Patent Grant
11384001
The present disclosure relates to curved cold-formed glass substrates, articles including such glass substrates, and related processes.
Curved glass substrates are desirable in many contexts. One such context is for use as a cover glass for a curved display, which may be incorporated into an appliance, an architectural element (e.g., wall, window, modular furniture, shower door, mirrors etc.), a vehicle (e.g., automobiles, aircraft, sea craft and the like). Existing methods of forming such curved glass substrates, such as thermal forming, have drawbacks including optical distortion and surface marking.
In some embodiments, articles comprising a display attached to cold-formed glass substrate are described, and methods of making such articles.
In some embodiments, a process comprises fixing a first portion of a flexible glass substrate into a first fixed shape with a first rigid support structure and attaching a first display to the first portion of the flexible glass substrate or to the first rigid support structure. After fixing the first portion and attaching the first display, and while maintaining the first fixed shape of the first portion of the flexible glass substrate and the attached first display, cold-forming a second portion of the flexible glass substrate to a second fixed shape and fixing the second portion of the flexible glass substrate into the second fixed shape with a second rigid support structure.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include a planar first display, a planar first fixed shape, and the first portion of the flexible glass substrate fixed into the first fixed shape with the first rigid support structure after attaching the first display to the first portion of the flexible glass substrate.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include first portion of the flexible glass substrate fixed into the first fixed shape with the first rigid support structure before attaching the first display to the first portion of the flexible glass substrate.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include the first fixed shape being planar or non-planar.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include the first display having a planar or a non-planar shape.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include the first fixed shape being formed by cold-forming the first portion of the flexible glass substrate.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include a first display having a shape same as the first fixed shape.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include the first rigid support structure permanently attached to the first portion of the flexible glass substrate.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include the second fixed shape being non-planar.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include the second rigid support structure permanently attached to the second portion of the flexible glass substrate.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include the first display attached to the flexible glass substrate or to the first rigid support structure using a method selected from optical bonding or air gap bonding.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include a process comprising fixing a third portion of the flexible glass substrate into a third fixed shape with a third rigid support structure and attaching a second display to the third portion of the flexible glass substrate or to the third rigid support structure. The process further comprising cold-forming the second portion of the flexible glass substrate to the second fixed shape and fixing the second portion of the flexible glass substrate into the second fixed shape with the second rigid support structure, which is performed after fixing the third portion and attaching the second display, and while maintaining the third fixed shape of the third portion of the flexible glass substrate and the attached second display.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include the flexible glass substrate comprising a chemically strengthened glass.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include the process further comprising applying a coating to the flexible glass substrate before fixing the first portion and attaching the first display, and while the flexible glass substrate is planar.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include one of the at least one coatings is a decorative ink coating.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include one of the at least one coatings is an antireflective coating.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include the flexible glass substrate directly bonded to the first rigid support structure.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include the process further comprising applying an adhesive to at least one of the first rigid support structure and the flexible glass substrate prior to bonding.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include the flexible glass substrate bonded to the first rigid support structure using a method selected from roller tapes, mechanical retainers, press molding, or die molding.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include an article formed by the process comprising fixing a first portion of a flexible glass substrate into a first fixed shape with a first rigid support structure and attaching a first display to the first portion of the flexible glass substrate or to the first rigid support structure. After fixing the first portion and attaching the first display, and while maintaining the first fixed shape of the first portion of the flexible glass substrate and the attached first display, cold-forming a second portion of the flexible glass substrate to a second fixed shape and fixing the second portion of the flexible glass substrate into the second fixed shape with a second rigid support structure.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include an article comprising a cold-formed flexible glass substrate fixed into a non-planar fixed shape with a rigid support structure, and a display attached to the cold-formed flexible glass substrate.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include an article where there is no residual stress between the display and the cold-formed flexible glass substrate.
In some embodiments, the embodiments of any of the preceding paragraphs may further include a process comprising cold-forming a flexible glass substrate into a non-planar fixed shape, attaching the flexible glass substrate to a rigid support structure, and after cold forming and attaching the flexible glass substrate to a rigid support structure, attaching a display to the flexible glass substrate or to the rigid support structure.
The accompanying figures, which are incorporated herein, form part of the specification and illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure. Together with the description, the figures further serve to explain the principles of and to enable a person skilled in the relevant art(s) to make and use the disclosed embodiments. These figures are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Although the disclosure is generally described in the context of these embodiments, it should be understood that it is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure to these particular embodiments. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements.
Vehicle manufacturers are creating interiors that better connect, protect and safely inform today's drivers and passengers. As the industry moves towards autonomous driving, there is a need for creating large format appealing displays. There is already a trend towards larger displays including touch functionality in the new models from several OEMs. Such trends are also emerging in appliances, architectural elements (e.g., wall, window, modular furniture, shower door, mirrors etc.), and other vehicles (e.g., aircraft, sea-craft and the like). However, most of these displays consist of two dimensional plastic cover lenses.
Due to these emerging trends in the automotive interior industry and related industries, there is a need to develop a low cost technology to make three-dimensional transparent surfaces. Strengthened glass materials, such as chemically strengthened, thermally strengthened and/or mechanically strengthened glass materials are particularly desirable for use as such surfaces, particularly where the glass substrate is used as a curved cover glass for a display.
However, many methods for forming curved glass surfaces involve subjecting glass substrates to thermal forming processes (that include heating a glass substrate to a temperature above the transition temperature of the glass). Such processes can be energy intensive due to the high temperatures involved and such processes add significant cost to the product. Furthermore, thermal forming processes may cause strength degradation or may damage any coatings present on the glass substrate, such as antireflective (AR) coatings or ink coatings. Moreover, thermal forming processes may impart undesirable characteristics onto the glass itself, such as distortion and marking.
A planar glass substrate may be “cold-formed” to have a curved or three-dimensional shape. As used herein, “cold-forming” refers to bending the glass substrate at temperatures below the glass transition temperature of the glass. In some embodiments, cold-forming occurs at temperatures below 80° F. A cold-formed glass substrate has opposing major surfaces and a curved shape. The opposing major surfaces exhibit surface stresses that differ from one another that are created during cold-forming. The stresses include surface compressive stresses or tensile stresses generated by the cold-forming process. These stresses are not thermally relaxed because the glass substrate is maintained at temperatures well below the glass transition temperature.
In some embodiments, a cold-formed glass substrate forms a “developable” surface. A developable surface is a surface with zero Gaussian curvature—i.e., a surface that can be flattened into a plane without stretching or compressing within the plane of the surface. Examples of developable surfaces include cones, cylinders, oloids, tangent developable surfaces, and portions thereof. A surface that projects onto a single curved line is a developable surface. On the other hand, most smooth surfaces have a non-zero Gaussian curvature and are non-developable surfaces—a sphere is an example of a non-developable shape or surface since it cannot be rolled into a plane.
At any point on a surface, there can be found a normal vector that is at right angles to the surface; planes containing the normal vector are called normal planes. The intersection of a normal plane and the surface will form a curve called a normal section and the curvature of this curve is the normal curvature. The normal curvature varies depending upon which normal plane is considered. One such plane will have a maximum value for such curvature, and another will have a minimum value. These maximum and minimum values are called the principal curvatures.
Geometrically, Gaussian curvature is defined as the intrinsic measure of curvature of any surface, depending only on the distances that are measured on the surface, not on the way it is isometrically embedded in any space. Gaussian curvature can also be defined as the product of principal curvatures, Kmax and Kmin. Since the Gaussian curvature of a developable surface is zero everywhere, the maximum and minimum principal curvatures of a developable surface can be written as Equation (1):
Kmax=H+|H|,Kmin=H−|H| (1)
Kmax=2H,κ_min=0 when H>0, (2)
K_max=0,κ_min=0 when H=0, (3)
K_max=0,κ_min=2H when H<0, (4)
where H is the mean curvature of the surface.
Kmax in equation (2) and Kmin in equation (4) are termed as the non-zero principal curvature of a surface.
In some embodiments, a cold-formed glass substrate has a complex developable shape. A complex developable shape refers to a combination of two or more developable shapes such as cones, cylinders, oloids, planes and tangent developable surfaces. For instance, a complex developable shape may be a combination of at least a planar and at least a concave surface, or at least a planar and at least a convex surface, or at least a concave and at least a convex surface.
In some embodiments, a complex developable shape may also be formed by a combination of planar, conical, cylindrical, and other developable surfaces and involve both inward and outward bending. In some embodiments, the combination of planar, conical, cylindrical, and other developable surfaces may be in such a way that no sharp angles form while going from one developable surface to another.
In some embodiments, a complex developable shape or a complex developable surface may include one or more planar portions, one or more conical portions, one or more cylindrical portions, and/or one or more other developable surface portions.
In some embodiments, the article may include a glass substrate that is provided as a sheet and that is strengthened (prior to being shaped into some embodiments of the article described herein). For example, the glass substrate may be strengthened by any one or more of thermal strengthening, chemical strengthening, and mechanical strengthening or by a combination thereof. In some embodiments, strengthened glass substrates have a compressive stress (CS) layer extending from a surface of the substrate thereof to a compressive stress depth (or depth of compressive stress layer or DOL). The depth of compression is the depth at which compressive stress switches to tensile stress. The region within the glass substrate exhibiting a tensile stress is often referred to as a central tension or CT layer.
As used herein, “thermally strengthened” refers to glass substrates that are heat treated to improve the strength of the substrate. In thermally-strengthened glass substrates, the CS layer is formed by heating the substrate to an elevated temperature above the glass transition temperature (i.e., near or approaching the glass softening point), and then cooling the glass surface regions more rapidly than the inner regions of the glass. The differential cooling rates between the surface regions and the inner regions generates a residual CS layer at the surfaces.
Factors that impact the degree of surface compression generated by thermal strengthening processes include the air-quench temperature, volume, and other variables that create a surface compression of at least 10,000 pounds per square inch (psi). In chemically strengthened glass substrates, the replacement of smaller ions by larger ions at a temperature below that at which the glass network can relax produces a distribution of ions across the surface of the glass that results in a stress profile. The larger size volume of the incoming ion produces the CS layer extending from a surface and the CT layer in the center of the glass. Chemical strengthening may be achieved by an ion exchange process, which includes immersion of a glass substrate into a molten salt bath for a predetermined period of time to allow ions at or near the surface(s) of the glass substrate to be exchanged for larger metal ions from the salt bath. In some embodiments, the temperature of the molten salt bath is from about 375° C. to about 450° C. and the predetermined time period is in the range from about four to about eight hours. In one example, sodium ions in a glass substrate are replaced by potassium ions from the molten bath, such as a potassium nitrate salt bath, though other alkali metal ions having larger atomic radii, such as rubidium or cesium, can replace smaller alkali metal ions in the glass. In another example, lithium ions in a glass substrate are replaced by potassium and/or sodium ions from the molten bath that may include potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate or a combination thereof, although other alkali metal ions having larger atomic radii, such as rubidium or cesium, can replace smaller alkali metal ions in the glass. In some embodiments, smaller alkali metal ions in the glass substrate can be replaced by Ag+ ions. Similarly, other alkali metal salts such as, but not limited to, sulfates, phosphates, halides, and the like may be used in the ion exchange process. The glass substrate may be immersed in a single bath or in multiple and successive baths which may have the same or different composition and/or temperature from one another. In some embodiments, the immersion in such multiple baths may be for different periods of time from one another.
In mechanically-strengthened glass substrates, the CS layer is generated by a mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion between portions of the glass substrate.
In strengthened glass substrates, the DOL is related to the CT value by the following approximate relationship: (Equation 5)
In some embodiments, a strengthened glass substrate can have a surface CS of 300 MPa or greater, e.g., 400 MPa or greater, 450 MPa or greater, 500 MPa or greater, 550 MPa or greater, 600 MPa or greater, 650 MPa or greater, 700 MPa or greater, 750 MPa or greater or 800 MPa or greater. In some embodiments, the surface CS is the maximum CS in the glass substrate. The strengthened glass substrate may have a DOL of 15 micrometers or greater, 20 micrometers or greater (e.g., 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 micrometers or greater) and/or a maximum CT value of 10 MPa or greater, 20 MPa or greater, 30 MPa or greater, 40 MPa or greater (e.g., 42 MPa, 45 MPa, or 50 MPa or greater) but less than 100 MPa (e.g., 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55 MPa or less). In one or more specific embodiments, the strengthened glass substrate has one or more of the following: a surface CS greater than 500 MPa, a DOL greater than 15 micrometers, and a maximum CT of greater than 18 MPa.
The CS and DOL may be determined by a surface stress meter such the commercially available FSM-6000 instrument, manufactured by Orihara Industrial, Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Surface stress measurements rely upon the accurate measurement of the stress optical coefficient (SOC), which is related to the birefringence of the glass. SOC in turn is measured by those methods that are known in the art, such as fiber and four point bend methods, both of which are described in ASTM standard C770-98 (2013), entitled “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Glass Stress-Optical Coefficient,” the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, and a bulk cylinder method.
The materials for the glass substrates may be varied. The glass substrates used to form the articles described herein can be amorphous or crystalline. In this regard, the use of the term “glass” is general and is intended to encompass more than strictly amorphous materials. Amorphous glass substrates according to some embodiments can be selected from soda lime glass, alkali aluminosilicate glass, alkali containing borosilicate glass and alkali aluminoborosilicate glass. Examples of crystalline glass substrates can include glass-ceramics, sapphire or spinel. Examples of glass-ceramics include Li2O—Al2O3—SiO2 system (i.e. LAS-System) glass ceramics, MgO—Al2O3—SiO2 System (i.e. MAS-System) glass ceramics, glass ceramics including crystalline phases of any one or more of mullite, spinel, α-quartz, β-quartz solid solution, petalite, lithium disilicate, β-spodumene, nepheline, and alumina.
Glass substrates may be provided using a variety of different processes. For example, exemplary glass substrate forming methods include float glass processes and down-draw processes such as fusion draw and slot draw. A glass substrate prepared by a float glass process may be characterized by smooth surfaces and uniform thickness is made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal, typically tin. In an example process, molten glass that is fed onto the surface of the molten tin bed forms a floating glass ribbon. As the glass ribbon flows along the tin bath, the temperature is gradually decreased until the glass ribbon solidifies into a solid glass substrate that can be lifted from the tin onto rollers. Once off the bath, the glass substrate can be cooled further and annealed to reduce internal stress.
Down-draw processes produce glass substrates having a uniform thickness that possess relatively pristine surfaces, especially those produced by the fusion draw process. Because the average flexural strength of the glass substrate is controlled by the amount and size of surface flaws, a pristine surface that has had minimal contact has a higher initial strength. Down-drawn glass substrates may be drawn into a sheet having a thickness of less than about 2 millimeters. In addition, down drawn glass substrates have a very flat, smooth surface that can be used in its final application without costly grinding and polishing.
The fusion draw process, for example, uses a drawing tank that has a channel for accepting molten glass raw material. The channel has weirs that are open at the top along the length of the channel on both sides of the channel. When the channel fills with molten material, the molten glass overflows the weirs. Due to gravity, the molten glass flows down the outside surfaces of the drawing tank as two flowing glass films. These outside surfaces of the drawing tank extend down and inwardly so that they join at an edge below the drawing tank. The two flowing glass films join at this edge to fuse and form a single flowing sheet of glass. The fusion draw method offers the advantage that, because the two glass films flowing over the channel fuse together, neither of the outside surfaces of the resulting single sheet of glass comes in contact with any part of the apparatus. Thus, the surface properties of the fusion drawn sheet of glass are not affected by such contact.
The slot draw process is distinct from the fusion draw method. In slow draw processes, the molten raw material glass is provided to a drawing tank. The bottom of the drawing tank has an open slot with a nozzle that extends the length of the slot. The molten glass flows through the slot/nozzle and is drawn downward as a continuous sheet and into an annealing region.
Exemplary compositions for use in the glass substrate will now be described. One example glass composition comprises SiO2, B2O3 and Na2O, where (SiO2+B2O3)≥66 mol. %, and Na2O≥9 mol. %. Suitable glass compositions, in some embodiments, further comprise at least one of K2O, MgO, and CaO. In some embodiments, the glass compositions can comprise 61-75 mol. % SiO2; 7-15 mol. % Al2O3; 0-12 mol. % B2O3; 9-21 mol. % Na2O; 0-4 mol. % K2O; 0-7 mol. % MgO; and 0-3 mol. % CaO.
A further example glass composition comprises: 60-70 mol. % SiO2; 6-14 mol. % Al2O3; 0-15 mol. % B2O3; 0-15 mol. % Li2O; 0-20 mol. % Na2O; 0-10 mol. % K2O; 0-8 mol. % MgO; 0-10 mol. % CaO; 0-5 mol. % ZrO2; 0-1 mol. % SnO2; 0-1 mol. % CeO2; less than 50 ppm As2O3; and less than 50 ppm Sb2O3; where 12 mol. % (Li2O+Na2O+K2O)≤20 mol. % and 0 mol. %≤(MgO+CaO)≤10 mol. %.
A still further example glass composition comprises: 63.5-66.5 mol. % SiO2; 8-12 mol. % Al2O3; 0-3 mol. % B2O3; 0-5 mol. % Li2O; 8-18 mol. % Na2O; 0-5 mol. % K2O; 1-7 mol. % MgO; 0-2.5 mol. % CaO; 0-3 mol. % ZrO2; 0.05-0.25 mol. % SnO2; 0.05-0.5 mol. % CeO2; less than 50 ppm As2O3; and less than 50 ppm Sb2O3; where 14 mol. %≤(Li2O+Na2O+K2O)≤18 mol. % and 2 mol. %≤(MgO+CaO)≤7 mol. %.
In some embodiments, an alkali aluminosilicate glass composition comprises alumina, at least one alkali metal and, in some embodiments, greater than 50 mol. % SiO2, in some embodiments at least 58 mol. % SiO2, and in some embodiments at least 60 mol. % SiO2, wherein the ratio ((Al2O3+B2O3)/Σ modifiers)>1, where in the ratio the components are expressed in mol. % and the modifiers are alkali metal oxides. This glass composition, in some embodiments, comprises: 58-72 mol. % SiO2; 9-17 mol. % Al2O3; 2-12 mol. % B2O3; 8-16 mol. % Na2O; and 0-4 mol. % K2O, wherein the ratio ((Al2O3+B2O3)/Σmodifiers)>1.
In some embodiments, the glass substrate may include an alkali aluminosilicate glass composition comprising: 64-68 mol. % SiO2; 12-16 mol. % Na2O; 8-12 mol. % Al2O3; 0-3 mol. % B2O3; 2-5 mol. % K2O; 4-6 mol. % MgO; and 0-5 mol. % CaO, wherein: 66 mol. %≤SiO2+B2O3+CaO≤69 mol. %; Na2O+K2O+B2O3+MgO+CaO+SrO>10 mol. %; 5 mol. %≤MgO+CaO+SrO≤8 mol. %; (Na2O+B2O3)−Al2O3≤2 mol. %; 2 mol. %≤Na2O−Al2O3≤6 mol. %; and 4 mol. %≤(Na2O+K2O)−Al2O3≤10 mol. %.
In some embodiments, the glass substrate may comprise an alkali aluminosilicate glass composition comprising: 2 mol % or more of Al2O3 and/or ZrO2, or 4 mol % or more of Al2O3 and/or ZrO2.
In some embodiments, the compositions used for a glass substrate may be batched with 0-2 mol. % of at least one fining agent selected from a group that includes Na2SO4, NaCl, NaF, NaBr, K2SO4, KCl, KF, KBr, and SnO2.
Although various specific glasses are described herein, in some embodiments, any cold-formable glass may be used.
Some embodiments of the articles disclosed herein are useful in automobile interiors because such articles provide a non-planar cover compatible with curved displays. To be compatible with a non-planar display, a cover should match the shape of the non-planar display closely to insure optimal fit and enable a high quality viewing. It is also desirable to provide a cover that is high optical quality and cost effective. Thermal forming a cover to the precise shape presents challenges in attaining that desired shape. In addition, when glass is used, it is a challenge to minimize the downside effects of heating the cover to its softening point (e.g., distortion, and marking). The concept of cold-forming addresses these issues and permits the use of glass but creates new challenges in providing a sufficient support to maintain the cold-form shape and provide rigidity. The ability to cold-form a flexible glass substrate to the prescribed shape presents the opportunity for a high quality, cost effective solution.
Moreover, the articles described herein are also compatible with coatings and surface treatments that are often desirable. Examples of such coatings include anti-reflective (AR), antiglare (AG) and decorative and/or functional coatings. Examples of such surface treatments include AG surfaces, a haptic surface that provides tactile feedback, and the like. AR and AG coatings and AG surfaces may improve display visibility in a variety of challenging ambient lighting conditions. High-quality multi-layer AR coating processes are typically applied utilizing vapor deposition or sputter coating techniques. These techniques are usually limited to deposition on flat surfaces due to the nature of the process. Providing these coatings on a non-planar three dimensional surface is challenging and further adds to the cost of the process. Decorative ink coatings can be applied to a variety of shaped/curved surfaces, however the process to apply these coating to flat surfaces are simpler, better established, and more cost effective. Further, surface treatments (typically formed by etching treatments) are also typically applied to flat surfaces.
In some embodiments, various processes to attach a display to a piece of glass intended to be cold-formed to a specific shape, are described. The ability to provide a cold-formed curved glass article provides a significant advantage in eliminating the thermal forming/bending process. Elimination of the thermal forming process is both a cost and a quality improvement. The cost is obvious in that it eliminates a process step; the quality is improved due to not heating the glass to a softening point to shape it. Heating the glass to an elevated temperature can disrupt the pristine glass surface, both optically and dimensionally. Glass for auto interior is expected to have a high percentage of display application; the displays being very sensitive to glass distortion and flatness, favoring the cold-form process. One step to the successful implementation will be the process of attaching or laminating the display to the cover glass.
In some embodiments described herein, the use of a “die” is described. As used herein, a die includes a structure used to impart a desired shape to a glass substrate, and to attach a non-planar rigid support structure to the glass substrate. The die itself is not a part of the finished article, but rather may be used repeatedly to create many finished articles. In one or more embodiments, the term “die” refers to a tool used to impart a desired shape upon an object. In such embodiments, “die” has at least two parts, a first part and a second part, that may be pressed together to impart a desired shape on a flexible object disposed between the first and second parts. Once the non-planar rigid support structure is bonded to the cold-formed glass substrate, the die may be removed, and the non-planar rigid support structure maintains the desired shape of the cold-formed glass substrate. A die may be reused many times to reproducibly and precisely create the same shape for multiple articles comprising a non-planar rigid support structure bonded to a cold-formed glass substrate.
In some embodiments, an injection molding process is used to transform the flat glass substrate described herein to cold-formed and curved article created by injection molding a support structure on a major surface of the glass substrate, thus providing a superior support structure to hold the glass substrate to the prescribed shape and having the flexibility to match the curved display.
In some embodiments, injection molding is used to form a non-planar rigid support structure bonded to a surface of a cold-formed glass substrate. Any suitable injection molding process and material(s) may be used. For example, a die may be used to cold form a glass substrate and hold it in place while a non-planar rigid support structure is injection molded and attached to the cold formed glass substrate using channels in the die. For example, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) are two common materials used to injection mold the non-planar rigid support structure. Reaction injection molding (RIM) may be used in some embodiments. Common materials used in RIM include polyurethane polyureas, polyisocyanurates, polyesters, polyphenols, polyepoxides, and nylon 6. Different materials may have different operating parameters. The machines, operating parameters (e.g., pressure, flow rate, temperature), and mold design may be different for different materials. Typical injection molding temperatures range from 300° F. to 450° F., and typical process pressures can range from the 200 psi to higher than 1000 psi. But, any suitable process parameters may be used.
In some embodiments, a direct bonding process is used to cold-form and bond a previously flat glass substrate to a non-planar rigid support structure. For example, a die may be used to press the glass substrate in a cold-formed shape while pressing the glass against the non-planar rigid support structure. Any suitable type of bonding, such as adhesive, may be used to attach the glass substrate to the non-planar rigid support structure.
Either injection molding or direct bonding could provide support over a significant portion of the major surface of the glass substrate to support and maintain the cold-formed shape, while minimizing the stresses imparted on the glass substrate.
In some embodiments, the methods described and the resulting articles exhibit high quality and enable the integration of optical and other features.
The articles described herein are expected to exhibit superior fit to curved displays and high optical quality. Flexible glass substrates may possess a flexible characteristic able to accommodate the curved display. Cold-forming maintains the high quality of the flat glass substrate that would otherwise be diminished in a thermal forming process. This concept also allows excellent stress management, minimizing the cold-form stress by providing support over a large area.
In some embodiments, the articles can easily integrate high quality coatings and surface treatments on a curved substrate surface, where such coatings are typically limited to flat parts. The coatings and/or surface treatments may be applied to a glass substrate prior to cold-forming, and cold-forming the coated and/or treated glass substrate in turn avoids the issues associated with thermal forming (i.e., damage to the coating and/or surface treatment from handling and/or high processing temperature).
In some embodiments, articles may have one or more coatings. The coatings may be any suitable coating including decorative ink coating, antireflective coating, or a combination thereof. In cases where more than one coatings are present, for example, the decorative ink coating and antireflective coating or any other coatings, may overlap, may be in different parts of the same side of the flexible glass substrate, or may be on different sides of the flexible glass substrate.
In some embodiments, a roller (preferably of soft materials, for example, of Teflon), a roller tape, pins, or a combination thereof is used to push the flexible glass substrate to conform to the shape of a rigid support structure, after a layer of adhesive is applied on the rigid support structure. Force may be applied to and maintained by multiple rollers and/or pins by any suitable means. For example, pressure chambers or a manifold that can apply and maintain a constant pressure on all rollers, or all pins pneumatically, hydraulically, mechanically or electronically through solenoid valves. A flexible mold may be similarly used.
In some embodiments, a roller, roller tape, array of pins, or flexible mold can be as wide as the flexible glass substrate. In another case it also can be as narrow as 10 mm. In the latter case, the flexible mold can also be applied along the both edges and/or along the center line. In most cases, a roller, roller tape or pins start from one side of the cover glass item, and moves toward the other end while aligned with the generation line of the developable surface. This method can avoid glass buckling and compound bending in the process of cold-forming, and hence can eliminate the risk of glass breakage caused by unwanted glass buckling and compound bending, and can enable cold bending to a smaller radius.
In some embodiments, as used herein, “generation line” refers to a line that defines a boundary between areas of a substrate where force has already been applied to press a flexible glass substrate against the adhesive layer, and areas of the substrate where such force has not yet been applied. The generation line is aligned with the zero principal curvature direction of the 3D shape. During a process of bonding the flexible glass substrate to the support structure, the generation line moves across the flexible glass substrate to sequentially press different parts of the flexible glass substrate against the support structure. Once the generation line has passed a particular part of the flexible glass substrate, the force is maintained until an adhesive holding the flexible glass substrate against the support structure is cured.
Force may be maintained in an area by application of force in spaced or periodic parts of the area. For example, once a roller tape passes over an area, or spaced pins have been actuated, spaced rollers or pins maintain the force. Gaps between the rollers do not negate maintenance of force, because the spaced rollers hold the flexible glass substrate against the support structure sufficiently well that the flexible glass substrate and the support structure do not move significantly relative to each other. If each pin or roller applies the same force, the maintained force is considered “uniform” even if parts of the area over which the generation line has passed are in contact with a roller or pin while others are in between rollers/pins.
Additional disclosure relevant to cold-forming 3D shapes can be found in PCT/US2015/039871 (WO2016/007815) to McFarland et al., entitled “Cold formed glass applique”; the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In some embodiments, cold-formed cover glass articles are provided, including articles with a complex 3D shape, as well as the forming process to make these cover glass articles. The glass layer in these cold-formed 3D cover glass articles is preferably strengthened glass, including thermally tempered, chemically strengthened, and/or glass laminates. In some embodiments, more preferably, this glass layer is Corning Gorilla glass.
Thin Corning Gorilla glass has a number of appealing attributes as cover glass for instrument panels and other displays, such as, higher scratch resistance, better optical performance, and better impact resistance. The superior surface stress structure, strength and thickness of Corning Gorilla glass enables the use of cold-forming to make 3D shapes, as stated in PCT/US2015/039871 (WO2016/007815), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In some embodiments, a cold-forming process may be used to make the above-mentioned 3D cover glass articles. For example, a roller or pins (preferably of soft materials, for examples, of Teflon) are used to push the flexible glass substrate to conform to the shape of the rigid support structure, after a layer of adhesive is applied on the rigid support structure. Behind the roller, a flexible mold with multiple stiff pins (also preferably coated with Teflon, so as to avoid the issue of scratching glass) is closed to hold the cold formed glass in place.
In some embodiments, a flexible mold can be as wide as the top flexible glass substrate. In another case it also can be as narrow as 10 mm. In the latter case, the flexible mold can also be applied along the both edges and/or along the center line. In most cases, the roller starts from one side of the cover glass item, and moves toward the other end while aligned with the generation line of the developable surface. This method can avoid glass buckling and compound bending in the process of cold-forming, and hence can eliminate the risk of glass breakage caused by unwanted glass buckling and compound bending, and can enable cold bending to a smaller radius.
In some embodiments, the display can be attached to the flexible glass substrate by optical bonding, air gap bonding, or any suitable means.
Optical bonding, as referred to herein, is a method of attaching a glass substrate to a display using an optically transparent adhesive. The transparent adhesive is applied over the entire surface between the display and the glass substrate. This bonding method removes all air and air bubbles from the viewing or the display area. The removal of air and air bubbles between the display and the glass substrate eliminates surface-to-air reflections, thereby enhancing the contrast and viewing angles, especially significant in sunlight conditions. The most commonly used optical adhesives for optical bonding processes are silicone, epoxy and polyurethanes.
Air gap bonding, as referred to herein, is an alternative method of attaching a glass substrate to a display using an adhesive. In contrast to optical bonding, an adhesive is applied between the display and the glass substrate around the periphery of the display or the inactive areas of the display. Where the adhesive does not overlap with the viewing area of the display, the adhesive may be transparent or opaque. This method results in some “air gap” between the display and the glass substrate. Air gap bonding is the most effective and common bonding method used for touch screens and panels.
Some embodiments described herein have at least one of many advantages listed below:
The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. The different parts of various figures may have some parts not drawn to scale relative to other parts in order to better illustrate concepts.
The first portion 130 is illustrated in
In some embodiments, the first portion 130 of the flexible glass substrate 110 can be fixed with the first rigid support structure 120 by direct bonding, die molding, press molding or using any suitable means.
In some embodiments, the first rigid support structure 120 may be made of a material selected from the group metals, alloys, ceramics, plastics, rubbers, reinforced plastics, and glasses or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the first fixed shape 135 of the first portion 130 of the flexible glass substrate 110 may be a shape selected from the group circular, square, rectangular, polygon, triangular, and oval or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, further combinations may include various bonding methods such as optical bonding, or air gap bonding or any suitable means to attach the display to the glass substrate or the rigid support structure.
In some embodiments, the area of the air gap 320 may vary depending on the method of attaching the display to the substrate or to the rigid support structure. The area of the air gap 320 may be larger where the display 140 is attached to the first rigid support structure 120 as compared to the flexible glass substrate 110.
In some embodiments, the first display 140 is attached to the first portion 130 of the flexible glass substrate 110 after fixing the first portion 130 of the flexible glass substrate 110 with a first rigid support structure 120 into a fixed first shape 135.
In some embodiments, wherein the first display 140 is planar and the first fixed shape 135 is planar, the display 140 is attached to the first portion 130 of the flexible glass substrate 110 before fixing the first portion 130 of the flexible glass substrate 110 with a first rigid support structure 120 into a fixed first shape 135.
In some embodiments, as discussed earlier, the first display 140 may be attached to the first portion 130 of the flexible glass substrate 110 or to the first rigid support structure in various combinations, while the second portion 132 of the flexible glass substrate is cold-formed into a non-planar shape.
In some embodiments, a planar display 140 is attached to a non-planar first portion 130 of the flexible glass substrate 110 using an optical adhesive 310 while the second portion 132 of the flexible glass substrate is cold-formed into a non-planar shape.
In some embodiments, a planar display 140 is attached to the first rigid structure 120 by suitable means while the second portion 132 of the flexible glass substrate is cold-formed into a non-planar shape.
In some embodiments, a non-planar display 140 is attached to a non-planar first portion 130 of the flexible glass substrate 110 using an optical adhesive 310 while the second portion 132 of the flexible glass substrate is cold-formed into a non-planar shape.
In some embodiments, a non-planar display 140 is attached to the first rigid structure 120 by suitable means while the second portion 132 of the flexible glass substrate is cold-formed into a non-planar shape.
The proposed process variations and design options of attaching the display to the first portion of the flexible glass substrate renders the manufacturing process very flexible and maintain superior quality.
In some embodiments, one or more first displays 140 may be attached to one or more first portions 130 of the flexible glass substrate 110 such that the displays 140 are not in direct contact with each other.
In some embodiments, one or more first displays 140 may be attached to the first portion 130 of the flexible glass substrate 110 such that the displays 140 are separated by a portion of the first rigid support structure 120.
In some embodiments, the process may further comprise fixing a third portion of the flexible glass substrate into a third fixed shape with a third rigid support structure; attaching a second display to the third portion of the flexible glass substrate or to the third rigid support structure; wherein cold-forming the second portion of the flexible glass substrate to the second fixed shape and fixing the second portion of the flexible glass substrate into the second fixed shape with the second rigid support structure is performed after fixing the third portion and attaching the second display, and while maintaining the third fixed shape of the third portion of the flexible glass substrate and the attached second display.
The non-planarity of the second portion 132 after cold-forming is not visible in
In some embodiments, the pin block 1420 houses a pressure manifold 1470, connected with an inlet connector 1450, to apply and maintain a constant pressure on the pins 1410 through cavities 1430. The movement of the pins 1410 in the vertical direction can be controlled by an actuator mechanism.
In some embodiments, the pins 1410 may have a cross-section selected from the group consisting of cylindrical, triangular, and rectangular. The pins 1410 may be made of a material selected from the group consisting of metals, ceramics, plastics, composites, rubber, and combinations thereof.
The actuator mechanism may be selected from the group comprising hydraulic, pneumatic, electric, and mechanical input signals, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, an individual pin, a column of pins, a row of pins, an array of pins or any combinations thereof can be actuated to apply or not apply the force on the flexible glass substrate 110.
In some embodiments, a column of pins 1410 may be sequentially actuated such that the initial force is applied by actuating one or more pins; the generation line is defined by the position of the pins most recently actuated; and the application of force is maintained by actuated pins that do not move relative to the flexible substrate 110 after the generation line has passed, and until the adhesive is cured.
In some embodiments, pins 1410 may be individually actuated such that only the second portions 132 of the flexible glass substrate 110 are pushed against the second rigid support structure 125.
In some embodiments, all pins 1410 in a pin block 1420 may be simultaneously actuated, with the clamps 1482 and 1484 in the unlocked configuration 1480, such that the initial force is applied by all the actuated pins; the generation line is defined by the position of the column of leading pins 1410; moving the generation line across the substrate to cold-form the flexible glass substrate 110 into the shape of the second rigid support structure 125, while maintaining the application of force on areas of the flexible substrate 110 over which the generation line has passed until the adhesive cures.
In some embodiments, the adhesive applied on the second rigid support structure 125 is preferably a high-strength structural adhesive. Exemplary high-strength structural adhesives include Loctite high-purity M-121 HP Epoxy, 3M Scotch Weld DP 420 Epoxy, Loctite H4800 Acrylics, 3M Auto Glass Windshield Urethane, and CRL Dow Corning 995 Silicone.
In some embodiments, the cavities 1430 are connected to the pressure manifold 1470. The pressure in the pressure manifold 1470 can be created by any suitable means 1460, such as compressed air or oil through the inlet connector 1450.
In some embodiments, a roller, a roller tape, pins, a roller attached to an end of a pin or any combinations thereof may be used to apply and maintain pressure on the flexible glass substrate 110 as it is being pushed against the second support structure 125.
In some embodiments, the display 140 is attached to the flexible glass substrate 110 after fixing the flexible glass substrate 110 into a fixed shape with a rigid support structure 125 and cold-forming the fixed flexible glass substrate 110 into the fixed shape. The cold-formed flexible glass substrate 110 may have one or more portions having a planar shape and one or more portions having a non-planar shape. The cold-formed flexible glass substrate 110 may have, but not limited to, a complex developable shape, a developable shape or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, cold forming of the flexible glass substrate 110 can be prior to attachment to the rigid support structure 125, for example, using injection molding, press molding, or any suitable means.
In some embodiments, cold forming of the flexible glass substrate 110 can be performed at the same time as the attachment to the rigid support structure 125, for example, using roller tapes, pins, or any suitable means.
Aspect (1) of this disclosure pertains to a process comprising fixing a first portion of a flexible glass substrate into a first fixed shape with a first rigid support structure; attaching a first display to the first portion of the flexible glass substrate or to the first rigid support structure; after fixing the first portion and attaching the first display, and while maintaining the first fixed shape of the first portion of the flexible glass substrate and the attached first display: cold-forming a second portion of the flexible glass substrate to a second fixed shape; and fixing the second portion of the flexible glass substrate into the second fixed shape with a second rigid support structure.
Aspect (2) of this disclosure pertains to the process of Aspect (1), wherein the first display is planar; the first fixed shape is planar; and the first portion of the flexible glass substrate is fixed into the first fixed shape with the first rigid support structure after attaching the first display to the first portion of the flexible glass substrate.
Aspect (3) of this disclosure pertains to the process of Aspect (1), wherein the first portion of the flexible glass substrate is fixed into the first fixed shape with the first rigid support structure before attaching the first display to the first portion of the flexible glass substrate.
Aspect (4) of this disclosure pertains to the process of Aspect (1) or Aspect (2), wherein the first fixed shape is planar.
Aspect (5) of this disclosure pertains to the process of Aspect (1) or Aspect (3), wherein the first fixed shape is non-planar.
Aspect (6) of this disclosure pertains to the process of Aspect (1) or Aspect (3), wherein the first display is non-planar.
Aspect (7) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (6), wherein the first fixed shape is formed by cold-forming the first portion of the flexible glass substrate.
Aspect (8) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (7), wherein the shape of the first display is the same as the first fixed shape.
Aspect (9) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (8), wherein the first rigid support structure is permanently attached to the first portion of the flexible glass substrate.
Aspect (10) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (9), wherein the second fixed shape is non-planar.
Aspect (11) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (10), wherein the second rigid support structure is permanently attached to the second portion of the flexible glass substrate.
Aspect (12) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (11), wherein the first display is attached to the flexible glass substrate or to the first rigid support structure using a method selected from optical bonding, or air gap bonding.
Aspect (13) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (12), further comprises: fixing a third portion of the flexible glass substrate into a third fixed shape with a third rigid support structure; attaching a second display to the third portion of the flexible glass substrate or to the third rigid support structure; wherein: cold-forming the second portion of the flexible glass substrate to the second fixed shape; and fixing the second portion of the flexible glass substrate into the second fixed shape with the second rigid support structure is performed after fixing the third portion and attaching the second display, and while maintaining the third fixed shape of the third portion of the flexible glass substrate and the attached second display.
Aspect (14) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (13), wherein the flexible glass substrate comprises a chemically strengthened glass.
Aspect (15) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (14), further comprising applying at least one coating to the flexible glass substrate before fixing the first portion and attaching the first display, and while the flexible glass substrate is planar.
Aspect (16) of this disclosure pertains to the process of Aspect (15), wherein one of the at least one coatings is a decorative ink coating.
Aspect (17) of this disclosure pertains to the process of Aspect (15) or (16), wherein one of the at least one coatings is an antireflective coating.
Aspect (18) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (17), wherein the flexible glass substrate is directly bonded to the first rigid support structure.
Aspect (19) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (18), further comprising applying an adhesive to at least one of the first rigid support structure and the flexible glass substrate prior to bonding.
Aspect (20) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (19), wherein the flexible glass substrate is bonded to the first rigid support structure using a method selected from roller tapes, mechanical retainers, press molding, or die molding.
Aspect (21) of this disclosure pertains to an article, formed by the process comprising: fixing a first portion of a flexible glass substrate into a first fixed shape with a first rigid support structure; attaching a first display to the first portion of the flexible glass substrate or to the first rigid support structure; after fixing the first portion and attaching the display, and while maintaining the first fixed shape of the first portion of the flexible glass substrate and the attached first display: cold-forming a second portion of the flexible glass substrate to a second fixed shape; and fixing the second portion of the flexible glass substrate into the second fixed shape with a second rigid support structure.
Aspect (22) of this disclosure pertains to an article, comprising: a cold-formed flexible glass substrate fixed into a non-planar fixed shape with a rigid support structure; a display attached to the cold-formed flexible glass substrate, wherein there is no residual stress between the display and the cold-formed flexible glass substrate.
Aspect (23) of this disclosure pertains to a process comprising: cold-forming a flexible glass substrate into a non-planar fixed shape; attaching the flexible glass substrate to a rigid support structure; and after cold forming and attaching the flexible glass substrate to a rigid support structure, attaching a display to the flexible glass substrate or to the rigid support structure.
Embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail herein with reference to embodiments thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals are used to indicate identical or functionally similar elements. References to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “some embodiments,” “in certain embodiments,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
Where a range of numerical values is recited herein, comprising upper and lower values, unless otherwise stated in specific circumstances, the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof, and all integers and fractions within the range. It is not intended that the scope of the claims be limited to the specific values recited when defining a range. Further, when an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is given as a range, one or more preferred ranges or a list of upper preferable values and lower preferable values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, regardless of whether such pairs are separately disclosed. Finally, when the term “about” is used in describing a value or an end-point of a range, the disclosure should be understood to include the specific value or end-point referred to. Whether or not a numerical value or end-point of a range recites “about,” the numerical value or end-point of a range is intended to include two embodiments: one modified by “about,” and one not modified by “about.”
As used herein, the term “about” means that amounts, sizes, formulations, parameters, and other quantities and characteristics are not and need not be exact, but may be approximate and/or larger or smaller, as desired, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurement error and the like, and other factors known to those of skill in the art.
As used herein, “comprising” is an open-ended transitional phrase. A list of elements following the transitional phrase “comprising” is a non-exclusive list, such that elements in addition to those specifically recited in the list may also be present.
The term “or,” as used herein, is inclusive; more specifically, the phrase “A or B” means “A, B, or both A and B.” Exclusive “or” is designated herein by terms such as “either A or B” and “one of A or B,” for example.
The indefinite articles “a” and “an” to describe an element or component means that one or at least one of these elements or components is present. Although these articles are conventionally employed to signify that the modified noun is a singular noun, as used herein the articles “a” and “an” also include the plural, unless otherwise stated in specific instances. Similarly, the definite article “the,” as used herein, also signifies that the modified noun may be singular or plural, again unless otherwise stated in specific instances.
The term “wherein” is used as an open-ended transitional phrase, to introduce a recitation of a series of characteristics of the structure.
The examples are illustrative, but not limiting, of the present disclosure. Other suitable modifications and adaptations of the variety of conditions and parameters normally encountered in the field, and which would be apparent to those skilled in the art, are within the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
While various embodiments have been described herein, they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. It should be apparent that adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It therefore will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail can be made to the embodiments disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. The elements of the embodiments presented herein are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but may be interchanged to meet various needs as would be appreciated by one of skill in the art.
It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. The breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
This application is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2017/58010, filed on Oct. 24, 2017, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/412,542, filed on Oct. 25, 2016, the contents of which are relied upon and incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2017/058010 | 10/24/2017 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2018/081068 | 5/3/2018 | WO | A |
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