Patent Grant
11388198
The disclosure relates to the field of cybersecurity, and more particularly to the field cybersecurity data gathering, validation, and reputation management.
Historically, risk management industries have pursued collaborative efforts to compile exposure and loss databases. However, there are inadequate equivalents for new and ever evolving risks including cybersecurity and business continuity which may be impacted by various non-physical damage events or triggers. Since collaborative data sets are increasingly required, the ability to demonstrate provenance of derived empirical event forecasts is critical, but unmet by current solutions. While standalone efforts to catalogue limited breach artifacts exist, no relationship to the broader events, filings, or entities does. Current approaches mostly focus on external scan information which is an inadequate and potentially dangerous way to characterize entities due to lack of sufficient context. These contextual values are critical for normalizing any indices, data sets, or models relating to exposure and event intensity in both physical and non-physical loss scenarios. Currently, there is almost no treatment of either these contextual values or of hypothetical histories when historical portfolios and loss ratios are considered. Subsequently, this leads to additional model error accumulation from event dynamics. This creates problems for all involved parties, as none of them can sufficiently track inconsistencies and data gaps in the art.
What is needed is a system and method for the diverse data collection, aggregation, validation, and management of distributed multi-party data contributions in adversarial information environments that can provide accurate data provenance and link contextual meta-data to validate data while managing the reputation of the individual data sources.
Accordingly, the inventor has conceived and reduced to practice a system and method for the contextualization and management of collaborative databases in an adversarial information environment. The system and method feature the ability to scan for, ingest and process, and then use relational, wide column, and graph stores for capturing entity data, their relationships, and actions associated with them. Furthermore, meta-data is gathered and linked to the ingested data, which provides a broader contextual view of the environment leading up to and during an event of interest. The gathered data and meta-data is used to manage the reputation of the contributing data sources. The system links each successive data set, algorithm, or meta-data which might pertain to its unique identification and to its ultimate reputation, utility, or fitness for purpose.
According to a preferred embodiment, a system for contextualization and management of databases in an adversarial information environment using distributed computing services, comprising: an in-memory associative array stored in a memory of a cloud computing platform; a cloud-based storage bin stored in a non-volatile storage device of the cloud computing platform; a user application comprising a first plurality of programming instructions stored in a memory of, and operating on a processor of, the cloud computing platform, wherein the first plurality of programming instructions, when operating on the processor, cause the cloud computing platform to: receive a class of data for management and scoring; scan for, extract, and ingest a plurality of data sources including all associated meta-data providing contextual information; and forward the data to a data pre-processor for validation, aggregation, and normalization tasks; a distributed data pre-processor comprising a second plurality of programming instructions stored in a memory of, and operating on a processor of, the cloud computing platform, wherein the second plurality of programming instructions, when operating on the processor, cause the cloud computing platform to: receive ingested data; perform analyses of data restrictions to satisfy data sovereignty constraints; store the raw ingested data to provide an initial layer of data persistence; tag the data to facilitate improved data organization and search capability through the use of key words; aggregate, normalize and schematize the data for further use in modelling and forecasting; store the meta-data to provide provenance of each intermediate step in the data transformation process; and forward transformed data to an enrichment service table; an enrichment service table comprising a third plurality of programming instructions stored in a memory of, and operating on a processor of, the cloud computing platform, wherein the third plurality of programming instructions, when operating on the processor, cause the cloud computing platform to: store transformed data in one or more of a plurality of storage devices to create a contextualized, comprehensive data set; respond to data queries made by collaborating parties; and forward data to a reputation management system; a reputation management system comprising a fourth plurality of programming instructions stored in a memory of, and operating on a processor of, the cloud computing platform, wherein the fourth plurality of programming instructions, when operating on the processor, cause the cloud computing platform to: receive reputation data from the enrichment service tables; create a reputation score, comprising the weights for each of the following categories: service reputation, entity reputation, access reputation, and further comprising an algorithm for combining categories; retrieve the component reputation data; calculate a reputation score by applying the algorithm to the weighted categories; and forward the calculated reputation score to the enrichment service tables for storage.
According to an aspect of an embodiment, the system further comprises a cyber open data market exchange comprising a fifth plurality of programming instructions stored in a memory of, and operating on a processor of, the cloud computing platform, wherein the fifth plurality of programming instructions, when operating on the processor, cause the cloud computing platform to: extract data from external score and metric databases; extract user data from internal databases; generate a cyber score from the combination of external data and internal data, wherein the score is calculated from a plurality of scoring metrics; send the cyber score to the cyber open market exchange; and wherein the cyber open market exchange facilitates transactional behavior among market participants.
According to another preferred embodiment, a method for contextualization and management of databases in an adversarial information environment using distributed computing services, comprising the steps of: receiving a class of data for management and scoring; scanning, extracting, and ingesting a plurality of data sources including all associated meta-data providing contextual information; validating, aggregating, and normalizing the data; analyzing data restrictions to satisfy data sovereignty constraints; storing the raw ingested data to provide an initial layer of data persistence; tagging the data to facilitate improved data organization and search capability through the use of key words; aggregating, normalizing, and schematizing the data for further use in modelling and forecasting; storing meta-data to provide provenance of each intermediate step in the data transformation process; forwarding transformed data to enrichment service tables; storing transformed data in one or more of a plurality of storage devices to create a contextualized, comprehensive data set; responding to queries made by collaborating parties; forwarding data to reputation management system; receiving reputation data from service enrichment tables; generating a reputation score, the reputation scoring model comprising weights for each of the following categories: service reputation, entity reputation, access reputation, and further comprising an algorithm for combining categories; retrieving the component reputation data; calculating a reputation score by applying the algorithm to the weighted categories; forwarding the calculated reputation score to the enrichment service tables; managing entity accounts by locating relevant data for an entities desired purpose; responding to all data queries made by participating entities.
The accompanying drawings illustrate several aspects and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention according to the aspects. It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the particular arrangements illustrated in the drawings are merely exemplary, and are not to be considered as limiting of the scope of the invention or the claims herein in any way.
The inventor has conceived and reduced to practice a system and method for the contextualization and management of collaborative databases in an adversarial information environment. The system and method feature the ability to scan for, ingest and process, and then use relational, wide column, and graph stores for capturing entity data, their relationships, and actions associated with them. Furthermore, meta-data is gathered and linked to the ingested data, which provides a broader contextual view of the environment leading up to and during an event of interest. The gathered data and meta-data is used to manage the reputation of the contributing data sources. The system links each successive data set, algorithm, or meta-data which might pertain to its unique identification and to its ultimate reputation, utility, or fitness for purpose.
The purpose of the system is to provide scalable access to a plurality of network flow data sources and data partners in a collaborative manner, while operating in an adversarial information environment, which may be optionally integrated into a single holistic feed. An adversarial information environment describes a situation of information retrieval working with a data source where some portion of it has been maliciously manipulated. The network flow data sources and the data partners are all operating in an adversarial information environment which means that the data may not be entirely reputable. The lack of confidence in the data source may be caused by not knowing the exact source of the data, or could be due to malicious actions directed at the data source or data partner. For example, a common technique deployed by malicious actors is search engine spamming. This technique distorts web search algorithms in a variety of ways, including malicious tagging and web content filtering, which ultimately leads to poor data gathering.
The system is collaborative in that it acquires data input submitted by individuals and entities in conjunction with autonomously gathered sources. Individuals and entities are encouraged to provide or make available their own data to the system. The purpose of the collaboration of various groups, individuals, and entities is to produce more accurate and robust data sets that can provide a more comprehensive view of the associated data. Contributing parties, and non-contributing parties, can access the collaborated data sets and leverage them to suit their needs.
The collaborative database management system emphasizes the collection of meta-data associated with various data sources to provide a means to combat the effects of operating in an adversarial information environment and to make compiling collaborative data sets easier. Specifically, provenance meta-data that describes the who, what, when, where, and why of a data source is gathered. The provenance meta-data provides a means to trace the lineage of a data source, which in turn makes the data source more credible and useable. Data provenance is also helpful in collaborative data sets by making it easier to manage and merge conflicting distributed multi-party data contributions.
The system provides a means for entities and individuals to contribute to collaborative databases while also providing improved data validation capabilities via meta-data collection including provenance data. Gathered data is pre-processed and transformed uniformly to make further analyses and queries streamlined. The collaborated databases are used to enrich the information available so that participating groups or individuals have access, via an application programming interface (API), to a more accurate and broad data set which they can confidently utilize for their unique purposes. Additionally, the enriched databases can also be used to manage the reputation of the collaborated data sources.
One or more different aspects may be described in the present application. Further, for one or more of the aspects described herein, numerous alternative arrangements may be described; it should be appreciated that these are presented for illustrative purposes only and are not limiting of the aspects contained herein or the claims presented herein in any way. One or more of the arrangements may be widely applicable to numerous aspects, as may be readily apparent from the disclosure. In general, arrangements are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice one or more of the aspects, and it should be appreciated that other arrangements may be utilized and that structural, logical, software, electrical and other changes may be made without departing from the scope of the particular aspects. Particular features of one or more of the aspects described herein may be described with reference to one or more particular aspects or figures that form a part of the present disclosure, and in which are shown, by way of illustration, specific arrangements of one or more of the aspects. It should be appreciated, however, that such features are not limited to usage in the one or more particular aspects or figures with reference to which they are described. The present disclosure is neither a literal description of all arrangements of one or more of the aspects nor a listing of features of one or more of the aspects that must be present in all arrangements.
Headings of sections provided in this patent application and the title of this patent application are for convenience only, and are not to be taken as limiting the disclosure in any way.
Devices that are in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. In addition, devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more communication means or intermediaries, logical or physical.
A description of an aspect with several components in communication with each other does not imply that all such components are required. To the contrary, a variety of optional components may be described to illustrate a wide variety of possible aspects and in order to more fully illustrate one or more aspects. Similarly, although process steps, method steps, algorithms or the like may be described in a sequential order, such processes, methods and algorithms may generally be configured to work in alternate orders, unless specifically stated to the contrary. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be described in this patent application does not, in and of itself, indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of described processes may be performed in any order practical. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously despite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the other step). Moreover, the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to one or more of the aspects, and does not imply that the illustrated process is preferred. Also, steps are generally described once per aspect, but this does not mean they must occur once, or that they may only occur once each time a process, method, or algorithm is carried out or executed. Some steps may be omitted in some aspects or some occurrences, or some steps may be executed more than once in a given aspect or occurrence.
When a single device or article is described herein, it will be readily apparent that more than one device or article may be used in place of a single device or article. Similarly, where more than one device or article is described herein, it will be readily apparent that a single device or article may be used in place of the more than one device or article.
The functionality or the features of a device may be alternatively embodied by one or more other devices that are not explicitly described as having such functionality or features. Thus, other aspects need not include the device itself.
Techniques and mechanisms described or referenced herein will sometimes be described in singular form for clarity. However, it should be appreciated that particular aspects may include multiple iterations of a technique or multiple instantiations of a mechanism unless noted otherwise. Process descriptions or blocks in figures should be understood as representing modules, segments, or portions of code which include one or more executable instructions for implementing specific logical functions or steps in the process. Alternate implementations are included within the scope of various aspects in which, for example, functions may be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order, depending on the functionality involved, as would be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art.
As used herein, a “swimlane” is a communication channel between a time series sensor data reception and apportioning device and a data store meant to hold the apportioned data time series sensor data. A swimlane is able to move a specific, finite amount of data between the two devices. For example, a single swimlane might reliably carry and have incorporated into the data store, the data equivalent of 5 seconds worth of data from 10 sensors in 5 seconds, this being its capacity. Attempts to place 5 seconds worth of data received from 6 sensors using one swimlane would result in data loss.
As used herein, a “metaswimlane” is an as-needed logical combination of transfer capacity of two or more real swimlanes that is transparent to the requesting process. Sensor studies where the amount of data received per unit time is expected to be highly heterogeneous over time may be initiated to use metaswimlanes. Using the example used above that a single real swimlane can transfer and incorporate the 5 seconds worth of data of 10 sensors without data loss, the sudden receipt of incoming sensor data from 13 sensors during a 5 second interval would cause the system to create a two swimlane metaswimlane to accommodate the standard 10 sensors of data in one real swimlane and the 3 sensor data overage in the second, transparently added real swimlane, however no changes to the data receipt logic would be needed as the data reception and apportionment device would add the additional real swimlane transparently.
A “database” or “data storage subsystem” (these terms may be considered substantially synonymous), as used herein, is a system adapted for the long-term storage, indexing, and retrieval of data, the retrieval typically being via some sort of querying interface or language. “Database” may be used to refer to relational database management systems known in the art, but should not be considered to be limited to such systems. Many alternative database or data storage system technologies have been, and indeed are being, introduced in the art, including but not limited to distributed non-relational data storage systems such as Hadoop, column-oriented databases, in-memory databases, and the like. While various aspects may preferentially employ one or another of the various data storage subsystems available in the art (or available in the future), the invention should not be construed to be so limited, as any data storage architecture may be used according to the aspects. Similarly, while in some cases one or more particular data storage needs are described as being satisfied by separate components (for example, a vulnerability and exploit database and an event database), these descriptions refer to functional uses of data storage systems and do not refer to their physical architecture. For instance, any group of data storage systems of databases referred to herein may be included together in a single database management system operating on a single machine, or they may be included in a single database management system operating on a cluster of machines as is known in the art. Similarly, any single database (such as a vulnerability and exploit database) may be implemented on a single machine, on a set of machines using clustering technology, on several machines connected by one or more messaging systems known in the art, or in a master/slave arrangement common in the art. These examples should make clear that no particular architectural approaches to database management is preferred according to the invention, and choice of data storage technology is at the discretion of each implementer, without departing from the scope of the invention as claimed.
As used herein, “data restrictions” refer to data residency (where a business, industry body or government specifies that their data is stored in a geographical location of their choice, usually for regulatory or policy reasons), data sovereignty (data stored in a designated location, and is also subject to the laws of the country in which it is physically stored), and data localization (requires that data created within certain borders stay within them).
Conceptual Architecture
It is also likely that that during times of heavy reporting from a moderate to large array of sensors, the instantaneous load of data to be committed will exceed what can be reliably transferred over a single swimlane. The embodiment of the invention can, if capture parameters pre-set at the administration device 112, combine the data movement capacity of two or more swimlanes, the combined bandwidth dubbed a metaswimlane, transparently to the committing process, to accommodate the influx of data in need of commitment. All sensor data, regardless of delivery circumstances are stored in a multidimensional time series data store 125 which is designed for very low overhead and rapid data storage and minimal maintenance needs to sap resources. The embodiment uses a key-value pair data store examples of which are Risk, Redis and Berkeley DB for their low overhead and speed, although the invention is not specifically tied to a single data store type to the exclusion of others known in the art should another data store with better response and feature characteristics emerge. Due to factors easily surmised by those knowledgeable in the art, data store commitment reliability is dependent on data store data size under the conditions intrinsic to time series sensor data analysis. The number of data records must be kept relatively low for the herein disclosed purpose. As an example, one group of developers restrict the size of their multidimensional time series key-value pair data store to approximately 8.64×104 records, equivalent to 24 hours of 1 second interval sensor readings or 60 days of 1 minute interval readings. In this development system the oldest data is deleted from the data store and lost. This loss of data is acceptable under development conditions but in a production environment, the loss of the older data is almost always significant and unacceptable. The invention accounts for this need to retain older data by stipulating that aged data be placed in long term storage. In the embodiment, the archival storage is included 130. This archival storage might be locally provided by the user, might be cloud based such as that offered by Amazon Web Services or Google or could be any other available very large capacity storage method known to those skilled in the art.
Reliably capturing and storing sensor data as well as providing for longer term, offline, storage of the data, while important, is only an exercise without methods to repetitively retrieve and analyze most likely differing but specific sets of data over time. The invention provides for this requirement with a robust query language that both provides straightforward language to retrieve data sets bounded by multiple parameters, but to then invoke several transformations on that data set prior to output. In the embodiment isolation of desired data sets and transformations applied to that data occurs using pre-defined query commands issued from the administration device 112 and acted upon within the database by the structured query interpreter 135. Below is a highly simplified example statement to illustrate the method by which a very small number of options that are available using the structured query interpreter 135 might be accessed.
SELECT [STREAMING|EVENTS] data_spec FROM [unit] timestamp TO timestamp GROUPBY (sensor_id, identifier) FILTER [filter_identifier] FORMAT [sensor [AS identifier] [, sensor [AS identifier]] . . . ] (TEXT|JSON|FUNNEL|KML|GEOJSON|TOPOJSON);
Here “data_spec” might be replaced by a list of individual sensors from a larger array of sensors and each sensor in the list might be given a human readable identifier in the format “sensor AS identifier”. “unit” allows the researcher to assign a periodicity for the sensor data such as second (s), minute (m), hour (h). One or more transformational filters, which include but a not limited to: mean, median, variance, standard deviation, standard linear interpolation, or Kalman filtering and smoothing, may be applied and then data formatted in one or more formats examples of with are text, JSON, KML, GEOJSON and TOPOJSON among others known to the art, depending on the intended use of the data.
Results of the transformative analysis process may then be combined with further client directives, additional business rules and practices relevant to the analysis and situational information external to the already available data in the automated planning service module 230 which also runs powerful predictive statistics functions and machine learning algorithms to allow future trends and outcomes to be rapidly forecast based upon the current system derived results and choosing each a plurality of possible business decisions. Using all available data, the automated planning service module 230 may propose business decisions most likely to result is the most favorable business outcome with a usably high level of certainty. Closely related to the automated planning service module in the use of system derived results in conjunction with possible externally supplied additional information in the assistance of end user business decision making, the business outcome simulation module 225 coupled with the end user facing observation and state estimation service 240 allows business decision makers to investigate the probable outcomes of choosing one pending course of action over another based upon analysis of the current available data. For example, the pipelines operations department has reported a very small reduction in crude oil pressure in a section of pipeline in a highly remote section of territory. Many believe the issue is entirely due to a fouled, possibly failing flow sensor, others believe that it is a proximal upstream pump that may have foreign material stuck in it. Correction of both of these possibilities is to increase the output of the effected pump to hopefully clean out it or the fouled sensor. A failing sensor will have to be replaced at the next maintenance cycle. A few, however, feel that the pressure drop is due to a break in the pipeline, probably small at this point, but even so, crude oil is leaking and the remedy for the fouled sensor or pump option could make the leak much worse and waste much time afterwards. The company does have a contractor about 8 hours away, or could rent satellite time to look but both of those are expensive for a probable sensor issue, significantly less than cleaning up an oil spill though and then with significant negative public exposure. These sensor issues have happened before and the business operating system 200 has data from them, which no one really studied due to the great volume of columnar figures, so the alternative courses 225, 240 of action are run. The system, based on all available data predicts that the fouled sensor or pump are unlikely the root cause this time due to other available data and the contractor is dispatched. She finds a small breach in the pipeline. There will be a small cleanup and the pipeline needs to be shut down for repair but multiple tens of millions of dollars have been saved. This is just one example of a great many of the possible use of the business operating system, those knowledgeable in the art will easily formulate more.
As in control systems, the feedback loop may be dynamically adjusted in order to cause the overall cybersecurity score 1120 to come into equilibrium with the set score 1125, and various methods of accelerating or decelerating network security changes may be used. As one example, a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller or a state-space controller may be implemented to predictively reduce the error between the score 1120 and the set score 1125 to establish equilibrium. Increases in the magnitude of the error, accelerations in change of the error, and increases in the time that the error remains outside of a given range will all lead to in corresponding increases in tightening of network security (and vice-versa) to bring the overall cybersecurity score 1120 back in to equilibrium with the set score 1125.
Extraction of data (e.g., distribution curves) and gap filling 1230 may be used to fill in missing or insufficient data in order to perform more accurate or complete analyses. The distribution, trends, and other aspects 1231 of Client B's 1220 Internet reconnaissance data 1212 and the distribution, trends, and other aspects 1232 of Client B's 1220 social network data 1212 may be extracted and use to fill gaps in Client A's 1210 Internet reconnaissance data 1222 and social network data 1226 to improve cybersecurity analyses for Client A 1210 without requiring changes in Client A's 1210 infrastructure or operations. In some embodiments, synthetic data will be generated from the distributions, trends, and other aspects to use as gap-filling data in a format more consistent with the data for Client A 1210. While a single Client A 1210 and Client B 1220 are shown for purposes of simplicity, this process may be expanded to any number of clients with greater data representation and any number of clients with lesser data representation.
As a brief overview of operation, information is obtained about the client network 1907 and the client organization's operations, which is used to construct a cyber-physical graph 1902 representing the relationships between devices, users, resources, and processes in the organization, and contextualizing cybersecurity information with physical and logical relationships that represent the flow of data and access to data within the organization including, in particular, network security protocols and procedures. The directed computational graph 1911 containing workflows and analysis processes, selects one or more analyses to be performed on the cyber-physical graph 1902. Some analyses may be performed on the information contained in the cyber-physical graph, and some analyses may be performed on or against the cyber-physical graph using information obtained from the Internet 1913 from reconnaissance engine 1906. The workflows contained in the directed computational graph 1911 select one or more search tools to obtain information about the organization from the Internet 1915, and may comprise one or more third party search tools 1915 available on the Internet. As data are collected, they are fed into a reconnaissance data storage 1905, from which they may be retrieved and further analyzed. Comparisons are made between the data obtained from the reconnaissance engine 1906, the cyber-physical graph 1902, the data to rule mapper, from which comparisons a cybersecurity profile of the organization is developed. The cybersecurity profile is sent to the scoring engine 1910 along with event and loss data 1914 and context data 1909 for the scoring engine 1910 to develop a score and/or rating for the organization that takes into consideration both the cybersecurity profile, context, and other information.
The user application 2111 provides the interface and control system from which cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and scoring activities may be managed. The user application 2111 may be used to enter network parameters for investigation (e.g., a particular domain name), initiate the reconnaissance process, receive reconnaissance reports, and display scoring results. Advanced features allow the user to containerize each of the distributed services and scale the system by creating multiple instances of the distributed services.
The in-memory associative array service 2115 provides a high-performance means of database storage and access via a RESTful interface. In effect, it acts simultaneously as data storage and a data cache, such that data is instantly available without having to read it from non-volatile storage such as a hard drive. Data from an in-memory associative array service 2115 is backed up to non-volatile storage, but is always accessed in-memory during usage. The in-memory associative array service 2115 is used to queue an arbitrary number of vulnerability search tasks. An example of an in-memory associative array service 2115 implementation is Redis which is open source, in-memory data structure store, that can be used as a database, cache and message broker.
The cloud-based storage bin 2114 (e.g., Amazon S3 storage) are used to store the results of vulnerability searches produced through the public-facing proxy network 2116. Cloud-based storage bins 2114 provide a highly convenient means of utilizing dynamically-scalable storage, such that storage of vulnerability search results can be scaled as necessary to keep up with the queue of search tasks generated by the in-memory associative array service 2115.
After vulnerability search results have been obtained and stored in the cloud-based storage bin 2114, they may be analyzed using a distributed data processing engine (e.g., Apache Spark or serverless infrastructure). The advantage of using a distributed data processing engine 2113 to conduct the analyses is that it can be scaled to perform parallel processing of the large amount of data that will be retrieved for large, complex networks.
The public-facing proxy network 2116 may be used to change the outward presentation of the organization's network by conducting the searches through selectable attribution nodes 2116a-n, which are configurable to present the network to the Internet in different ways such as, but not limited to, presenting the organization network as a commercial IP address, a residential IP address, or as an IP address from a particular country, all of which may influence the reconnaissance data received using certain search tools. Vulnerabilities search tasks queued by the in-memory associative array service 2115 send out queries and receive results through an appropriate selectable attribution node 2116a-n. The search results are stored in the cloud-based storage bin 2114.
Each of these distributed services may be instantiated in a container, and the set of containers may be created and managed using a container orchestration service 2112 (e.g., Kubernetes). While not necessarily required, containerization of the various distributed system components provides a number of advantages, including scalability, efficiency, portability, and security.
Some cloud-based systems either restrict or do not support certain operations within their platforms. For example, Amazon Web Services restricts network scanning on its platform. In such cases, a portion of the operations of the system may need to be offloaded to a different cloud-based platform. In this embodiment, for example, a cloud computing services platform 2120 is used to perform the network scanning activities not allowed on cloud computing services platform 12110. An internal gateway 2121 is used to manage the offloaded scanning tasks and return the scan results. An internal gateway is an interface on the internal network configured as a gateway for applying security policy for access to internal resources. When used in conjunction with user identification and host intrusion prevention (HIP) checks, an internal gateway can be used to provide a secure, accurate method of identifying and controlling traffic by user and/or device state. The scanning tasks queued by the in-memory associative array 2155 and offloaded to the cloud computing services platform 22120 through the internal gateway 2121 are completed using a series of service workers 2122a-n, which execute the scanning tasks and return the results. While not shown, a public-facing proxy network 2116 may also be used to execute the offloaded scanning tasks.
An internal gateway is an interface on the internal network configured to apply security policy for access to internal resources. When used in conjunction with User-ID and/or HIP checks, an internal gateway can be used to provide a secure, accurate method of identifying and controlling traffic by user and/or device state.
Domain names 2220 are a primary input for reconnaissance, and from them subdomain 2221 and related domain information may be obtained as search results.
Domain name system (DNS) records 2230 can be searched to obtain a number of different types of DNS information. A records 2231, are the numerical IP address(es) (in the format xxx.xx.xx.xxx) assigned to a given domain name (e.g., www.example.com). Sender policy framework (SPF) records 2233 are used to indicate to mail exchanges which hosts are authorized to send mail for a domain. SPF records 2233 are typically defined using plain text. Domain-based message authentication, reporting, and conformance (DMARC) records 2234 are email authentication, policy, and reporting protocols that help email receivers determine if the purported message aligns with what the receiver knows about the sender, making it easier to identify spam or phishing messages, and filter them out of inboxes. DNS zone transfers records (AXFR) are protocols 2235 used to replicate DNS records across DNS servers. To avoid the need to edit information on multiple DNS servers, information can be edited on one server and copied to other servers using AXFR protocols. Unprotected servers containing AXFR information can disclose information about related host servers.
A primary avenue of cyberattack uses open ports to gain access to networks. Open port scans 2240 probe the ports of a network to determine whether any ports are left open, providing an avenue of attack on the network. Open port scans 2240 can also reveal information about services 2241 connected to those ports, and further version information 2242, header information 2243 and TLS certificate information 2244 about those services. Any discovered TLS certificates can be checked for validity 2245.
Email addresses 2250 can be provided by the organization, which may be checked against breach records 2251 in the public domain containing lists of compromised email addresses.
The collaborative nature of the system architecture 2600 necessitates the use of multiple and sometimes conflicting data sources 2610. The collaborative data sources 2610 may include, but are not limited to public, wholly-owned, potential baskets of private or communal data, individuals, industry leaders, individuals, database servers, and more. These data providers collaborate to create a database that contains more information than they would be able to create individually. The system 2600 can take these multi-party data sources and aggregate and validate them into a single feed. This benefits all participating entities as they will be able to access the collaborative databases via the access API 2660 for whatever purpose they prioritize. The data from these sources is automatically gathered via the data extractor 2620 which is composed of one or more of a plurality of bespoke application programming interface (API) ingestors 2621. The API ingestor 2621, which supports standard periodic scheduling of data pulls (e.g. hourly, daily, weekly), automatically ingests structured data feeds from enumerated remote sources. The APIs are constructed using the representational state transfer (REST) architecture. A RESTful API uses hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) requests to interact with the data and allows a REST client to be able to use server-provided links to dynamically discover all the available resources it needs. Not only do the sources of data vary, but the types of data are diverse as well. For example, if three separate data sources are ingested for further analysis, the format of these sources could be, but is not limited to, CSV, JSON, and XML. The system architecture 2600 can process these disparate data formats uniformly via the use of the data pre-processor (DPP) 2630.
The data pre-processor 2630 maintains a persistence infrastructure in the form of a raw data store 2632 and a transformation ledger 2635, and performs a variety of functions such as cross referencing incoming data with known data restrictions 2631, data tagging 2634, transformation pipelines 2636, and data provenance checking 2633. The data restriction rules 2631 are used to ensure that incoming data is compliant with any associated data restrictions. The first layer of persistence infrastructure is the raw data store 2632 which stores all ingested data in its raw form in various databases such as relational, wide column, and graph time series, to name a few. This raw data is saved prior to any transformations to ensure that the data can be replicated in the case that there is partial or complete data loss as the data advances through the system. After data restrictions 2631 have been cross referenced the data flows into the data provenance checkpoint 2633. The checkpoint checks incoming published data for meta-data about the data product; many meta-data fields routinely collected fall into the category of provenance information, e.g. date created, creator, instrument or software used, data processing methods, etc. The provision of provenance meta-data as part of the data is important for determining the quality, the amount of trust one can place on the results, the reproducibility of results and reusability of the data. In a collaborative data architecture 2600 the ability to track and verify the provenance of ingested data is paramount for successfully merging and compiling data from various data sources.
Once the raw data has been stored, and data restrictions and provenance checked and verified, the data tagger 2634 allows the DPP 2630 to organize data more efficiently by associating information (e.g. domain names, URLs, license data, etc.) with keywords. This kind of metadata helps describe a data entry and allows it to be found via a search of the tag. This ensures that various forms of data are catalogued and managed as they are further transformed via the transformation pipelines 2636.
The transformation pipelines 2636 receive tagged data and perform various filter, parse, enrichment, normalization and schematization tasks to prepare the data for final storage and further analysis. Pipelines can contain logic which define discrete transformations which are completed by human, machine, or human-machine systems. Examples of transformation tasks include anonymizing data, removing duplicate data, feature encoding, to name few. While most data transformations alter the data in some way, there are transformations that do not change the data, such as placing a time stamp on the data. The transformations that cause the data to change are stored in the transformation ledger 2635 which stores and links tagged data with its intermediary transformations in order to add another layer of persistence infrastructure. The ability to merge conflicting data sets necessitates knowledge of the data provenance including declarations of intermediate transformation steps and sources which are stored within the transformation ledger 2635.
Once the data has passed through the DPP 2630 it is then sent to the cyber enrichment service tables 2640 comprised of a variety of specialized databases. These data bases support event-driven processing where data feeds facilitate publication and subscription (PUB-SUB). In a preferred embodiment, a PUB-SUB system allows clients to subscribe to events of interest, and can refine their subscriptions through content-based filter expressions. The event is published whenever a database change, detected via a dynamic triggering layer, matches some active subscription. In a preferred embodiment the specialized databases are all related to cybersecurity events.
A breach content database 2641 is be used to provide a core data set for supporting historical breach record search and exploration. The main purpose of this database is to allow matching of emails, domains, and passwords to breach records via search. Another purpose of this database is to catalogue and characterize the kinds of data involved in individual breaches. For example, the number of records affected, whether such records include personally identifiable information (PIE or other controlled data.
An event database 2642 is intended to capture a list of cyber-related events which may or may not have actual breach artifact data present in the public domain or in the breach database 2641. Additionally, the event database 2642 includes metadata about publicly discussed cyber events including, but not limited to SEC filings, HHS disclosures, press releases, internet relay chat (IRC) channels, and other events. This database will be queried directly for many details about event attributes. In addition, the event database 2642 can support downstream feeds into graph data to support linking threat actors, TTPs, tools, events, breach data, domain reputation, etc.
The vulnerability and exploit database 2643 is where the ingested data feeds from the national vulnerability database and other such commercial feeds are stored. This database will capture and maintain up-to-date information from exploit databases. This database is intended to provide critical data to build a substantial catalogue of vulnerabilities and exploits. An application of the vulnerability and exploit database 2643 is to cross reference service versions with known vulnerabilities and exploits to inform reputation scoring. In addition, subsets of data from this database can be leveraged as part of the larger privilege, exploit, and vulnerability pathfinding. What this means is that this database can be used to identify potential paths of attack by threat actors. The vulnerability and exploit database 2643 can also be utilized to track, forecast, and alert on changes to vulnerability and exploit trends to inform threat modeling actions.
The threat actor database 2644 primary purpose is to link known threat actors with their tactics and associated known breach details. This is intended to be a higher throughput (i.e. non graph) representation of threat actors and associated TTPs. A particular use case for this database would be evaluating the velocity of offensive and defensive tool development for risk modeling. This can be accomplished by tracking threat actor relationships with tools and TTPs and analyzing changes in those relationships as new methods and tactics are discovered and linked to the threat actor. By analyzing the changes in methods and tactics the speed of the tool development can be tracked and that information can be used for risk forecasting.
The internet infrastructure and health database 2645 is useful for understanding the state of the environment under which breaches or historical events have occurred and what risks are most likely at any given moment.
The tool database 2646 captures metadata associated with both offensive and defensive security and software tools. The tool database 2646 is to build a comprehensive list of offensive and defensive tools and link their application to specific cyber events, cyber controls, cyber kill chain stages, and threat actors. For example, a tool database 2646 query may include what companies in a portfolio, using defensive tools such as ArcSight, Splunk and Sailpoint, are covered against a specific threat actor. The example query would return a list of companies who utilize the above mentioned defensive tools and the threat actors those tools have been dispatched against. A use case, according to one embodiment of the invention, would be leveraging the tool database 2646 for tracking threat actor relationships with tools and tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs). If the threat actor was known, then this process would quickly identify the tools and TTPs typically employed by the threat actor, which can help identify proactive measures to be taken to protect data, and lead to faster response times during breach events.
The reputation database 2647 is where ingested and harmonized various open source and paid reputation feeds are stored. The reputation database 2647 facilitates searching reputation by domain and IP address. The reputation database 2647 is a primary data source for the reputation management system (RMS) 2650.
The RMS 2650 will build and keep up to date a reputation system that takes into account the reputations of nodes and the connections between the nodes. A node is a graphical representation of a component; a component is the name given to an entity, the service an entity provides, and the network that accesses the entity or service. The RMS 2650 retrieves data from the reputation database 2647 for a given service (e.g. database) reputation 2651, the service provider's associated entity reputation 2652, and a network access reputation 2653. The reputation of each component is combined and a new reputation score 2654 is computed. This combination may take any number of forms, for example, summation, averaging, weighted averaging, or any other appropriate algorithm or methodology for creating a single score from multiple scores. The new reputation score 2654 is sent back to the reputation database 2647 for storage and further use by the RMS 2650. For example, the service and its entity have sterling reputations, but are accessed via a network that has been vulnerable to attack recently (and thus has a lower reputation), the overall reputation of that data source in use would be reduced.
The access API 2660 provides a secure and RESTful service including handling entity accounts and all requests.
The reputation management 2740 and simulation and forecasting 2750 work together to provide end users confidence in their application of the data and modelling. The coastal state wants to leverage the data flow 2700 to inform its zoning laws and to provide regulators with a means of implementing stress tests. For example, the state has determined that flooding is a potential risk for most of its population and that soil moisture content and flood hazard mapping are vital data for its needs. Soil moisture refers to the amount of water in the earth in a given location, but also identifies impervious areas which are artificial structures that are covered by water resistant materials (e.g. asphalt). Soil moisture levels characterize the health of local soil and can also help identify areas where flood effects are more likely to occur. Recently, there have been, and will continue to be, increased levels of accuracy and detail for soil moisture estimation. The state has subscribed to soil moisture events, so whenever there is a new method for soil moisture estimation with improved data sets, that data will be automatically ingested, validated, and applied to the simulation and forecasting 2750. Additionally, the reputation score of the data source will change, and with it the state's confidence in the data source can be validated.
The system 2700 is configured to accept user and entity submitted data as well as scan for data sources that can provide more contextual data in regards to flood risks. These distributed data sources merge together to form a collaborative database that yield more pertinent information to all contributing parties. Scanned data sources may include the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) flood hazard maps and dam reservoir operating rules. The FEMA flood hazard maps indicate a large flood extent downstream of each dam. However, when dam reservoir condition data is considered, the FEMA maps present an obvious overestimation of the flood extent when reservoir operations are ignored. These conflicting data sets represent adversarial information, despite no malicious activity because their individual contributions lead to different data sets. The ability to track the provenance of the data being used helps to merge these conflicting data sets to form a concrete view on flood risk. This provides the state with confidence that the data used for forecasting is reputable, real-time relevant, and useful for shaping policy and regulations.
The external data sources 2820 used in the marketplace system include databases that provide context for industry related scoring. For example, the Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) corporate information database 2821 provides data for entity scores and ratings regarding credit information. The National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) database 2822 contains entity scores related to cybersecurity configuration and vulnerability management. As another example, the Advisen database 2823 could be incorporated to provide cyber loss data to provide a historical view of cyber events.
The internal data sources 2830 include, but are not limited to customer submitted data 2831, cyber telematics data 2832, and the cyber enrichment service tables 2640,
The cyber score 2840 may be comprehensive in that it uses all available data (e.g., reputation, value, urgency, etc.) to generate a holistic cyber score for a company. The cyber score 2840 can also be specific to an aspect of the overall data, for example a cyber score can be generated relating to cybersecurity of credit institutions, information services, etc. The cyber score 2840 is made available via the cyber open market exchange 2850 which facilitates the dynamic market-driven reallocation of roles between entities and market participants. The market participants include, but is not limited to underwriters 2860, insurance carriers 2870, banks 2880, and capital funds 2890. The market participants can access the cyber open market exchange 2850 to view real-time relevant entity cyber scores that can be used to inform underwriting tasks, set insurance policy rate and coverage limits, give banks better insight into the risks involved with lending, and provide accurate up to date information to capital markets for investing purposes. The decisions made by the market participants based off of their interaction with the cyber open market exchange 2850 are added to the industry leading external data sources 2820 which can be included again in the generation of an updated cyber score 2840.
Hardware Architecture
Generally, the techniques disclosed herein may be implemented on hardware or a combination of software and hardware. For example, they may be implemented in an operating system kernel, in a separate user process, in a library package bound into network applications, on a specially constructed machine, on an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or on a network interface card.
Software/hardware hybrid implementations of at least some of the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented on a programmable network-resident machine (which should be understood to include intermittently connected network-aware machines) selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in memory. Such network devices may have multiple network interfaces that may be configured or designed to utilize different types of network communication protocols. A general architecture for some of these machines may be described herein in order to illustrate one or more exemplary means by which a given unit of functionality may be implemented. According to specific aspects, at least some of the features or functionalities of the various aspects disclosed herein may be implemented on one or more general-purpose computers associated with one or more networks, such as for example an end-user computer system, a client computer, a network server or other server system, a mobile computing device (e.g., tablet computing device, mobile phone, smartphone, laptop, or other appropriate computing device), a consumer electronic device, a music player, or any other suitable electronic device, router, switch, or other suitable device, or any combination thereof. In at least some aspects, at least some of the features or functionalities of the various aspects disclosed herein may be implemented in one or more virtualized computing environments (e.g., network computing clouds, virtual machines hosted on one or more physical computing machines, or other appropriate virtual environments).
Referring now to
In one aspect, computing device 10 includes one or more central processing units (CPU) 12, one or more interfaces 15, and one or more busses 14 (such as a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus). When acting under the control of appropriate software or firmware, CPU 12 may be responsible for implementing specific functions associated with the functions of a specifically configured computing device or machine. For example, in at least one aspect, a computing device 10 may be configured or designed to function as a server system utilizing CPU 12, local memory 11 and/or remote memory 16, and interface(s) 15. In at least one aspect, CPU 12 may be caused to perform one or more of the different types of functions and/or operations under the control of software modules or components, which for example, may include an operating system and any appropriate applications software, drivers, and the like.
CPU 12 may include one or more processors 13 such as, for example, a processor from one of the Intel, ARM, Qualcomm, and AMD families of microprocessors. In some aspects, processors 13 may include specially designed hardware such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and so forth, for controlling operations of computing device 10. In a particular aspect, a local memory 11 (such as non-volatile random access memory (RAM) and/or read-only memory (ROM), including for example one or more levels of cached memory) may also form part of CPU 12. However, there are many different ways in which memory may be coupled to system 10. Memory 11 may be used for a variety of purposes such as, for example, caching and/or storing data, programming instructions, and the like. It should be further appreciated that CPU 12 may be one of a variety of system-on-a-chip (SOC) type hardware that may include additional hardware such as memory or graphics processing chips, such as a QUALCOMM SNAPDRAGON™ or SAMSUNG EXYNOS™ CPU as are becoming increasingly common in the art, such as for use in mobile devices or integrated devices.
As used herein, the term “processor” is not limited merely to those integrated circuits referred to in the art as a processor, a mobile processor, or a microprocessor, but broadly refers to a microcontroller, a microcomputer, a programmable logic controller, an application-specific integrated circuit, and any other programmable circuit.
In one aspect, interfaces 15 are provided as network interface cards (NICs). Generally, NICs control the sending and receiving of data packets over a computer network; other types of interfaces 15 may for example support other peripherals used with computing device 10. Among the interfaces that may be provided are Ethernet interfaces, frame relay interfaces, cable interfaces, DSL interfaces, token ring interfaces, graphics interfaces, and the like. In addition, various types of interfaces may be provided such as, for example, universal serial bus (USB), Serial, Ethernet, FIREWIRE™, THUNDERBOLT™, PCI, parallel, radio frequency (RF), BLUETOOTH™, near-field communications (e.g., using near-field magnetics), 802.11 (WiFi), frame relay, TCP/IP, ISDN, fast Ethernet interfaces, Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, Serial ATA (SATA) or external SATA (ESATA) interfaces, high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI), digital visual interface (DVI), analog or digital audio interfaces, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) interfaces, high-speed serial interface (HSSI) interfaces, Point of Sale (POS) interfaces, fiber data distributed interfaces (FDDIs), and the like. Generally, such interfaces 15 may include physical ports appropriate for communication with appropriate media. In some cases, they may also include an independent processor (such as a dedicated audio or video processor, as is common in the art for high-fidelity A/V hardware interfaces) and, in some instances, volatile and/or non-volatile memory (e.g., RAM).
Although the system shown in
Regardless of network device configuration, the system of an aspect may employ one or more memories or memory modules (such as, for example, remote memory block 16 and local memory 11) configured to store data, program instructions for the general-purpose network operations, or other information relating to the functionality of the aspects described herein (or any combinations of the above). Program instructions may control execution of or comprise an operating system and/or one or more applications, for example. Memory 16 or memories 11, 16 may also be configured to store data structures, configuration data, encryption data, historical system operations information, or any other specific or generic non-program information described herein.
Because such information and program instructions may be employed to implement one or more systems or methods described herein, at least some network device aspects may include nontransitory machine-readable storage media, which, for example, may be configured or designed to store program instructions, state information, and the like for performing various operations described herein. Examples of such nontransitory machine-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical media such as CD-ROM disks; magneto-optical media such as optical disks, and hardware devices that are specially configured to store and perform program instructions, such as read-only memory devices (ROM), flash memory (as is common in mobile devices and integrated systems), solid state drives (SSD) and “hybrid SSD” storage drives that may combine physical components of solid state and hard disk drives in a single hardware device (as are becoming increasingly common in the art with regard to personal computers), memristor memory, random access memory (RAM), and the like. It should be appreciated that such storage means may be integral and non-removable (such as RAM hardware modules that may be soldered onto a motherboard or otherwise integrated into an electronic device), or they may be removable such as swappable flash memory modules (such as “thumb drives” or other removable media designed for rapidly exchanging physical storage devices), “hot-swappable” hard disk drives or solid state drives, removable optical storage discs, or other such removable media, and that such integral and removable storage media may be utilized interchangeably. Examples of program instructions include both object code, such as may be produced by a compiler, machine code, such as may be produced by an assembler or a linker, byte code, such as may be generated by for example a JAVA™ compiler and may be executed using a Java virtual machine or equivalent, or files containing higher level code that may be executed by the computer using an interpreter (for example, scripts written in Python, Perl, Ruby, Groovy, or any other scripting language).
In some aspects, systems may be implemented on a standalone computing system. Referring now to
In some aspects, systems may be implemented on a distributed computing network, such as one having any number of clients and/or servers. Referring now to
In addition, in some aspects, servers 32 may call external services 37 when needed to obtain additional information, or to refer to additional data concerning a particular call. Communications with external services 37 may take place, for example, via one or more networks 31. In various aspects, external services 37 may comprise web-enabled services or functionality related to or installed on the hardware device itself. For example, in one aspect where client applications 24 are implemented on a smartphone or other electronic device, client applications 24 may obtain information stored in a server system 32 in the cloud or on an external service 37 deployed on one or more of a particular enterprise's or user's premises. In addition to local storage on servers 32, remote storage 38 may be accessible through the network(s) 31.
In some aspects, clients 33 or servers 32 (or both) may make use of one or more specialized services or appliances that may be deployed locally or remotely across one or more networks 31. For example, one or more databases 34 in either local or remote storage 38 may be used or referred to by one or more aspects. It should be understood by one having ordinary skill in the art that databases in storage 34 may be arranged in a wide variety of architectures and using a wide variety of data access and manipulation means. For example, in various aspects one or more databases in storage 34 may comprise a relational database system using a structured query language (SQL), while others may comprise an alternative data storage technology such as those referred to in the art as “NoSQL” (for example, HADOOP CASSANDRA™, GOOGLE BIGTABLE™, and so forth). In some aspects, variant database architectures such as column-oriented databases, in-memory databases, clustered databases, distributed databases, or even flat file data repositories may be used according to the aspect. It will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that any combination of known or future database technologies may be used as appropriate, unless a specific database technology or a specific arrangement of components is specified for a particular aspect described herein. Moreover, it should be appreciated that the term “database” as used herein may refer to a physical database machine, a cluster of machines acting as a single database system, or a logical database within an overall database management system. Unless a specific meaning is specified for a given use of the term “database”, it should be construed to mean any of these senses of the word, all of which are understood as a plain meaning of the term “database” by those having ordinary skill in the art.
Similarly, some aspects may make use of one or more security systems 36 and configuration systems 35. Security and configuration management are common information technology (IT) and web functions, and some amount of each are generally associated with any IT or web systems. It should be understood by one having ordinary skill in the art that any configuration or security subsystems known in the art now or in the future may be used in conjunction with aspects without limitation, unless a specific security 36 or configuration system 35 or approach is specifically required by the description of any specific aspect.
In various aspects, functionality for implementing systems or methods of various aspects may be distributed among any number of client and/or server components. For example, various software modules may be implemented for performing various functions in connection with the system of any particular aspect, and such modules may be variously implemented to run on server and/or client components.
The skilled person will be aware of a range of possible modifications of the various aspects described above. Accordingly, the present invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents.
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