Cold weather vented garment

Abstract

The present invention relates to breathable, vented, and insulating cold weather garments. More particularly, the present invention relates to garments with chambers to retain an insulating fill material. Perforations along the seams between the insulating chambers may achieve optimal evaporative moisture transfer from the inside (proximal to the body of a wearer) of the garment to the outside environment.

Description

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to cold weather insulation garments. More particularly, the present invention relates to breathable insulating cold weather garments suitable for short term vigorous aerobic activity such as for example a run, a bike ride, a short hike around the neighborhood, etc.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

With the desire to stay active year round, there is a need for breathable insulating garments for use during physical activity in the cold weather months. Conventional cold weather garments may not allow for moisture from perspiration to escape from the inside of the garment. The trapping of moisture from perspiration may be particularly problematic for garments constructed from inherently water resistant fabrics. Often, garments with fill material such as down or fibers are constructed of textiles that are resistant to the fill material penetrating the textile, either partially or entirely. Such fill proof textiles may be created using treatments such as a durable water repellant (DWR) or by weaving or knitting a textile of sufficient weight to retain the fill material. These approaches often render the textile water resistant, however. Therefore, these garments may trap moisture inside of the garments, which may then lead to discomfort for the wearer, and eventually may become counterproductive as cold weather insulating garments.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to a cold weather garment capable of providing insulation and breathability, thereby overcoming the problem of moisture release from the inside of a cold weather garment in conventional garments. The cold weather vented garment in accordance with the present invention may be especially important, for example, to a wearer undergoing short-term physical exertion, such as aerobic activities like running, biking, hiking, other exercise, and/or physical labor. When a person exerts physically, the normal physiological response is to cool down the body by releasing moisture from the body in the form of perspiration. This physiological response still occurs in cold weather, especially when a person wears heat insulating garments. Therefore, one of the objects of the present invention is to provide a cold weather insulating garment that may protect a wearer from extreme, external environmental conditions while still allowing for moisture from perspiration to escape to the outer environment.

Conventional cold weather garments and cold weather garments in accordance with the present invention may be constructed using fabrics treated with down proofing chemical treatments, and/or water repellants that may also act as down proofing treatments, such chemical treatments referred to as DWR (durable water repellant.) Although DWR is a waterproofing chemical treatment, in addition to waterproofing the fabric, it is also very useful for down proofing fabrics, especially light and ultra-light weight fabrics. For example, fabrics that may particularly benefit from DWR treatment for down proofing are light fabrics (89 g/m²-30 g/m²), and ultra-light fabrics (29 g/m² or lighter). Down can have very sharp shafts that can poke holes through light weight fabrics, making them more susceptible to tearing or down loss over time. Other types of fill material, such as polyester fibers may lack the sharp shafts of down but are still challenging to contain with a light weight textile. Heavier fabrics, such as fabrics with weights in the range of 90 g/m²-149 g/m², or even 150 g/m²-250 g/m² or higher may be inherently more resistant to down and may or may not need a down proofing treatment depending on the specific type of fabric/textile, but such fabrics may be used in garments in accordance with the present invention. Lighter weight fabrics may be more desirable in the manufacture of insulation garments in order to keep the garments reasonably light weight, especially in the manufacture of athletic and/or high aerobic activity insulating garments.

The insulating garment in accordance with the present invention may be manufactured from a light weight fabric and may comprise a number of insulating, down or synthetic fiber filled chambers, separated by seams. Seams separating chambers may be spaced at varying intervals and may have any orientation and/or shape. The seams may be formed by actively adhering two layers of fabric together with a suitable adhesive tape material, by stitching two layers of fabric together, or both using the adhesive tape and stitching. In the case of certain fabrics, a tape may not be needed if the fabrics can be bonded without the use of tape. After the seams are formed, the seams may then be perforated with a laser cutter, an ultrasonic cutting wheel. Given the right equipment, the bonding and perforating steps may be performed simultaneously, for example by using a welding and cutting wheel. The plurality of perforations are located on the seams and are cut through the seams. The plurality of perforations may be of different shapes and sizes and may create different patterns. The plurality of perforations may be continuous along the seams, or may be intermittently placed along the seams, or alternatively, the plurality perforations may be placed strategically only on the seams that are located close to areas where perspiration may be particularly high, such as along the back of a wearer or under the arms of a wearer. The size and frequency of the plurality of perforations may be optimized to allow a desired level of ventilation, while still maintaining heat insulation close to the body of the wearer.

In one example of the garment in accordance with the present invention, the garment may be a standalone garment. The garment may be in the form of a vest covering a person's body core area, a jacket with sleeves, a total body suit, etc., when in an as-worn configuration.

Alternatively, the garment in accordance with the present invention may be used as a removable inner insulating layer having an outer shell which may or may not be weather proof. This inner insulating layer may also be worn as a standalone garment when detached from the outer shell. Like in the previous example, the removable inner insulating layer may be presented as a vest, a jacket, a body suit, etc., depending on the type of garment and protection desired. For example, if the outer shell is a long sleeved jacket, the insulating layer may be presented as a vest, a jacket, or a jacket with removable sleeves to convert into a vest, depending on the amount of insulation desired. The insulating layer may be fastened to the outer shell by a zipper mechanism, buttons, hook and loop fasteners, or any other fastening mechanism available in the market, and/or any combination of fastening mechanisms available.

Further, the garment in accordance with the present invention may be engineered into an outer shell. In other words, instead of being removable, an insulating and breathable garment in accordance with the present invention may be permanently attached to the outer shell. This may be achieved by stitching the outer shell to the inner insulating and breathable layer at garment forming seams, meaning the seams located at the top of the shoulders, and/or the side seams running from under the arm socket of a wearer along the length of the garment to the bottom end of the garment. Alternatively, an insulating and breathable layer may be integrated into an outer shell layer by forming the shell from the same textile as one or both of the textiles that form the chambers, by knitting or weaving the shell to the inner layer, using adhesive, etc.

Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following, or may be learned by practice of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

The present invention is described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, wherein:

FIGS. 1A and 1B are a front and back view, respectively, of an exemplary cold weather vented garment in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2A is a close up view of a section of a venting seam from the cold weather vented garment in FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2B is a close up view of a section of a different example of a venting seam from a cold weather garment in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a small section of the cold weather vented garment in FIG. 1, where the insulating chambers are shown in relation to the perforated seams;

FIG. 4 is a view of a different exemplary cold weather vented garment in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a close up view of a section of a venting seam from the cold weather vented garment in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a small section of the cold weather vented garment in FIG. 4, where the insulating chambers are shown in relation to the perforated seams; and

FIGS. 7A and 7B depict front and back view of an additional exemplary cold weather vented garment in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIGS. 1A and 1B are a front view 140 and a back view 150 of a vented cold weather garment 100 in accordance with the present invention. The vented cold weather garment 100 in FIGS. 1A and 1B may be made from conventional synthetic or natural fabrics. The fabrics may be water repellent and fill proof, or alternatively such as in the case of light fabrics, they may need to be treated with waterproofing and down proofing chemicals such as for example, the chemical treatments referred to as DWR (durable water repellent). Since cold weather garments may be down or synthetic thermal fiber filled, an upside of these treatments, is that they prevent the fill from poking through the fabric and, they prevent water moisture from the environment from entering inside of the garment. A downside of these chemical treatments on fabrics, is that these treatments may create a barrier preventing moisture generated from perspiration to evaporate when the vented cold weather garment is in an as-worn configuration.

The vented cold weather garment in FIGS. 1A and 1B may be constructed by cutting out a first inner panel and a corresponding second outer panel, for each section of the garment, from a fabric piece(s) (not shown). An adhesive tape suitable for the particular type of fabric may be placed on the inner face of one of the panels along predetermined sections of the panel to form chambers with the desired shape. Once the adhesive tape is set in place, the second panel may be aligned on top of the panel with the adhesive tape with its inner face facing the tape. Then, the two panels may be pressed together with sufficient force and/or energy applied, to activate the adhesive tape to create a bond(s) between the two panels. The adhesive tape may be activated by heat, or ultrasonic energy, or any other type of applied energy. Once the fabrics are bonded, seams 120 with chambers 130 in between each adhesive taped region are created. The seams 120 may be spaced apart along the length of the garment (as shown), or seams 120 may be spaced apart lengthwise, perpendicular to the length of the garment, along the width of the garment (not shown). The spacing of seams 120 may vary, as may the relative orientation of the seams and/or the shape of the seams, enabling chambers 130 to be different shapes and/or sizes. The chambers 130 may then be filled with down, or synthetic insulating fabrics. Depending on the size and/or shape of the chambers formed, the chambers may be filled with down or thermal insulating fibers, either manually or mechanically. Further, manual filling may be the preferred method if the chambers 130 are relatively small or irregularly shaped. Seams 120 may be perforated during bonding, after bonding, and/or after filling the chambers. Perforations 110 may be formed using a laser, an ultrasonic cutter, and/or a mechanical cutter. The plurality of perforations 110 may provide ventilation and moisture management by allowing moisture vapor from perspiration to escape to the outer environment. Provided the proper equipment, the seams 120 may be simultaneously formed and perforated in a single step, although the seams and perforations may be formed in separate steps without departing from the scope of the present invention.

In a different example of the garment in accordance with the present invention, depending on the fabric material used, the seams 120 may be created without the use of an adhesive tape. For example if the fabric already has adhesive properties, or is weldable by heat, pressure, or ultrasonic energy, the seams 120 may be created and perforated without the use of adhesive tape.

FIG. 2A is a close up of a seam 120. The seams 120 formed as described above, may be presented in a straight line (as shown), in a curved line, in a wavy line, or any other shape that may be useful, for example in forming a chamber, and being visually appealing at the same time. The seams 120 may be mechanically perforated by using a welding and cutting wheel assembly, or may be perforated with a laser, an ultrasonic cutter, and/or a mechanical cutter to form the plurality of perforations 110. The plurality of perforations 110 may be of the same size, or different sizes (as shown). The plurality of perforations maybe of different shapes such as circular (as shown), triangular, rectangular, or any other shape desired. The plurality of perforations 110 may be evenly spaced in a straight line, curvy line, zig-zag, or any other suitable shape for placing the plurality of perforations 110 on seams 120, where the plurality of perforations 110 extend through the seams 120. Additionally, depending on the size of the individual perforations, there may be multiple rows of perforations on each seam. The plurality of perforations 110 may be presented continuously along the seams 120 (as shown), or may be presented intermittently along seams 120, or may be strategically placed only in the areas of high perspiration such as along the back of a wearer, under the arms of a wearer, between the legs of a wearer, etc. The size and frequency of the individual perforations 110 may be determined to provide optimal ventilation and breathability, while still maintaining the structural integrity of the fabric, and maintaining a high level of thermal insulation. For example, the width size of each individual perforation in the plurality of perforations 110 may range anywhere from 0.1 mm-5 mm, and the spacing between each individual perforation measured from edge to edge, may range anywhere from 0.5 mm-10 mm. Other sizes and/or spacing of perforations may be used without departing from the scope of the present invention.

FIG. 2B is a close up of a seam 220. The seams 220 formed as described above, may be presented in a straight line (as shown), in a curved line, in a wavy line, or any other shape that may be useful, for example in forming a chamber, and being visually appealing at the same time. The seams 220 may be mechanically perforated by using a welding and cutting wheel assembly, may be perforated with a laser, an ultrasonic cutter, and/or a mechanical cutter, or may be perforated in any other way to form the plurality of perforations 210. The plurality of perforations 210 may be of the same size (as shown), or different sizes. The plurality of perforations maybe of different shapes such as circular (as shown), triangular, rectangular, or any other shape desired. The plurality of perforations 210 may be evenly spaced in a straight line, curvy line, zig-zag, or any other suitable shape for placing the plurality of perforations 210 on seams 220, where the plurality of perforations 210 extend through the seams 220. Additionally, depending on the size of the individual perforations, there may be multiple rows of perforations on each seam. For example, as seen in FIG. 2B, there may be three rows of perforations 210, wherein the perforations 210 of the middle row may or may not be offset from the perforations of the first and third rows. In the case where the perforations 210 of the middle row are offset (as shown), the offset distance may range anywhere from 0 mm-10 mm, or any other distance suitable for the performance and design desired in the final product. While in the present example, only the middle row is offset, all or none of the rows may be offset or, if more rows of perforations are present, different rows may be chosen to be offset. The plurality of perforations 210 may be presented continuously along the seams 220 (as shown), or may be presented intermittently along seams 220, or may be strategically placed only in the areas of high perspiration such as along the back of a wearer, under the arms of a wearer, between the legs of a wearer, etc. The size and frequency of the individual perforations 210 may be determined to provide a desired level of ventilation and breathability, while still maintaining the structural integrity of the fabric and maintaining a desired level of thermal insulation. For example, a desired amount of ventilation, breathability, structural integrity, and thermal insulation may be achieved in a garment using light fabric/textile and down fill with a width size of each individual perforation in the plurality of perforations 210 ranging anywhere from 0.1 mm-5 mm, and the spacing between each individual perforation measured from edge to edge ranging anywhere from 0.5 mm-10 mm, although other sizes and configurations are within the scope of the present invention.

One way of measuring the amount of breathability of a garment, such as garments in accordance with the present invention, may be by performing a hot-plate transfer test, which allows for measurement of the resistance to evaporative transfer of a textile or garment. The lower the resistance number obtained from the test, the less resistance to evaporation there is and therefore, the more evaporation that occurs through the garment in a given amount of time. Garments in accordance with the present invention may be shown to have lower resistance to evaporative transfer than un-perforated garments in hot-plate transfer testing.

The garment construction may become more apparent in reference to FIG. 3, where an angled cross-sectional view 300 of a small section of the garment with all the novel features, is shown. The garment in accordance with the present invention may be constructed from a first inner panel 310 and a second outer panel 320. The seams 120 and chambers 130 may be created as described above in reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B, where the chambers 130 are created between pairs of seams 120 between the first inner panel 310 and the first outer panel 320. The plurality of perforations 110 extend through the first inner panel 310 and the second outer panel 320 to provide ventilation and moisture management by allowing moisture vapor from perspiration to escape to the outer environment when the vented cold weather garment is in an as-worn configuration. The chambers 130 may then be filled with a fill 330, such as down or synthetic fibers.

Now, in reference to FIG. 4, a front view of a different cold weather garment 400 in accordance with the present invention is provided. Like the cold weather garment 100 of FIGS. 1A and 1B, the vented cold weather garment 100 in FIG. 4 may be made from conventional synthetic or natural fabrics. The fabrics may be water repellent and down proof, or alternatively such as in the case of ultra-light fabrics (29 g/m² or lower) and light weight fabrics (89 g/m²-30 g/m²), the fabrics may need to be treated with waterproofing and down proofing chemicals such as for example, the chemical treatments referred to as DWR (durable water repellent).

The cold weather garment in FIG. 4 may be constructed in a fashion similar to that described above with regard to the garment shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B to form seams 420 to create chambers to hold fill material, with a plurality of perforations 410 formed in seams 420. The seams 420 may be further reinforced by adding stitching 470 along their upper edge/boundary 510 and/or lower edge/boundary 520, as can be seen in the close up view of FIG. 5.

Stitching 470 may be applied mechanically and/or by hand, and may use any type of thread, whether natural or synthetic. Stitching 470 may be applied before or after applying pressure and/or energy to form seams 420. Likewise, stitching 470 may be applied before or after perforations 410 and/or before or after chambers 430 are filled.

The garment construction may become more apparent in reference to FIG. 6, where an angled cross-sectional view 600 of a small section of the garment with all the novel features, is shown. The garment in accordance with the present invention may be constructed from a first inner panel 620 and a second outer panel 610. The seams 420 and chambers 430 may be created as described above in reference to FIG. 4. The chambers may then be filled with fill 630, such as down or synthetic fibers.

Alternatively, in a further different example of the garment in accordance with the present invention, the seams 420 may be produced by omitting the adhesive tape layer altogether. In other words, the seams 420 may be created simply by stitching 470 along the upper seam boundary 510 and lower seam boundary 520. The plurality of perforations 410 may then be placed in between the stitched boundaries. This example may be pictured better in reference to FIG. 5.

The insulating chambers in the garments in accordance with the present invention may be formed by welding separate pieces of fabric at each seam, or as discussed earlier, may be formed by pressing two whole panels with adhesive tape in strategic places in between the two panels. If the chambers were formed by welding separate pieces of fabric at each seam, this would allow for the introduction of different textures, colors, or functionalities by introducing different types of fabrics at different sections of the garment.

Further, the vented cold weather insulating garment examples shown in the examples of FIGS. 1A, 1B, and FIG. 4 are vented cold weather jackets or coats. However, the insulating vented garments in accordance with the present invention may also be constructed in the form of vests, pants, overalls, gloves, hats, etc. FIGS. 7A and 7B depict an example vest 700 in accordance with the present invention, with FIG. 7A depicting a front view 740 and FIG. 7B depicting a back view 750 of the exemplary vest 700. As seen in FIGS. 7A and 7B, the vest 700 may have seams 720 with a plurality of perforations 710, forming thermally insulating chambers 740, which may be filled with down, or any other thermally insulating material, such as polyester fibers. The vest 700 may or may not have stitches along the edges of seams 720 for reinforcement of the seams. The vest 700 may be used as a light weight breathable thermal insulation garment, for example by a runner.

From the foregoing, it will be seen that this invention is one well adapted to attain all the ends and objects hereinabove set forth together with other advantages which are obvious and which are inherent to the structure.

It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims.

Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is to be understood that all matter herein set forth or shown in the accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

Claims

1. A garment comprising: a first panel of material having a first shape;a second panel of material having a second shape having a same shape configuration as the first shape of the first panel of material, wherein one or more of the first panel of material and the second panel of material is formed of a knit material;a plurality of seams affixing the first panel of material and the second panel of material together to form one or more chambers between the first panel of material and the second panel of material, wherein the one or more chambers are defined by one or more of the plurality of seams, wherein each seam in the plurality of seams comprises a seam width that extends between a first seam edge and a second seam edge, wherein the first panel of material and the second panel of material are continuously joined to each other along the seam width;a plurality of perforations on one or more seams of the plurality of seams, wherein the plurality of perforations extend through the one or more seams of the plurality of seams, through the first panel of material, and through the second panel of material, and wherein the plurality of perforations are positioned between the first seam edge and the second seam edge of each of the one or more seams of the plurality of seams; anda thermally insulating fill material contained within the one or more chambers, wherein the thermally insulating fill material is a synthetic fiber, and wherein the garment is configured to insulate a wearer from cold weather when the garment is worn.

2. The garment of claim 1, wherein the plurality of seams comprise stitches affixing together the first panel of material and the second panel of material, wherein the stitches are located along the first seam edge and the second seam edge of each of the plurality of seams.

3. The garment of claim 1, wherein the plurality of seams comprise: an adhesive applied along an inner face of at least one of the first panel of material or the second panel of material between the first seam edge and the second seam edge to form the each seam of the plurality of seams.

4. The garment of claim 3, wherein the applied adhesive is activated by heat energy.

5. The garment of claim 3, wherein the plurality of seams are reinforced by one of: (A) stitches running along the first seam edge of the each seam of the plurality of seams, along a length of the each seam of the plurality of seams;(B) stitches running along the second seam edge of the each seam of the plurality of seams, along a length of the each seam of the plurality of seams; or(C) stitches running along the first seam edge and the second seam edge of the each seam of the plurality of seams, along a length of the each seam of the plurality of seams.

6. An upper body garment comprising: at least one front panel of material adapted to cover a front torso area of a wearer when the upper body garment is in an as-worn configuration; andat least one back panel of material adapted to cover a back torso area of the wearer when the upper body garment is in the as-worn configuration, wherein when the at least one front panel of material and the at least one back panel of material are affixed to each other, the at least one front panel of material and the at least one back panel of material define, in part, at least a neckline opening, a first sleeve opening, a second sleeve opening, and a waist opening;wherein one or more of the at least one front panel of material and the at least one back panel of material comprise: (1) a first fabric piece having a first shape, wherein the first fabric piece is configured to face the wearer when the upper body garment is in the as-worn configuration, and wherein at least the first fabric piece is formed from a knit material;(2) a second fabric piece having a second shape having a same shape configuration as the first shape of the first fabric piece, wherein the second fabric piece is configured to be exposed to an external environment when the upper body garment is in the as-worn configuration;(3) a plurality of seams affixing the first fabric piece to the second fabric piece, wherein each seam in the plurality of seams comprises a seam width that extends between a first seam edge and a second seam edge, wherein the first fabric piece and the second fabric piece are continuously joined to each other along the seam width;(4) a chamber between the first fabric piece and the second fabric piece, and between each pair of seams in the plurality of seams;(5) a plurality of perforations on one or more seams of the plurality of seams, wherein the plurality of perforations extend through the one or more seams of the plurality of seams, through the first fabric piece, and through the second fabric piece, and wherein the plurality of perforations are located between the first seam edge and the second seam edge of the one or more seams of the plurality of seams; and(6) a thermally insulating fill material contained within the chamber, wherein the thermally insulating fill material is a synthetic fiber, wherein the upper body garment is configured to insulate the wearer from cold weather when the upper body garment is in the as-worn configuration.

7. The upper body garment of claim 6, wherein the plurality of seams comprise stitches along the first seam edge and the second seam edge for the each seam in the plurality of seams.

8. The upper body garment of claim 6, wherein the plurality of seams are formed by applying an adhesive to at least one of an inner face of the first fabric piece or the second fabric piece.

9. The upper body garment of claim 8, wherein the applied adhesive is activated by heat energy.

10. The upper body garment of claim 8, wherein the plurality of seams are reinforced by one of: (A) stitching along the first seam edge of the each seam of the plurality of seams, along a length of the each seam of the plurality of seams;(B) stitching along the second seam edge of the each seam of the plurality of seams, along a length of the each seam of the plurality of seams; or(C) stitching along the first seam edge and the second seam edge of the each seam of the plurality of seams, along a length of the each seam of the plurality of seams.

11. The upper body garment of claim 6, wherein the plurality of perforations are: continuous along a length of the one or more seams of the plurality of seams.

12. The upper body garment of claim 6, wherein the plurality of perforations comprise different sizes.

13. The upper body garment of claim 6, wherein the plurality of perforations comprise different shapes.

14. A garment comprising: at least one panel, wherein the at least one panel comprises: (1) an inner fabric piece having a first shape, wherein the inner fabric piece is configured to face a wearer when the garment is in an as-worn configuration, wherein at least the inner fabric piece is formed from a knit material;(2) an outer fabric piece having a second shape, wherein the second shape comprises a same shape configuration as the first shape of the inner fabric piece, and wherein the outer fabric piece is configured to be exposed to an external environment when the garment is in the as-worn configuration;(3) a plurality of seams that join the inner fabric piece and the outer fabric piece, wherein each seam in the plurality of seams comprises a seam width that extends between a first seam edge and a second seam edge, wherein the inner fabric piece and the outer fabric piece are continuously joined to each other along the seam width;(4) a chamber formed between the inner fabric piece and the outer fabric piece, and between at least a pair of seams in the plurality of seams;(5) a thermally insulating fill material contained within the chamber, wherein the thermally insulating fill material is a synthetic fiber; and(6) a plurality of perforations located on one or more seams of the plurality of seams, wherein the plurality of perforations extend through the one or more seams of the plurality of seams, through the inner fabric piece, and through the outer fabric piece, and wherein the plurality of perforations are located between the first seam edge and the second seam edge of the one or more seams of the plurality of seams;wherein the garment is configured to insulate the wearer from cold weather when the garment is worn.

15. The garment of claim 14, wherein the plurality of perforations comprise different sizes.

16. The garment of claim 14, wherein the plurality of seams that join the inner fabric piece and the outer fabric piece are formed by one of bonding using an adhesive or bonding using an adhesive and stitching.