Patent Grant
8007509
The invention relates to embolic coil assemblies, as well as related components and methods.
Embolic coils can be used to occlude vessels in a variety of medical applications.
The invention relates to embolic coil assemblies, as well as related components and methods.
In one aspect, the invention features a coil assembly that includes at least first and second embolic coils. The first embolic coil has an engaging member, and the second embolic coil has an engaging member that is engaged with the engaging member of the first embolic coil. The first embolic coil differs from the second embolic coil in at least one coil parameter.
In another aspect, the invention features coil assemblies that include three or more embolic coils. Each of the three embolic coils has an engaging member at each end that is adjacent to another embolic coil. The engaging members of each of the three embolic coils are engaged with an engaging member of an adjacent embolic coil. At least one embolic coil differs from at least one other embolic coil in at least one coil parameter.
In a further aspect, the invention features a method that includes inserting a coil assembly into a body lumen of a subject. The coil assembly includes at least first and second embolic coils. The first embolic coil has an engaging member, and the second embolic coil has an engaging member that is engaged with the engaging member of the first embolic coil. The first embolic coil differs from the second embolic coil in at least one coil parameter.
In an additional aspect, the invention features a method that includes inserting a coil assembly into a body lumen of a subject. The coil assembly includes three or more embolic coils. Each of the three embolic coils has an engaging member at each end that is adjacent to another embolic coil. The engaging members of each of the three embolic coils are engaged with an engaging member of an adjacent embolic coil. At least one embolic coil differs from at least one other embolic coil in at least one coil parameter.
In another aspect, the invention features a method of deploying embolic coils to a site. The methods include placing a distal end of a catheter at the site; pushing a coil assembly including at least two (e.g., at least three) embolic coils to the distal end of the catheter; and deploying at least two embolic coils in the coil assembly out of the catheter to the site. At least one embolic coil differs from at least another embolic coil in at least one coil parameter.
Embodiments can include one or more of the following.
The coil parameter can be selected from length, inner diameter, outer diameter, stiffness, secondary shape, and degree of fiber coverage.
The coil assembly can include additional embolic coils (e.g., a third, a fourth, a fifth, or more embolic coils), one or more of which may include engaging members for engaging with engaging members of adjacent embolic coils.
The coil assembly can include a sleeve at least partially surrounding the first and second embolic coils, and optionally any additional embolic coils. The engaging member of an embolic coil (e.g., the first embolic coil) can remain engaged with the engaging member of an adjacent embolic coil (e.g., the second embolic coil) when constrained by the sleeve, and can be capable of disengaging from the engaging member of the adjacent embolic coil when unconstrained by the sleeve.
The assembly can be configured such that movement of the second embolic coil in a proximal or distal direction results in movement of the first coil in the same direction.
The assembly can include a pusher wire. The pusher wire can include an engaging member (e.g., at the distal end of the pusher wire) that is capable of engaging with an engaging member of an adjacent embolic coil.
The embolic coils can be deployed by pushing the coil assembly distally until the distal-most embolic coil (e.g., the first embolic coil) is pushed fully out of the catheter or sleeve, where it disengages from the adjacent embolic coil (e.g., the second embolic coil), optionally repositioning the catheter or sleeve, and then pushing the coil assembly distally until the adjacent embolic coil is pushed fully out of the catheter, where it disengages and is deployed. Where there are additional embolic coils, the method can include pushing each of the embolic coils distally out of the catheter or sleeve such that they disengage and deploy, optionally with repositioning of the catheter occurring between coil deployments. One or more of the embolic coils can be pushed partially out of the catheter and then at least partially retracted back into the catheter, e.g., for repositioning. The method can include determining appropriate coil parameters for treatment of the particular defect (e.g., a vascular defect) and selecting at least first and second embolic coils that have the appropriate coil parameters.
Embodiments can include one or more of the following advantages.
In some embodiments, multiple embolic coils can be disposed within a subject without removing the pusher wire from the subject. This can reduce the complexity, e.g., by reducing the number of steps, and/or enhance the precision of disposing one or more embolic coils within a subject.
In certain embodiments, multiple embolic coils can be disposed within a subject using a continuous process. This can reduce the complexity, e.g., by reducing the number of steps, and/or enhance the precision of disposing one or more embolic coils within a subject.
In some embodiments, multiple embolic coils can be disposed within a subject with a single push of the pusher wire. This can reduce the complexity, e.g., by reducing the number of steps, and/or enhance the precision of disposing one or more embolic coils within a subject.
In certain embodiments, at least one of the multiple embolic coils can differ from at least one other multiple embolic in a coil parameter, such as, for example, length, outer diameter, stiffness, secondary shape, and degree of fiber coverage. One or more of the embolic coils can be selected based on the desired use of the embolic coil(s). Optionally, the order of the embolic coils can also be selected based on the desired use of the embolic coils. For example, each embolic coil can be selected and/or ordered so that the multiple embolic coils as a collection form a particular configuration when disposed within the subject.
Other features and advantages are apparent from the description, drawings and claims.
Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.
The engaging member 22 of the first embolic coil 16 is engaged with the adjacent engaging member 22 of the second embolic coil 26. Further, the engaging member 22 at the proximal end 30 of the second embolic coil 26 is engaged with the engaging member 22 of the pusher wire 46. In such an arrangement, the pusher wire 46 can be used to move the embolic coil assembly 14 either proximally or distally within the catheter 10. The catheter 10 prohibits disengagement of the engaged embolic coils 16 and 26 while they are constrained by the catheter 10. As illustrated in
The embolic coils 16 and 26 differ from each other in at least one coil parameter. For example, the embolic coils may differ from each other in secondary shape. In general, embolic coils have a primary shape and a secondary shape. The primary shape refers generally to the shape of the coil when constrained within the sleeve. The primary shape of an embolic coil generally depends on a number of coil parameters, including, for example, the composition, shape, size, and stiffness of the wire which forms the coil (or braid, where the embolic coil is a braided coil), the outer diameter of the coil, the inner diameter of the coil, and the length of the coil. The secondary shape of an embolic coil refers to the shape of the coil when it is not constrained by the sleeve. As an embolic coil exits the sleeve it can assume its secondary shape. In general, the secondary shape of an embolic coil depends on the process by which the coil was formed, particularly the shape of the mandrel on which the coil was formed and the heat treatment cycle used to shape the coil. For example, a secondary shape mandrel 34, shown in
Other coil parameters play a role in the secondary shape of an embolic coil. Examples of such parameters include the composition, shape, size and stiffness of the wire which forms the coil, the inner and/or outer diameter and the length of the coil, the uniformity of the windings of the coil, the pitch of the primary coil windings, and/or the spacing of the primary coil windings. Typically, the primary shape is selected for deliverability and the secondary shape is selected for the application, e.g., the embolization of an aneurysm.
The embolic coils can have any number of secondary shapes, the choice of which can depend on the particular application in which the embolic coil is to be used. For example, the secondary shape of a first embolic coil and of a second embolic coil can each be independently selected from the group consisting of helical or spiral dual-spiral, dual-diameter spiral, diamond, cone-shaped, random, basket-shaped, straight, C-shaped and J-shaped. As an example, in some of the embodiments, one coil can be have a secondary shape in the form of a basket, while a different coil has a secondary shape in the form of a J. As another example, in certain embodiments one coil can have a helical secondary shape, while a different coil has a diamond or a conical secondary shape. Exemplary secondary shapes are illustrated in
In certain embodiments, the embolic coils may differ in length. Suitable coil lengths generally include lengths of, e.g., at least about 2 cm long (e.g., at least about 8 cm long, at least about 15 cm long, or at least about 20 cm long) and/or at most about 30 cm long (e.g., at most about 20 cm long, at most about 15 cm long, or at most about 8 cm long). A coil can, for example, be from about 2 cm to about 30 cm long (e.g., from about 2 cm to about 8 cm long, from about 8 cm to about 15 cm long, from about 15 cm to about 20 cm long, or from about 20 cm to about 30 cm long). As used here, the length of an embolic coil refers to the length of the embolic coil while restrained in a sleeve (i.e. the length of the coil in its primary configuration or shape).
Thus possible coil configurations include, for example, a total coil length (the combined length of all of the embolic coils) of about 30 cm split into one 10 cm coil and ten 2 cm coils; two 5 cm coils and ten 2 cm coils; two 10 cm coils and two 5 cm coils; two 10 cm coils and five 2 cm coils; and three 5 cm coils and five 3 cm coils. The restrained (primary) coil length of an embolic coil may be related to the secondary shape of the coil. For example, a diamond-shaped coil can have a length of no more than about 80 mm (e.g., no more than about 60 mm or no more than about 40 mm) and/or can have a length of no less than about 20 mm (e.g., no less than about 40 mm or no less than about 60 mm). A diamond shaped coil can in some embodiments have a length of from about 20 mm to about 80 mm (e.g., from about 40 mm to about 60 mm). As another example, a spiral-shaped coil can have a length of no more than about 70 mm (e.g., no more than about 60 mm, no more than about 50 mm, no more than about 40 mm, no more than about 30 mm, or no more than about 20 mm) and/or can have a length of no less than about 10 mm (e.g., no less than about 20 mm, no less than about 30 mm, no less than about 40 mm, no less than about 50 mm, or no less than about 60 mm). A spiral-shaped coil can in some embodiments have a length from about 10 to about 70 mm (e.g., from about 20 mm to about 60 mm or from about 30 mm to about 50 mm). As another example, a straight coil can have a length of no more than about 10 mm (e.g., no more than about 7 mm, no more than about 5 mm, or no more than about 3 mm) and/or can have a length of no less than about 2 mm (e.g., no less than about 3 mm, no less than about 5 mm, or no less than about 7 mm). A straight coil can in some embodiments have a length of from about 2 mm to about 10 mm (e.g., from about 3 mm to about 7 mm). As another example, a C-shaped coil can have a length of no more than about 10 mm (e.g., no more than about 7 mm, no more than about 5 mm, or no more than about 3 mm) and/or can have a length of no less than about 2 mm (e.g., no less than about 3 mm, no less than about 5 mm, or no less than about 7 mm). A C-shaped coil can in some embodiments have a length of from about 2 mm to about 10 mm (e.g., from about 3 mm to about 7 mm). As another example, a J-shaped coil can have a length of no more than about 30 mm (e.g., no more than about 25 mm, no more than about 20 mm, or no more than about 15 mm) and/or can have a length of no less than about 10 mm (e.g., no less than about 15 mm, no less than about 20 mm, or no less than about 25 mm). A J-shaped coil can in some embodiments have a length of from about 10 mm to about 30 mm (e.g., from about 15 mm to about 25 mm). As another example, a vortex-shaped or conical-shaped coil can have a length of no more than about 70 mm (e.g., no more than about 67 mm, no more than about 53 mm, or no more than about 35 mm) and/or can have a length of no less than about 30 mm (e.g., no less than about 35 mm, no less than about 53 mm, or no less than about 67 mm). A vortex-shaped or conical-shaped coil can in some embodiments have a length of from about 30 mm to about 70 mm (e.g., from about 35 mm to about 67 mm or from about 35 mm to about 53 mm).
In general, the length of any one coil can be no more than about 80 mm (e.g., no more than about 70 mm, no more than about 60 mm, no more than about 50 mm, no more than about 40 mm, no more than about 30 mm, no more than about 20 mm, no more than about 10 mm, or no more than about 5 mm) and/or can be no less than about 0.5 mm (e.g., no less than about 5 mm, no less than about 10 mm, no less than about 20 mm, no less than about 30 mm, no less than about 40 mm, no less than about 50 mm, no less than about 60 mm, or no less than about 70 mm). In some embodiments, the length of any one coil can be from about 0.5 mm to about 80 mm (e.g., from about 5 mm to about 70 mm, from about 10 mm to about 60 mm, from about 20 mm to about 50 mm, or from about 30 mm to about 40 mm). In some embodiments, the length of all the coils, in total, can be no more than about 60 cm (e.g., no more than about 50 cm, no more than about 40 cm, no more than about 30 cm, no more than about 20 cm, no more than about 10 cm, or no more than about 8 cm). Generally, the length of the coils, in total, is selected in part to prevent the amount of force used to push the coil assembly from becoming too large.
The coils may differ in the diameter of the wire from which they are formed. For example, the coils may be formed of wire, e.g., platinum, platinum/tungsten alloy or stainless steel wire, having a diameter of between about 0.001 inch to about 0.005 inch in diameter. One coil may be formed of wire having a diameter of between about 0.001 inch to about 0.0025 inch in diameter, while another coil may be between about 0.003 inch to about 0.005 inch in diameter. The difference in wire diameter can result in a difference in the outer diameter of the first coil and second coil (taken in their primary shapes), given a constant inner diameter of the first and second coils. For example, the outer diameter of one of the first coil and second coil may be between about 0.013 inch to about 0.015 inch and the other of the first coil and second coil may be between about 0.010 inch to about 0.012 inch while sharing a constant inner diameter.
The outer diameter of the coils may differ regardless of the inner diameter of the coils. The outer diameter of a coil refers to the outer diameter of the coil when in its secondary configuration. In certain embodiments, the outer diameter of the coils can be no more than about 14 mm (e.g., no more than about 12 mm, no more than about 10 mm, no more than about 8 mm, no more than about 6 mm, no more than about 4 mm, or no more than about 2 mm) and/or can be no less than about 1 mm (e.g., no less than about 2 mm, no less than about 4 mm, no less than about 6 mm, no less than about 8 mm, no less than about 10 mm, or no less than about 12 mm). In some embodiments, the outer diameter of the embolic coils can be from about 1 mm to about 14 mm (e.g., from about 2 mm to about 12 mm, from about 4 mm and to about 10 mm, or from about 6 mm and to about 8 mm). In some embodiments, one embolic coil can have an outer diameter no more than about 6 mm (e.g., no more than about 5 mm, no more than about 4 mm, no more than about 3 mm, or no more than about 2 mm) while another embolic coil can have an outer diameter of not less than about 8 mm (e.g., not less than about 10 mm or not less than about 12 mm).
The stiffness of the coils may be varied. It will be recognized that certain other parameters will affect the stiffness of the coils, for example, the composition and the diameter of the wire from which the coil is formed. The diameter of a mandrel around which the coil is formed (in other words, the inner diameter of the coil) may affect the stiffness. Also, additional treatment of the coil once formed can affect the stiffness. For example, subjecting a coil to heat and then cooling the coil may result in stiffening of the coil. Coil stiffness may vary between about 0.001 lbf and about 0.004 lbf. Coil stiffness can be measured by measuring the force required to compress the outer coil 5% of the main secondary coil diameter. For example, a dynamic testing machine, such as is available from Instron Corp., can be utilized to test coil stiffness. A main outer diameter of a secondary coil is removed from the secondary coil and placed in the gripping mechanism of the testing machine such that only half of the diameter (a semi-circle shape) is exposed. The sample is placed directly below an anvil-like fixture that compresses down on the surface of the outer diameter. The force required to compress the sample by 5% of the overall main outer diameter is measured.
In some embodiments, some or all of the embolic coils may include fibers. Exemplary fiber materials include polyethylene terephthalate (e.g., Dacron®), nylon, collagen and/or cotton fibers, which may promote thrombosis by providing a substrate for clot formation. The degree of fiber coverage may be varied. For example, some of the embolic coils may have fibers while others do not. In some embodiments, the embolic coils may each have fibers but have different amounts of fibers for a given length of coil. The fibers may be, for example, of the same or different length (generally between about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm), stiffness, and/or diameter. The spacing between fiber bundles and the fiber densities (i.e. number of fiber filaments per fiber bundle) are additional factors capable of variation; one coil can have bundles having greater numbers of fibers than a different coil but have the bundles spaced farther apart, resulting in the same number of fibers per length of coil but a different distribution of fiber coverage on each coil.
While embodiments that contain two embolic coils have been described, the embolic coil delivery systems can include more than two embolic coils (e.g., three or more, four or more, five or more, or six or more embolic coils). In such embodiments, at least two of the embolic coils differ from each other in at least one coil parameter. In certain embodiments, three or more, four or more, five or more, or six or more embolic coils can differ from each other in at least one coil parameter; further, the coil parameters that differ may be the same coil parameter or may be two or more different coil parameters (e.g., three or more, four or more, five or more, or six or more different coil parameters).
The embolic coils generally include at least one engaging member for engaging with an adjacent embolic coil, and may optionally include two engaging members for engaging with adjacent embolic coils or pusher wires one either side of the embolic coil. The engaging members generally are configured such that one member reversibly accepts a portion of a corresponding member. Configurations include an engaging member having an open receiving slot generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the coil and corresponding engaging member having a hook adapted to enter and exit an open receiving slot generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the coil, and also include engaging members having an outer portion of a generally cylindrical shape, a middle portion adapted to accept a generally cylindrical outer portion of an adjacent corresponding engaging member, and an inner portion adapted for attaching to the coil (where “outer” refers to the portion of the engaging member distant from the coil to which it is attached and “inner” refers to the portion nearest the coil). The engaging member of one end of a coil may be, but need not be, the same as the engaging member at a different end of the coil, where the coil has two engaging members. Each coil and each engaging member may further include a channel or lumen extending longitudinally, with a control wire extending through the channels to further engage the coils.
Examples of engaging member embodiments are illustrated in
In certain embodiments, the engaging members of adjacent embolic coils that are engaged with one another have different configurations from each other. For example, as shown in
In some embodiments, an embolic coil assembly may also include a control wire. The control wire can permit the coils to remain engaged until the control wire is removed and the coil is not constrained by a catheter or introducer sleeve. For example,
Generally, the catheter 210 is first inserted into a body lumen of a subject, for example, through an incision into the femoral artery, and moved through the body until its distal end is at a target location, for example, the opening of an aneurysm. Once in place, a distal tip 206 of sleeve 204 is placed into a hub 216 attached to a proximal end 212 of the catheter and the embolic coil assembly is pushed by means of pusher wire 224 into catheter 210 and to the distal end of the catheter for delivery to the target site. The pusher wire is then used to push the embolic coil assembly out of the distal tip of the catheter such that individual coils disengage from the assembly and deploy into the target area. Alternatively, the pusher wire may be used to hold the coil assembly in place while the catheter is retracted, thus permitting self-disengagement of individual coils. Where a control wire is included, it may be retracted either before or after pushing the coils out of the catheter or retracting the catheter.
A pusher wire 546 with an engaging member 522 at its distal end 548 is engaged to coil 526. The pusher wire is used to push embolic coil assembly 514 to the distal end 511 of catheter 510 so that the long coil 536 extends partially out of the catheter. The long coil 536 begins to assume its secondary shape as it exits the catheter. At this point, should repositioning be desired, the embolic coil assembly 514 can be retracted into the catheter by pulling back on the pusher wire 546.
Once in the proper position, as illustrated in
While certain embodiments have been described, others are possible.
As an example, some or all of the embolic coils in the embolic coil assembly may have secondary shapes other than those disclosed above. For example, other suitable secondary shapes, and methods for creating embolic coils having such shapes, are discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,994,069, 6,231,586, 6,322,576 and 6,635,069, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
As another example, one or more of the embolic coils may include a coating, e.g., a polymer coating, for example, a lubricous coating, that may reduce friction between the coil and the catheter and allow for easier pushing of the coil.
As an additional example, one or more coils may further include a therapeutic substance, e.g., a drug, for delivery to the target site along with the coil.
As a further example, the embolic coils may differ in more than one coil parameter, for example, two, three, four, five or more coil parameters may be different.
As another example, more than two of the embolic coils may differ in one or more coil parameters, for example, three, four, five, or more coils, even each of the coils, may differ from each other in one or more coil parameters.
At least one of the embolic coils may be made in whole or in part of helical wire.
At least one of the coils may be made in whole or in part of braided wire.
At least one of the coils may include a radiopaque marker, which may consist of or be a part of the engaging member.
At least one of the embolic coils may be formed of a polymer, e.g., a biocompatible polymer. Exemplary polymers include polyethylene, polyurethane, and polypropylene.
Moreover, while embodiments of the engaging members have been described as being generally cylindrical in cross-sectional shape, the engaging members may have other configurations, for example, pentagonal or hexagonal. Also, the engaging members may have different engaging configurations than those disclosed above. Other suitable engaging members are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,250,071, 5,304,195, 5,800,453, 5,800,455, 5,891,130, 5,925,059, 6,099,546, RE37,117 E, and in WO 94/06503, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Further, in some embodiments, a saline flush can be used to deliver an embolic coil from the sleeve rather than, or in addition to, the pusher wire.
Still further, in some embodiments, embolic coils can be used in conjunction with other embolic devices. Other embolic devices include, for example, embolic particles such as those described in U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2003/0185896 A1, published on Oct. 2, 2003, and in U.S. Published Patent Application No. US 2004/0096662 A1, published on May 20, 2004, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Other embolic devices also include, for example, embolic gels such as described, for example, in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/927,868, filed on Aug. 27, 2004, and entitled “Embolization”, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
In general, embolic coils may be used to treat a variety of conditions. For example, embolic coils may be used generally to treat neurological and/or peripheral conditions such as to occlude a vessel or to treat an aneurysm, an arteriovenous malformation (AVM), or a traumatic fistula. Embolic coils can be used to embolize a tumor, for example, a liver tumor. Embolic coils can be used in transarterial chemoembolization (TACE).
Other embodiments are in the claims.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2609347 | Wilson | Sep 1952 | A |
| 3663470 | Nishimura et al. | May 1972 | A |
| 3737398 | Yamaguchi | Jun 1973 | A |
| 3921632 | Bardani | Nov 1975 | A |
| 3957933 | Egli et al. | May 1976 | A |
| 4025686 | Zion | May 1977 | A |
| 4034759 | Haerr | Jul 1977 | A |
| 4055377 | Erickson et al. | Oct 1977 | A |
| 4076640 | Forgensi et al. | Feb 1978 | A |
| 4094848 | Naito | Jun 1978 | A |
| 4096230 | Haerr | Jun 1978 | A |
| 4098728 | Rosenblatt | Jul 1978 | A |
| 4110529 | Stoy | Aug 1978 | A |
| 4159719 | Haerr | Jul 1979 | A |
| 4191672 | Salome et al. | Mar 1980 | A |
| 4198318 | Stowell et al. | Apr 1980 | A |
| 4243794 | White et al. | Jan 1981 | A |
| 4246208 | Dundas | Jan 1981 | A |
| 4266030 | Tschang et al. | May 1981 | A |
| 4268495 | Muxfeldt et al. | May 1981 | A |
| 4271281 | Kelley et al. | Jun 1981 | A |
| 4402319 | Handa et al. | Sep 1983 | A |
| 4413070 | Rembaum | Nov 1983 | A |
| 4427794 | Lange et al. | Jan 1984 | A |
| 4428869 | Munteanu et al. | Jan 1984 | A |
| 4429062 | Pasztor et al. | Jan 1984 | A |
| 4442843 | Rasor et al. | Apr 1984 | A |
| 4444961 | Timm | Apr 1984 | A |
| 4452773 | Molday | Jun 1984 | A |
| 4456693 | Welsh | Jun 1984 | A |
| 4459145 | Elsholz | Jul 1984 | A |
| 4472552 | Blouin | Sep 1984 | A |
| 4477255 | Pasztor et al. | Oct 1984 | A |
| 4492720 | Mosier | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4522953 | Barby et al. | Jun 1985 | A |
| 4542178 | Zimmermann et al. | Sep 1985 | A |
| 4551132 | Pasztor et al. | Nov 1985 | A |
| 4551436 | Johnson et al. | Nov 1985 | A |
| 4573967 | Hargrove et al. | Mar 1986 | A |
| 4622362 | Rembaum | Nov 1986 | A |
| 4623706 | Timm et al. | Nov 1986 | A |
| 4640807 | Afghan et al. | Feb 1987 | A |
| 4657756 | Rasor et al. | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4661137 | Garnier et al. | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4663358 | Hyon et al. | May 1987 | A |
| 4671954 | Goldberg et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4674480 | Lemelson | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4675113 | Graves et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4678710 | Sakimoto et al. | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4678814 | Rembaum | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4680320 | Uku et al. | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4681119 | Rasor et al. | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4708718 | Daniels | Nov 1987 | A |
| 4742086 | Masamizu et al. | May 1988 | A |
| 4743507 | Franses et al. | May 1988 | A |
| 4772635 | Mitschker et al. | Sep 1988 | A |
| 4782097 | Jain et al. | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4789501 | Day et al. | Dec 1988 | A |
| 4793980 | Torobin | Dec 1988 | A |
| 4795741 | Leshchiner et al. | Jan 1989 | A |
| 4801458 | Hidaka et al. | Jan 1989 | A |
| 4804366 | Zdeb et al. | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4819637 | Dormandy, Jr. et al. | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4822535 | Ekman et al. | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4833237 | Kawamura et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4850978 | Dudar et al. | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4859711 | Jain et al. | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4863972 | Itagaki et al. | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4897255 | Fritzberg et al. | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4900303 | Lemelson | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4929400 | Rembaum et al. | May 1990 | A |
| 4933372 | Feibush et al. | Jun 1990 | A |
| 4946899 | Kennedy et al. | Aug 1990 | A |
| 4954399 | Tani et al. | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4981625 | Rhim et al. | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4990340 | Hidaka et al. | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4994069 | Ritchart et al. | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4999188 | Sloldovnik et al. | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5007940 | Berg | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5011677 | Day et al. | Apr 1991 | A |
| H915 | Gibbs | May 1991 | H |
| 5015423 | Eguchi et al. | May 1991 | A |
| 5021059 | Kensey et al. | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5032117 | Motta | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5034324 | Shinozaki et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5047438 | Feibush et al. | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5079274 | Schneider et al. | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5091205 | Fan | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5106903 | Vanderhoff et al. | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5108407 | Geremia et al. | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5114421 | Polak | May 1992 | A |
| 5116387 | Berg | May 1992 | A |
| 5120349 | Stewart et al. | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5125892 | Drudik | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5147631 | Glajch et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5147937 | Frazza et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5149543 | Cohen et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5158573 | Berg | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5167624 | Butler et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5171214 | Kolber et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5171217 | March et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5181921 | Makita et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5190760 | Baker | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5190766 | Ishihara | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5192301 | Kamiya et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5202352 | Okada et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5216096 | Hattori et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5226911 | Chee et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5234437 | Sepetka | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5250071 | Palermo | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5253991 | Yokota et al. | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5256146 | Ensminger et al. | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5260002 | Wang | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5261916 | Engelson | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5262176 | Palmacci et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5263964 | Purdy | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5263992 | Guire | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5288763 | Li et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5290310 | Makower et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5292332 | Lee | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5292814 | Bayer et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5302369 | Day et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5304194 | Chee et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5304195 | Twyford, Jr. et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5312415 | Palermo | May 1994 | A |
| 5314974 | Ito et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5316774 | Eury et al. | May 1994 | A |
| RE34640 | Kennedy et al. | Jun 1994 | E |
| 5320639 | Rudnick | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5324306 | Makower et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5328936 | Leifholtz et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5334216 | Vidal et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5336263 | Ersek et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5342394 | Matsuno et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5344452 | Lemperle | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5344867 | Morgan et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5350397 | Palermo et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5354290 | Gross | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5354295 | Guglielmi et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5369133 | Ihm et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5369163 | Chiou et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5382260 | Dormandy, Jr. et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5384124 | Courteille et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5397303 | Sancoff et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5398851 | Sancoff et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5403870 | Gross | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5411520 | Nash et al. | May 1995 | A |
| 5417982 | Modi | May 1995 | A |
| 5431174 | Knute | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5435645 | Faccioli et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5443495 | Buscemi et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5456693 | Conston et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5468801 | Antonelli et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5469854 | Unger et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5476472 | Dormandy, Jr. et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5484584 | Wallace et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5490984 | Freed | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5494682 | Cohen et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5494940 | Unger et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5512604 | Demopolis | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5514090 | Kriesel et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5525334 | Ito et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5534589 | Hager et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5540680 | Guglielmi et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5541031 | Yamashita et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5542935 | Unger et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5553741 | Sancoff et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5556391 | Cercone et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5556610 | Yan et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5558255 | Sancoff et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5558822 | Gitman et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5558856 | Klaveness et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5559266 | Klaveness et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5567415 | Porter | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5569193 | Hofstetter et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5569449 | Klaveness et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5569468 | Modi | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5571182 | Ersek et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5580575 | Unger et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5583162 | Li et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5585112 | Unger et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5595821 | Hager et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5622657 | Takada et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5624685 | Takahashi et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5635215 | Boschetti et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5637087 | O'Neil et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5639277 | Mariant et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5639710 | Lo et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5648095 | Illum et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5648100 | Boschetti et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5649949 | Wallace et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5650116 | Thompson | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5651990 | Takada et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5653922 | Li et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5657756 | Vrba | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5681576 | Henry | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5695480 | Evans et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5695740 | Porter | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5698271 | Liberti et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5701899 | Porter | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5715824 | Unger et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5716981 | Hunter et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5718884 | Klaveness et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5723269 | Akagi et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5725534 | Rasmussen | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5733925 | Kunz et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5741331 | Pinchuk | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5746734 | Dormandy, Jr. et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5749891 | Ken et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5752974 | Rhee et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5760097 | Li et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5766147 | Sancoff et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5770222 | Unger et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5779668 | Grabenkort | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5785642 | Wallace et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5785682 | Grabenkort | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5792478 | Lawin et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5795562 | Klaveness et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5797953 | Tekulve | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5800453 | Gia | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5800454 | Jacobsen et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5800455 | Palermo et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5807323 | Kriesel et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5813411 | Van Bladel et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5823198 | Jones et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5827502 | Klaveness et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5827531 | Morrison et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5830178 | Jones et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5833361 | Funk | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5840387 | Berlowitz-Tarrant et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5846518 | Yan et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5853752 | Unger et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5855615 | Bley et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5863957 | Li et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5876372 | Grabenkort et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5877224 | Brocchini et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5885216 | Evans, III et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5885547 | Gray | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5888546 | Ji et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5891128 | Gia et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5891130 | Palermo et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5891155 | Irie | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5894022 | Ji et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5895385 | Guglielmi et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5895398 | Wensel et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5895411 | Irie | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5899877 | Leibitzki et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5902832 | Van Bladel et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5902834 | Porrvik | May 1999 | A |
| 5922025 | Hubbard | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5922304 | Unger | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5925059 | Palermo et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5928626 | Klaveness et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5935553 | Unger et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5941888 | Wallace et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5951160 | Ronk | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5957848 | Sutton et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5959073 | Schlameus et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 6003566 | Thibault et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6013084 | Ken et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6015546 | Sutton et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6024754 | Engelson | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6027472 | Kriesel et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6028066 | Unger | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6033423 | Ken et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6047861 | Vidal et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6048908 | Kitagawa | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6051247 | Hench et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6056721 | Shulze | May 2000 | A |
| 6056844 | Guiles et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6059766 | Greff | May 2000 | A |
| 6063068 | Fowles et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6071495 | Unger et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6071497 | Steiner et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6073759 | Lamborne et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6090925 | Woiszwillo et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6096344 | Liu et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6099546 | Gia | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6099864 | Morrison et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6100306 | Li et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6139963 | Fujii et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6149623 | Reynolds | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6159206 | Ogawa | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6160084 | Langer et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6162377 | Ghosh et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6165193 | Greene, Jr. et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6179817 | Zhong | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6190373 | Palermo et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6191193 | Lee et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| RE37117 | Palermo | Mar 2001 | E |
| 6214331 | Vanderhoff et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6224630 | Bao et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6224794 | Amsden et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6231586 | Mariant | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6235224 | Mathiowitz et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6238403 | Greene, Jr. et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6245090 | Gilson et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6254592 | Samson et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6258338 | Gray | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6261585 | Sefton et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6264861 | Tavernier et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6267154 | Felicelli et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6268053 | Woiszwillo et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6277392 | Klein | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6280457 | Wallace et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6291605 | Freeman et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6296604 | Garibaldi et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6296622 | Kurz et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6296632 | Luscher et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6306153 | Kurz et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6306418 | Bley | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6306419 | Vachon et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6306427 | Annonier et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6312407 | Zadno-Azizi et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6315709 | Garibaldi et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6322576 | Wallace et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6335384 | Evans et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6344041 | Kupiecki et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6344182 | Sutton et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6355275 | Klein | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6368658 | Schwarz et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6379373 | Sawhney et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6388043 | Langer et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6394965 | Klein | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6423332 | Huxel et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6432437 | Hubbard | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6436112 | Wensel et al. | Aug 2002 | B2 |
| 6443941 | Slepian et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6476069 | Krall et al. | Nov 2002 | B2 |
| 6544503 | Vanderhoff et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6544544 | Hunter et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6545097 | Pinchuk et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6551305 | Ferrera et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6551340 | Konya et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6575896 | Silverman et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6589230 | Gia et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6602261 | Greene, Jr. et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6602524 | Batich et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6605111 | Bose et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6629947 | Sahatjian et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6632531 | Blankenship | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6635069 | Teoh et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6638291 | Ferrera et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6652883 | Goupil et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6669652 | Anderson et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6680046 | Boschetti | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6699222 | Jones et al. | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 7029486 | Schaefer et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7053134 | Baldwin et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7094369 | Buiser et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7131997 | Bourne et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7326225 | Ferrera et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 20010001835 | Greene, Jr. et al. | May 2001 | A1 |
| 20010016210 | Mathiowitz et al. | Aug 2001 | A1 |
| 20010036451 | Goupil et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010051670 | Goupil et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20020010481 | Jayaraman | Jan 2002 | A1 |
| 20020082499 | Jacobsen et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020197208 | Ruys et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030007928 | Gray | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030018356 | Schaefer et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030032935 | Damiano et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030108614 | Volkonsky et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030120302 | Minck et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030183962 | Buiser et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030185895 | Lanphere et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030185896 | Buiser et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030187320 | Freyman | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030194390 | Krall et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030203985 | Baldwin et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030206864 | Mangin | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030215519 | Schwarz et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030233150 | Bourne et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040076582 | DiMatteo et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040091543 | Bell et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040092883 | Casey, III et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040096662 | Lanphere et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040101564 | Rioux et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040111044 | Davis et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040153025 | Seifert et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040161451 | Pierce et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040181174 | Davis et al. | Sep 2004 | A2 |
| 20040186377 | Zhong et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040243168 | Ferrera et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050025800 | Tan | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050033350 | Ken et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050037047 | Song | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050095428 | DiCarlo et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050129775 | Lanphere et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050196449 | DiCarlo et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050226935 | Kamath et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050238870 | Buiser et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050263916 | Lanphere et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060045900 | Richard et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060116711 | Elliott et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060173090 | Baldwin et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060199009 | Anderson et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060199010 | DiCarlo et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060210710 | Buiser et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060247610 | Lanphere et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060292300 | Tan | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070004973 | Tan | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070059375 | Bourne et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070083219 | Buiser et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| A-7618698 | Oct 1998 | AU |
| 233 303 | Feb 1986 | DE |
| 3834705 | Apr 1990 | DE |
| 94 14 868.6 | Dec 1994 | DE |
| 100 26 620 | Mar 2002 | DE |
| 0 067 459 | Dec 1982 | EP |
| 0 122 624 | Oct 1984 | EP |
| 0 123 235 | Oct 1984 | EP |
| 0 402 031 | Dec 1990 | EP |
| 0 422 258 | Apr 1991 | EP |
| 0 458 079 | Nov 1991 | EP |
| 0 458 745 | Nov 1991 | EP |
| 0 470 569 | Feb 1992 | EP |
| 0 547 530 | Jun 1993 | EP |
| 0 600 529 | Jun 1994 | EP |
| 0 623 012 | Nov 1994 | EP |
| 0 706 376 | Apr 1996 | EP |
| 0 730 847 | Sep 1996 | EP |
| 0 744 940 | Dec 1996 | EP |
| 0 764 047 | Mar 1997 | EP |
| 0 797 988 | Oct 1997 | EP |
| 0 820 726 | Jan 1998 | EP |
| 0 865 773 | Sep 1998 | EP |
| 0 993 337 | Apr 2000 | EP |
| 2 641 692 | Jul 1990 | FR |
| 59-196738 | Nov 1984 | JP |
| 62-45637 | Feb 1987 | JP |
| 4-74117 | Mar 1992 | JP |
| 6-57012 | Mar 1994 | JP |
| 9-110678 | Apr 1997 | JP |
| 9-316271 | Dec 1997 | JP |
| 10-130329 | May 1998 | JP |
| 2000189511 | Jul 2000 | JP |
| 2001079011 | Mar 2001 | JP |
| 2002-017848 | Jan 2002 | JP |
| 421658 | Feb 2001 | TW |
| WO 9112823 | May 1991 | WO |
| WO 9221327 | Dec 1992 | WO |
| WO 9319702 | Oct 1993 | WO |
| WO 9406503 | Mar 1994 | WO |
| WO 9406503 | Mar 1994 | WO |
| WO 9410936 | May 1994 | WO |
| WO 9503036 | Feb 1995 | WO |
| WO 9522318 | Aug 1995 | WO |
| WO 9533553 | Dec 1995 | WO |
| WO 9622736 | Aug 1996 | WO |
| WO 9637165 | Nov 1996 | WO |
| WO 9639464 | Dec 1996 | WO |
| WO 9804616 | Feb 1998 | WO |
| WO 9810798 | Mar 1998 | WO |
| WO 9826737 | Jun 1998 | WO |
| WO 9847532 | Oct 1998 | WO |
| WO 9900187 | Jan 1999 | WO |
| WO 9912577 | Mar 1999 | WO |
| WO 9942038 | Aug 1999 | WO |
| WO 9943380 | Sep 1999 | WO |
| WO 9957176 | Nov 1999 | WO |
| WO 0023054 | Apr 2000 | WO |
| WO 0032112 | Jun 2000 | WO |
| WO 0040259 | Jul 2000 | WO |
| WO 0053105 | Sep 2000 | WO |
| WO 0071196 | Nov 2000 | WO |
| WO 0074633 | Dec 2000 | WO |
| WO 0112359 | Feb 2001 | WO |
| WO 0166016 | Sep 2001 | WO |
| WO 0170291 | Sep 2001 | WO |
| WO 0172281 | Oct 2001 | WO |
| WO 0176845 | Oct 2001 | WO |
| WO 0193920 | Dec 2001 | WO |
| WO 0211696 | Feb 2002 | WO |
| WO 0234298 | May 2002 | WO |
| WO 0234299 | May 2002 | WO |
| WO 0234300 | May 2002 | WO |
| WO 0243580 | Jun 2002 | WO |
| WO 02096302 | Dec 2002 | WO |
| WO 03013552 | Feb 2003 | WO |
| WO 03051451 | Jun 2003 | WO |
| WO 03082359 | Oct 2003 | WO |
| WO 2004019999 | Mar 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004040972 | May 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004073688 | Sep 2004 | WO |
| WO 2005009253 | Feb 2005 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20070083226 A1 | Apr 2007 | US |
