely the frequency difference between the first and second light sources, and that the second order Raman shifted light has a bandwidth that is much narrower than the ordinary bandwidth expected from spontaneous Raman emission. Accordingly, by providing for sufficient coherence length in the first and/or second light sources 12, 20 this effect can be used to generate narrowband shifted output light that is considerably narrower than the inherent Stokes band of a fiber that would in fact lead to frequency shifts in a rather broad range of 13 to 15 THz.
The second sub-light source 20 may be a tunable laser light source, for example a grating based tunable light source or a Fabry-Pérot tunable laser. One or all of the sub-light sources 12, 18, 20, 28 may have a polarization analyzer or other polarization control means. This is particularly important for the second sub-light source 20, because the Raman gain strongly depends on the polarization of pump and Stokes light. It is maximal for parallel and minimal for orthogonal polarization. Since there are birefringence fracturations in the fiber, the polarization of the Stokes and pump light will change for each wavelength differently during propagation in the fiber. This will lead to different gains if different stress or strain is applied to the fiber or if temperature changes are present, as these effects have an impact on the birefringence of the fiber. To be able to optimize the polarization in terms of the above mentioned impacts, a polarization analyzer or polarization controller is preferably used in the generation of the Raman shift seed light.
The wavelength of the first sub-light source 12 is preferably between 1044 and 1084 nm, preferably between 1054 and 1074 nm, because this allows for a compatibility with most YAG laser optics. In an alternative embodiment, the output wavelength of the first sub-light source 12 is between 1010 and 1050 nm, more preferably between 1020 and 1040 nm, because this allows for a maximum amplification using Ytterbium as the gain medium, which is a preferred material for this purpose. In yet an alternative embodiment, the wavelength of the first sub-light source 12 is in the range of 950 to 1050 nm, preferably 980 to 1020 nm, to allow for a maximum Raman shift.
Preferably, the wavelength of the Raman shift seed signal is redshifted as compared to the wavelength of the first sub-light source 12 by 300 to 700 cm−1, preferably by 400 to 600 cm−1.
With reference to
As shown in Fig., a first sub-light source 12 is provided for generating a seed light pulse. The first sub-light source 12 comprises a 1064 nm laser diode 32 with a fiber Bragg grating 34. The laser diode 32 is connected via a polarization maintaining fiber 36 to an electro optical modulator 38 which modulates the light signal from the laser diode 32 to generate pulses with a duration of 2.5 ns at desired timing, under control of a control unit like the control unit 14 of
Downstream of the first sub-light source 12, a first amplification stage 16 is provided. The first amplification stage 16 comprises an Ytterbium doped fiber 40 as a gain material which is pumped by a 976 nm laser diode 42. The pump light is coupled into the Ytterbium doped fiber 40 by means of a wave division multiplexer (WDM) 42. In the optical fibers, isolators 44 are further provided. The length of the Ytterbium doped optical fiber 40 is chosen to yield a good compromise between gain and amplified stimulated emission (ASE). A preferable length of the Ytterbium doped fiber 40 is between 1.5 and 2.5 meters.
The thus amplified light signal is fed through a laser line filter 46 into a second amplification stage 16 which is generally the same as the first amplification stage 16 and therefore does not need to be described again.
The laser line filter 46 serves to filter the ASE background, as is apparent from the illustrative boxes shown in
A Raman shifting source 48 is provided for generating a Raman shift seed signal. The Raman shifting source corresponds to the second sub-light source 20 in
Both, the 1122 nm Raman shift seed signal and the pre-amplified 1064 nm pulse are fed into a final amplification stage 54 which is also referred to as a double clad (DC) amplification stage schematically shown in
The final amplification stage 54 comprises a double cladding fiber 56 having a single-mode Ytterbium doped core and a first cladding, to which 976 nm pump light generated by a 976 nm multimode pump source 58 is fed via a double clad-beam combiner 60.
Since multi-mode pump light is fed into the first cladding of the double cladding fiber 56, a very strong amplification can be generated. Namely, using a multimode diode 58 higher intensities can be achieved as compared to a single mode diode. Also, while in the first and second amplification stages 16 the single-mode Ytterbium doped fibers 40 need to carry both, the signal as well as the pump light, in the double clad fiber 56 of the final amplification stage 54, the Ytterbium doped core fiber is reserved for the signal only, such that the full capacity thereof can be used for the signal. As seen in
When the laser diode 50 of the Raman shifting source 48 is turned off, the final amplification stage 54 simply amplifies the 1064 nm pulse. However, if the Raman shifting source 50 is turned on, the light of the Raman shifting source 48 acts as a stimulated Raman emission seed signal within a fiber 62 leading to a bulk optic setup or some sample location or the like (not shown in
It is a very surprising result that also the second order Raman shifted light at 1185 nm has a narrow peak that cannot be explained by independent “cascaded” Raman processes. As explained in the introductory portion, this effect is attributed to the coherence length of the light from the first and/or second light sources 12, 20, allowing for four-wave-mixing type processes.
As is seen from
This light source 10 as shown in
As was explained with reference to
In one embodiment, the amplification and Raman shift occur simultaneously in the same optical fiber. In one embodiment, a tunable light source is used for generating the Raman shift seed signal, which in turn allows choosing the wavelength obtainable by the combined stimulated Raman shifts. For this, for example, a grating based tunable laser or a Fabry-Pérot tunable laser can be used. While in case of the repeated Raman shift several frequencies of output light are usually generated, the selection of these suitable wavelengths can be chosen using suitable filters at the location of use of the output light. In some embodiments, the selection of the appropriate wavelengths can be achieved using a fiber Bragg grating which is connected via a circulator. It is, however, also possible to select the wavelengths using optical filters in the fiber setup.
In some embodiments, the modulator 38 is an electro optical modulator having a switch voltage of <40 Volt, preferably <10 Volt and most preferably <5.6 Volt.
In some embodiments, the seed signal is modulated, by means of the EOM 38, with a frequency of more than 200 MHz, preferably more than 500 MHz, more preferably more than 1 GHz, more than 2.5 GHz or more than 10 GHz, with regard to either one of amplitude or phase.
Moreover, some of the fibers used in the light source 10 may be polarization conserving fibers. In particular, the fibers may be single-mode fibers of the group SMF28 or its equivalents or Hi1060 or its equivalents.
In an alternative embodiment, the first sub-light source 12, i.e. the “seed light source”, can be made tunable. In particular, the first sub-light source 12 could be a rapidly tunable light source or swept light source, such as an FDML laser that can be used together with a modulator such as the EOM 38 shown in
Further, instead of the laser line filters 46 shown in
The embodiments described above and the accompanying figures merely serve to illustrate the system of the present invention, and should not be taken to indicate any limitation thereof. The scope of the patent is solely determined by the following claims.
10 light source
12 first sub-light source
14 control unit
16 amplifier
18 third sub-light source
20 second sub-light source
22 optical fiber
24 wavelength division multiplexer
26 second amplifier
28 fourth sub-light source
30 optical fiber
32 laser diode
34 fiber Bragg grating
36 polarization maintaining fiber
38 electro-optical modulator
40 Ytterbium-doped fiber
42 laser diode
44 optical isolator
46 laser line filter
48 Raman shifting source
50 laser diode
52 polarization controller
54 final amplification stage
56 double-cladding fiber
58 multi-mode pump source
60 double-clad-fiber beam combiner
62 optical fiber
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 13167333 | May 2013 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2014/059552 | 5/9/2014 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2014/180983 | 11/13/2014 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20030043366 | Ohta | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20060198397 | Korolev et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20100302626 | Kakui | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20160091429 | Huber | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| WO-2007127356 | Nov 2007 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Rowen, et al. “A combined Yb-Raman fiber amplifier for generating narrow linewidth, high-power pulses in the 1100-1200 nm wavelength range and efficient nonlinear conversion into Yellow,” Proc. of SPIE 8601:86011J-1 to 86011J-8 (2013). |
| Uchida, et al. “Wide-Range All-Optical Wavelength Conversion Using Dual-Wavelength-Pumped Fiber Raman Converter,” Journal of Lightwave Technology 16(1):92-99 (1998). |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion from Application No. PCT/EP2014/059552 dated Jul. 16, 2014. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20160118765 A1 | Apr 2016 | US |
