Patent Application
20120128788
The present invention relates to a collagen production enhancer, specifically a collagen production enhancer for stimulating fibroblast present in dermic layer of skin.
Collagen is present in almost every organ of a human. In particular, it is known that about 70% of dry mass of dermis is collagen. It is also known that collagen is useful for maintaining functions such as elasticity, flexibility, or moisture retention property of skin and also has an influence on maintaining cell morphology in normal state as well as metabolism, adhesion, or the like.
Skin is constantly exposed to an outside environment, and with a loss of resilience or vibrance according to aging, aging phenomena such as wrinkles or saggings occurs. It is believed that such phenomena are caused by a decreasing amount of collagen present in skin according to aging process. To eliminate wrinkles or saggings, various collagen production enhancers wherein a material having an activity of promoting collagen production are reported (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2008-260747).
Conventionally, it is known that collagen is produced by fibroblast present in dermis and the enhancer promotes the production of collagen by fibroblast.
An object of the invention is to provide a novel collagen production enhancer for increasing the amount of collagen contained in skin tissues.
Invention (1) is directed to a collagen production enhancer characterized by containing calcium phosphate fine particles as effective ingredients.
Invention (2) is directed to the collagen production enhancer of the Invention (1) above, wherein the calcium phosphate fine particles are hydroxyapatite fine particles.
Invention (3) is directed to the collagen production enhancer of the Invention (1) or (2) above, wherein the average particle diameter of the calcium phosphate fine particles is 10 to 1,000 nm.
Invention (4) is directed to the collagen production enhancer of any one of the Inventions (1) to (3) above, wherein the calcium phosphate fine particles are a sintered body.
Invention (5) is directed to the collagen production enhancer of the Invention (4) above, wherein the sintered body is produced by a method including,
a mixing step in which primary particles containing calcium phosphate are mixed with a fusion preventive agent and,
a sintering step in which the mixed particles obtained from the mixing step are exposed to sintering temperature.
Invention (6) is directed to the collagen production enhancer of any one of the Inventions (1) to (5) above, wherein it contains at least one material selected from a group consisting of alcohols, sugars, proteins, amino acids, water soluble vitamins, fat soluble vitamins, lipids, mucosaccharides, and surface active agents.
Invention (1) exhibits an effect of enhancing collagen production via action on fibroblast. It also exhibits an effect of ameliorating aging phenomena such as wrinkles and saggings and reconstructing damaged collagen fibers in tissues to convert them into normal tissues.
According to Invention (2), an effect of enhancing collagen production via action on fibroblast is exhibited.
According to Invention (3), the average particle diameter of calcium phosphate fine particles is very small, and therefore an effect of ameliorating skin texture exhibited by coating them on skin surface.
According to Invention (4), when a sintered body is used, an effect of significantly increasing collagen production amount is exhibited.
According to Invention (5), calcium phosphate fine particles are maintained in primary particle state as they are not fused to each other even by sintering, thus a sintered body can be obtained while maintaining the particles in the small size, and therefore a strong effect of enhancing collagen production is exhibited.
According to Invention (6), an effect of promoting rapid penetration into dermis, and an astringent, moisturizing, and anti-inflammatory effect are exhibited by containing the materials described above.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.
The collagen production enhancer according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention contains calcium phosphate fine particles. As an optional component, it may preferably contains alcohols, sugars, proteins, amino acids, water soluble vitamins, fat soluble vitamins, lipids, mucosaccharides, and surface active agents. Examples of the calcium phosphate fine particles according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention include hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), fluoro apatite (Ca10(PO4)6F2), Ca10(PO4)6Cl2 or the like. Further, in calcium phosphate, a compound in which part of the calcium ions and/or hydroxy ions and/or phosphate ions is substituted with strontium ions, barium ions, sodium ions, bicarbonate ions, carbonate ions, fluoride ions, or chloride ions, or tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), calcium metaphosphate (Ca(PO3)2), and calcium octaphosphate (OCP) may be included. Of these exemplified, hydroxyapatite is preferable. In addition, on surface of the calcium phosphate particles (particles of calcium phosphate) according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is preferably present. It is appropriate that Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is present on surface of calcium phosphate and it may be contained in an amount of 0.1% by weight or so relative to the total amount of calcium phosphate. More preferably, it is contained in an amount of 50% by weight or more. Further, the calcium phosphate fine particles may contain tricalcium phosphate or the like which is generated by sintering amorphous hydroxyapatite as described below. The calcium phosphate according to the embodiment of the invention is excellent in biocompatibility with living tissues and stability in an environment of living body.
Average particle size diameter of the calcium phosphate fine particles according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention is preferably 10 to 1,000 nm, more preferably 20 to 300 nm, and still more preferably 20 to 250 nm. By having the particle size within this range, the fine particles can penetrate a dermic layer from skin surface so that, even for a preparation for external use such as skin cosmetics, the calcium phosphate fine particles exhibit their effect on fibroblast contained in dermic layer to exhibit the function of enhancing collagen production. In particular, by having the size of 20 to 250 nm, an effect of easier penetration from skin surface into dermic layer can be easily exhibited as a gap between epidermal cells is 250 nm or so. The variation coefficient is preferably 20% or less, more preferably 18% or less, and still more preferably 15% or less. Further, the average particle diameter and variation coefficient can be calculated by measuring the particle diameter of at least 100 primary particles using an electron microscope. The “variation coefficient” is a value indicating heterogeneity of particle diameter among the particles, which is calculated as follows: standard deviation÷average particle diameter×(100%). Shape of the calcium phosphate fine particles is not specifically limited, and examples thereof include a particle shape and a rod shape. In addition, when it has a rod shape, the average particle diameter is measured along the long axis diameter of the particle.
The calcium phosphate fine particles according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention is preferably a sintered body of calcium phosphate obtained by sintering (calcination) of calcium phosphate (also referred to as calcium phosphate ceramic). In particular, a sintered body obtained by dispersion calcination described below is preferable. By using a sintered body of calcium phosphate fine particles, an effect of significantly enhancing collagen production is exhibited compared to non-sintered particles. Further, the sintered body of calcium phosphate fine particles has higher crystallinity and lower solubility in a living body compared to amorphous calcium phosphate. Thus, bioactivity can be maintained in a living body for a long period of time, and therefore the effect of enhancing collagen production can be exhibited more easily for a long period of time. Sintered body of calcium phosphate particles is obtained by sintering amorphous calcium phosphate. Specifically, by carrying out sintering according to the method described below, a sintered body of calcium phosphate fine particles can be obtained, for example. It is also preferable to use highly crystalline calcium phosphate wherein the calcium phosphate fine particles have high crystallinity. The crystallinity degree of calcium phosphate can be measured by X ray diffraction (XRD). Specifically, the narrower the half width of a peak representing each crystal face, the higher the crystallinity is. As used herein, the term “highly crystalline” relating to the highly crystalline calcium phosphate of the invention indicates that the half width at d=2.814 is 0.8 or less (suitably 0.5 or less).
The collagen production enhancer according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention preferably contains alcohols, sugars, proteins, amino acids, water soluble vitamins, fat soluble vitamins, lipids, mucosaccharides, or surface active agents.
Examples of the alcohols include ethanol, glycerin and the like. By containing alcohols, dispersion stability of the calcium phosphate fine particles is improved and rapid penetration into a dermic layer is promoted. Further, cleansing, astringent, and moisturizing effects are also obtained. Examples of the sugars include hydrolyzed and hydrogenated starch, and the like. By containing the sugars, a moisturizing effect and an anti-inflammatory effect are improved. Examples of the proteins include collagen. By containing the proteins, a vehicle for calcium phosphate is provided to promote the delivery into a dermic layer. Examples of the amino acids include glutamic acid, alginic acid, sodium salts thereof, and the like. By containing the amino acids, collagen production can be enhanced. Examples of the water soluble vitamins include magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, and the like. By containing the water soluble vitamins, collagen production is enhanced and a synergistic effect with calcium phosphate is expected. Examples of the fat soluble vitamins include vitamin A. By containing the fat soluble vitamins, production of mucosaccharides is promoted to give moisture on skin. Examples of the lipids include ceramides and phospholipids. By containing the lipids, a moisturizing effect is obtained. Examples of the mucosaccharides include hyaluronic acid, and the like. By containing the mucosaccharides, a moisturizing effect is obtained. Examples of the surface active agent include polyethylene glycol and stearic acid derivatives. By containing the surface active agent, dispersability of fat soluble component such as fine particles and vitamin A is improved.
The calcium phosphate fine particles according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention are, although not being specifically limited, useful to be added to a cosmetic, a preparation for orthopedics, or a preparation for dentistry. The type of cosmetics is not specifically limited, and specific examples thereof include facial washing agent, skin lotion, beauty essence, ointment, cream, emulsion, lotion, facial mask, rouge, bath additive, and the like. The addition amount of the calcium phosphate fine particles in the cosmetic according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention can be suitably adjusted according to the type of cosmetic or physiological activity of an extract, etc. It is preferably 0.01 to 30% by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 15% by mass, and still more preferably 0.1 to 10% by mass. The addition amount of the alcohols is not specifically limited, but it is preferably 0.01 to 70% by mass, more preferably 0.01 to 50% by mass, and still more preferably 0.01 to 30% by mass. The addition amount of the sugars is not specifically limited, but it is preferably 0.01 to 70% by mass, more preferably 0.01 to 50% by mass, and still more preferably 0.01 to 30% by mass. The addition amount of the proteins is not specifically limited, but it is preferably 0.01 to 30% by mass, more preferably 0.01 to 20% by mass, and still more preferably 0.01 to 10% by mass. The addition amount of the amino acids is not specifically limited, but it is preferably 0.01 to 30% by mass, more preferably 0.01 to 20% by mass, and still more preferably 0.01 to 10% by mass. The addition amount of the water soluble vitamins is not specifically limited, but it is preferably 0.001 to 30% by mass, more preferably 0.001 to 20% by mass, and still more preferably 0.001 to 10% by mass. The addition amount of the fat soluble vitamins is not specifically limited, but it is preferably 0.001 to 30% by mass, more preferably 0.001 to 20% by mass, and still more preferably 0.001 to 10% by mass. The addition amount of the lipids is not specifically limited, but it is preferably 0.001 to 30% by mass, more preferably 0.001 to 20% by mass, and still more preferably 0.001 to 10% by mass. The addition amount of the mucosaccharides is not specifically limited, but it is preferably 0.01 to 70% by mass, more preferably 0.01 to 50% by mass, and still more preferably 0.01 to 30% by mass. The addition amount of the surface active agents is not specifically limited, but it is preferably 0.001 to 30% by mass, more preferably 0.001 to 20% by mass, and still more preferably 0.001 to 10% by mass.
The cosmetic according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention may use various principle components and aiding components, and other optional aiding components that are generally used for production of cosmetics, as long as the activity of enhancing collagen production by calcium phosphate fine particles is not impeded by them. According to the cosmetic according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention, examples of the components that can be used, along with the calcium phosphate fine particles, as a constitutional component of a cosmetic include additives that are well known in the art. Specific examples include an astringent, a bactericidal •anti-microbial agent, a whitening agent, a UV absorbing agent, a moisturizing agent, a cell revitalizing agent, an anti-inflammatory •anti-allergic agent, an anti-oxidizing •active oxygen scavenging agent, and the like. Further, when a cosmetic is to be produced, choice of other raw production materials is hardly limited. Any common base materials or auxiliaries, which include fats and oils, waxes, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, alcohols, esters, surface active agent, fragrances, and the like, can be used.
Further, as a preparation for orthopedics, a soft tissue filling agent or the like which is injected to a hole in skin caused by wound or the like to regenerate a defective area by utilizing his own tissue can be mentioned. As a preparation for dentistry, a gum fixing agent or the like which is applied to an area with a gap, that is formed after performing an implant treatment or the like, to help better fixing of a base material or a tooth or the like can be mentioned.
Next, the method for production of the calcium phosphate fine particles according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention is explained. The calcium phosphate fine particles may be artificially synthesized by a known production method such as a wet method, a dry method, a hydrolysis method, and a hydrothermal method, or it may be originated from natural product such as bone and teeth. Further, calcium phosphate particles having a large particle diameter are prepared and then pulverized by a method well known in the field.
The calcium phosphate fine particles are preferably obtained by sintering amorphous calcium phosphate. The lower limit for sintering temperature is 500° C. or more. When the sintering temperature is less than 500° C., sufficient sintering may not be obtained. Meanwhile, the upper limit for sintering temperature is preferably 1800° C. or less, more preferably 1250° C. or less, and still more preferably 1200° C. or less. When the sintering temperature is higher than 1800° C., calcium phosphate may be decomposed. Thus, by having the sintering temperature within the range above, calcium phosphate hardly soluble in a living body (i.e. highly crystalline) can be produced. The sintering time is not specifically limited, and it can be suitably selected. Further, although there can be a case in which particles are fused to each other by sintering, it is possible to use the sintered particles after pulverizing them.
The calcium phosphate fine particles according to the preferred embodiment of the invention are particularly preferably produced by the method described below. Specifically, the method for producing the calcium phosphate fine particles according to the preferred embodiment of the invention is suitably a method including dispersion calcination (sintering) which consists of, at least, a mixing process and a sintering process. As the particle diameter of the primary particles is faithfully reflected on the fine particles obtained by dispersion calcination, particles having the average particle diameter within the range described above can be easily produced. Further, the production method according to the preferred embodiment of the invention may contain a process of producing primary particles and a removal process. These processes are performed, for example, in an order of a process for producing primary particles, a mixing process, a calcination process, and a removal process.
The process for producing primary particles is not specifically limited, as long as it is a process enabling the production of calcium phosphate fine particles. It can be suitably selected and used depending on raw materials of highly crystalline calcium phosphate fine particles. For example, when phosphoric acid is added dropwise to a slurry of calcium hydroxide at room temperature, particles of calcium phosphate (CaP) precipitate.
A method for production of primary particle group having homogeneous particle diameter (i.e. narrow particle size distribution) and fine particle size (i.e. nanometer size) as in the calcium phosphate fine particles according to the preferred embodiment of the invention is not specifically limited, and a method disclosed in the JP-A No. 2002-137910 can be used, for example. Specifically, a calcium solution and a phosphoric acid solution are solubilized and mixed in an emulsion phase containing surface active agent/water/oil and are allowed to react at a temperature above the cloud point of the surface active agent, and therefore calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) fine particles (primary particles) can be synthesized. In addition, by modifying the functional groups and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity ratio in the surface active agent, size of the calcium phosphate fine particles can be controlled.
Simple explanation of the principles for producing the calcium phosphate fine particles is as follows. According to a method in which a calcium solution and a phosphoric acid solution are solubilized and mixed in an emulsion phase containing surface active agent/water/oil and are allowed to react for the synthesis of calcium phosphate fine particles, nucleus of calcium phosphate and particles grow in micelles of a surface active agent. At that time, by modifying the reaction temperature (when the surface active agent is a non-ionic surface active agent, it is above the cloud point of the surface active agent), thermodynamic stability of the micelles can be controlled. In other words, increasing the reaction temperature represents reducing the force for forming micelles of the surface active agent. Accordingly, it is believed that a driving force for particle growth of the calcium phosphate, which has been limited within the boundary of the micelles, becomes higher than the driving force to maintain the boundary of the micelles. Thus, by utilizing this mechanism, it is possible to control the shape of the particles.
When micelles of a surface active agent are produced, functional groups (hydrophilic moiety) of the surface active agent and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity ratio in the molecule are important. According to a difference in them, stability and cloud point of the micelles may also vary. The cloud point of a surface active agent varies depending on the type of surface active agent. As such, by appropriately modifying the type of surface active agent, functional groups of the surface active agent and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity ratio can be varied, and therefore it is possible to control the size of the calcium phosphate fine particles.
The type of surface active agent that is used for the method described above is not specifically limited, and it may be appropriately selected from other kinds of known anionic, cationic, amphoteric ionic, and non-ionic surface active agents disclosed in JP-A No. 5-17111 and used. Among them, the non-ionic surface active agent has a cloud point of a surface active agent, and therefore shape of the crystal can be easily controlled based on the mechanism described above. More specific examples of the non-ionic surface active agent that can be used include polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene aryl ether, polyoxyethylene alkylaryl ether, polyoxyethylene derivatives, oxyethylene •oxypropylene block copolymer, sorbitan fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitol fatty acid ester, glycerin fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene alkylamine, and the like. Examples of the cationic surface active agent that can be used include quaternary ammonium salts such as stearylamine hydrochloride, lauryl trimethyl ammonium chloride, and alkyl benzene dimethyl ammonium chloride, and the like. Examples of the anionic surface active agent that can be used include higher alcohol sulfuric acid ester salts such as sodium lauryl alcohol sulfate and sodium oleyl alcohol sulfate, alkyl sulfuric acid salts such as sodium lauryl sulfate and ammonium lauryl sulfate, alkylaryl sulfonic acid salts such as sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and sodium dodecyl naphthalene sulfonate, and the like. Examples of the amphoteric surface active agent that can be used include alkyl betaine type, alkyl amide betaine type, amine oxide type, and the like. The surface active agent may be used either singly or in combination of two or more. Among them, from the viewpoint of cloud point and solubility, it is particularly preferable to use pentaethylene glycol dodecyl ether.
Examples of the oil phase that can be used for the method described above include hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, hexane, dodecane, and cyclohexane, halogenated hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzene and chloroform, ethers such as diethyl ether, alcohols such as butanol, ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone and cyclohexanone, and the like. To have low solubility in water depending on the type of surface active agent used and to dissolve any one of the surface active agents, the solvent may be selected either singly or in combination of two or more. Among them, from the viewpoint of solubility in water and solubility of a surface active agent, it is particularly preferable to use dodecane. The reaction temperature, reaction time, and addition amount of reacting materials, or the like can be selected according to an optimum condition determined by the composition of the primary particles, and used. However, as the reaction is an aqueous solution reaction, the upper limit of the reaction temperature is preferably a temperature at which the solution does not boil. Preferably, it is 90° C. or less.
The present process may also include a process of washing the produced primary particles with water or the like and a process of recovering the primary particles by centrifuge, filtration, or the like.
The mixing process is a process for mixing the primary particles and a fusion preventive agent. By incorporating in advance a fusion preventive agent between the particles of the primary particle group that are obtained by the process for producing primary particles, fusion among the primary particles during the following sintering process can be prevented. In addition, the mixture of the primary particles obtained by the mixing process and a fusion preventive agent is referred to as “mixed particles.”
As used herein, the “fusion preventive agent” is not specifically limited as long as it can prevent the fusion among primary particles. However, an agent which is not volatile at the sintering temperature of the following sintering process is preferable. As being non-volatile at sintering temperature condition, it is not lost among the primary particles during sintering process and the fusion among the primary particles is surely prevented. However, it is not necessary to have 100% non-volatility at the sintering temperature. Instead, non-volatility allowing presence of 10% or more within the primary particles after completion of the sintering process is acceptable. Further, the fusion preventive agent may be chemically decomposed by heat after completion of the sintering process. In other words, as long as it remains after completion of the sintering process, it is not necessary to be the same substance (compound) before and after the sintering process.
It is preferable that the fusion preventive agent is soluble in a solvent, in particular an aqueous solvent. When a fusion preventive agent which can be dissolved in a solvent is used as a fusion preventive agent, the fusion preventive agent (e.g. calcium carbonate and the like) can be removed only by suspending the calcium phosphate fine particles in an aqueous solvent such as pure water. In particular, a fusion preventive agent which can be dissolved in an aqueous solvent does not need any organic solvent for removing the fusion preventive agent. Thus, facilities and treatment of organic solvent waste liquid, that are resulted from the use of an organic solvent during removal process, are unnecessary. Therefore, it can be said that the fusion preventive agent can be removed more conveniently from the calcium phosphate fine particles. Examples of the solvent include, although not being specifically limited, an aqueous solvent such as water, ethanol and methanol, and examples of the organic solvent include acetone, toluene, and the like.
Further, to increase the solubility of a fusion preventive agent in water, the aqueous solvent may contain a chelate compound such as oxalate, ethylene diamine, bipyridine, and ethylene diamine tetraacetate. Still further, to increase the solubility of a fusion preventive agent in water, the aqueous solvent may contain an electrolyte ion such as sodium chloride, ammonium nitrate, and potassium carbonate.
Higher solubility of the fusion preventive agent in solvent is preferable because the removal efficiency increases in accordance with the solubility. The preferred solubility is 0.01 g or more when the solubility represents the amount (g) of solute in 100 g of a solvent. More preferably, it is 1 g or more. Most preferably, it is 10 g or more.
Specific examples of the fusion preventive agent include calcium salts (or complexes) such as calcium chloride, calcium oxide, calcium sulfate, calcium nitrate, calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium acetate and calcium citrate, potassium salts such as potassium chloride, potassium oxide, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, potassium phosphate, and sodium salts such as sodium chloride, sodium oxide, sodium sulfate, sodium nitrate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and sodium phosphate, and the like.
Further, the method of mixing the primary particles with a fusion preventive agent during the mixing process is not specifically limited. A method of mixing the solid primary particles with a solid fusion preventive agent and further mixing them using a blender can be used. A method of dispersing the primary particles in a solution of a fusion preventive agent can be carried out. However, since homogenous mixing of a solid with other solid is rather difficult to achieve, it can be said the latter is a preferable method to insert surely and evenly the fusion preventive agent between the primary particles. When the latter method is adopted, it is preferable that a solution of fusion preventive agent in which the primary particles are dispersed is prepared in a dried state, because a homogenous mixed state of the primary particles and the fusion preventive agent can be maintained for a long period of time by it. According to the Examples described below, 0.5 g of the hydroxyapatite (HAp) primary particles is dispersed in a saturated aqueous solution of calcium carbonate and dried at 80° C. to obtain the mixed particles.
Further, the mixing process may be a process for adding metal salts (alkali metal salts and/or alkali earth metal salts and/or transition metal salts) by mixing a solution containing a polymer compound having any one of a carboxyl group, a sulfuric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphonic acid group, and an amino group in a side chain, or salts thereof with the primary particles. By having this process, the polymer compound is adsorbed on the surface of calcium phosphate {hydroxyapatite (HAp)} to completely block a contact among calcium phosphate {hydroxyapatite (HAp)} during a process of mixing a fusion preventive agent. Further, by adding calcium salts after that, it is possible to ensure precipitation of a fusion preventive agent on the surface of calcium phosphate {hydroxyapatite (HAp)}. Herein below, a polymer compound having any one of a carboxyl group, a sulfuric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphonic acid group, and an amino group in a side chain, or salts thereof is simply referred to as a “polymer compound.”
The polymer compound is not specifically limited as long as it is a compound having any one of a carboxyl group, a sulfuric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphonic acid group, and an amino group in a side chain, or salts thereof. Examples of a polymer compound having a carboxyl group in a side chain include polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, sodium polyacrylate, sodium polymethacrylate, carboxymethyl cellulose, a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, and the like. Examples of a polymer compound having a sulfuric acid group in a side chain include polyacrylic acid alkyl sulfate, polymethacrylic acid alkyl sulfate, polystyrene sulfuric acid, and the like. Examples of a polymer compound having a sulfonic acid group in a side chain include polyacrylic acid alkyl sulfonate, polymethacrylic acid alkyl sulfonate, polystyrene sulfonic acid, and the like. Examples of a polymer compound having a phosphoric acid group in a side chain include polyacrylic acid alkyl phosphate, polymethacrylic acid alkyl phosphate, polystyrene phosphoric acid, polyacryloyl amino methyl phosphoric acid, and the like. Examples of a polymer compound having a phosphonic acid group in a side chain include polyacrylic acid alkyl phosphonate, polymethacrylic acid alkyl phosphonate, polystyrene phosphonic acid, poly acryloyl amino methyl phosphonic acid, polyvinyl alkyl phosphonic acid, and the like. Examples of a polymer compound having an amino group in a side chain include polyacrylamide, polyvinyl amine, polymethacrylic acid aminoalkyl ester, polyaminostyrene, a polypeptide, a protein, and the like. For the mixing process, any one kind of the polymer compounds above can be used. However, a mixture containing plural kinds of the polymer compound can be also used.
Molecular weight of the polymer compound is not specifically limited. Preferably it is between 100 g/mol and 1,000,000 g/mol. More preferably, it is between 500 g/mol and 500,000 g/mol. Most preferably, it is between 1,000 g/mol and 300,000 g/mol. When it is less than the range, introduction ratio to the primary particles is low so that the ratio of inhibiting contact among the primary particles is lowered. On the other hand, when the ratio is above the range, it is undesirable that operability is deteriorated as follows: the solubility of the polymer compound is reduced and the viscosity of the solution containing the polymer compound is increased.
The solution containing the polymer compound is preferably an aqueous solution, because the sintered particles of calcium phosphate {hydroxyapatite (HAp)} are dissolved under a strongly acidic condition. Further, pH of the aqueous solution containing the polymer compound is not specifically limited, as long as it has pH of 5 to 14 and HAp particles are insoluble therein. pH of the aqueous solution containing the polymer compound can be adjusted with an aqueous solution of ammonia, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or the like after dissolving the polymer compound in pure water, ion-exchange water, or the like.
Concentration of the polymer compound contained in the aqueous solution is preferably 0.001% w/v or more and 50% w/v or less, more preferably 0.005% w/v or more and 30% w/v or less, and still more preferably 0.01% w/v or more and 10% w/v or less. When it is less than the range, introduction amount to the primary particles is low so that the ratio of inhibiting contact among the primary particles is lowered. On the other hand, when the ratio is above the range, it is undesirable that operability is deteriorated as follows: the solubility of the polymer compound is reduced and the viscosity of the solution containing the polymer compound is increased.
According to the mixing process of the invention, the solution containing the polymer compound and the primary particles are admixed with each other. The mixing can be carried out, for example, by adding the primary particles to the solution and dispersing the primary particles via stiffing treatment or the like. According to the treatment, surface of the primary particles are adsorbed with the polymer compound according to the method for producing calcium phosphate of the invention, and as a result, any one of a carboxyl group, a sulfuric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphonic acid group, an amino group, or salts thereof can be added to the surface of the primary particles. In this case, a carboxyl group, a sulfuric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphonic acid group, or an amino group is present in an ion state in the solution.
Next, by further adding metal salts (alkali metal salts and/or alkali earth metal salts and/or transition metal salts) to a solution obtained by mixing a solution containing the polymer compound with the primary particles, the metal ions (alkali metal ions and/or alkali earth metal ions and/or transition metal ions) bind to a carboxylic acid ion, a sulfuric acid ion, a sulfonic acid ion, a phosphoric acid ion, a phosphonic acid ion, or an amino ion that are present on the surface of the primary particles to yield a carboxylate, a sulfate, a sulfonate, a phosphate, a phosphonate, and an amino acid salt on the surface of the primary particles. A carboxylate, a sulfate, a sulfonate, a phosphate, a phosphonate, or an amino acid salt of the metal (alkali metal and/or alkali earth metal and/or transition metal) function as the fusion preventive agent explained above. Thus, the primary particles having a surface on which a carboxylate, a sulfate, a sulfonate, a phosphate, a phosphonate, or an amino acid salt of the metal (alkali metal and/or alkali earth metal and/or transition metal) is formed are so-called “mixed particles.” In addition, as the carboxylate, sulfate, sulfonate, phosphate, phosphonate, and amino acid salt of the metal (alkali metal and/or alkali earth metal and/or transition metal) precipitate, the precipitates are recovered, dried, and can be subjected to the sintering process that is explained below. The drying can be carried out according to a method performed under heating (preferably between 0° C. and 200° C., more preferably between 20° C. and 150° C., and most preferably between 40° C. and 120° C.) and reduced pressure (preferably between 1×105 Pa and 1×10−5 Pa, more preferably between 1×103 Pa and 1×10−3 Pa, and most preferably between 1×102 Pa and 1×10−2 Pa). In addition, although the drying under reduced pressure is preferable as the drying temperature can be lowered, it can be also carried out under atmospheric pressure.
Examples of the alkali metal salts that can be used include, although not specifically limited, sodium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, sodium chlorite, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, sodium iodate, sodium oxide, sodium peroxide, sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, sodium selenate, sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate, sodium phosphide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium chloride, potassium hypochlorite, potassium chlorite, potassium bromide, potassium iodide, potassium iodate, potassium oxide, potassium peroxide, potassium sulfate, potassium thiosulfate, potassium selenate, potassium nitrite, potassium nitrate, potassium phosphide, potassium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, and the like.
Further, examples of the alkali earth metal salts that can be used include magnesium chloride, magnesium hypochlorite, magnesium chlorite, magnesium bromide, magnesium iodide, magnesium iodate, magnesium oxide, magnesium peroxide, magnesium sulfate, magnesium thiosulfate, magnesium selenate, magnesium nitrite, magnesium nitrate, magnesium phosphide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, calcium chloride, calcium hypochlorite, calcium chlorite, calcium bromide, calcium iodide, calcium iodate, calcium oxide, calcium peroxide, calcium sulfate, calcium thiosulfate, calcium selenate, calcium nitrite, calcium nitrate, calcium phosphide, calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, and the like.
Further, examples of the transition metal salts that can be used include zinc chloride, zinc hypochlorite, zinc chlorite, zinc bromide, zinc iodide, zinc iodate, zinc oxide, zinc peroxide, zinc sulfate, zinc thiosulfate, zinc selenate, zinc nitrite, zinc nitrate, zinc phosphide, zinc carbonate, zinc hydroxide, iron chloride, iron hypochlorite, iron chlorite, iron bromide, iron iodide, iron iodate, iron oxide, iron peroxide, iron sulfate, iron thiosulfate, iron selenate, iron nitrite, iron nitrate, iron phosphide, iron carbonate, and iron hydroxide. A nickel compound can be also used.
The metal salts (alkali metal salts and/or alkali earth metal salts and/or transition metal salts) that are added to a solution obtained by mixing a solution containing the polymer compound and the primary particles may be either a single type or a mixture of two or more types. Further, the metal salts (alkali metal salts and/or alkali earth metal salts and/or transition metal salts) in a solid state may be used. However, from the viewpoint of even addition and control of the addition concentration or the like, it is preferably added as an aqueous solution. Further, the addition amount (i.e. concentration) of the metal salts (alkali metal salts and/or alkali earth metal salts and/or transition metal salts) is not specifically limited as long as it allows the binding of a carboxylic acid ion, a sulfuric acid ion, a sulfonic acid ion, a phosphoric acid ion, a phosphonic acid ion, or an amino ion to form a carboxylate salt, a sulfate salt, a sulfonate salt, a phosphate salt, a phosphonate salt or an amino acid salt of the metal (alkali metal and/or alkali earth metal and/or transition metal). It can be selected after appropriate determination.
Further, when the carboxylate, sulfate, sulfonate, phosphate, phosphonate, or amino acid salt of the metal (alkali metal and/or alkali earth metal and/or transition metal) formed on the surface of the primary particles according to the process described above is subjected to thermal decomposition during the sintering process described below, metal (alkali metal and/or alkali earth metal and/or transition metal) oxides are generated. For example, when calcium polyacrylate is formed on the surface of primary particles, calcium oxide is generated by sintering process. Further, since the metal oxides (alkali metal oxides and/or alkali earth metal oxides (e.g. calcium oxide) and/or transition metal oxides) are water soluble, they can easily removed by the removal process described below.
Sodium polyacrylate is soluble in water, and therefore, as a fusion preventive agent, it can be used as it is in the mixing process. However, calcium polyacrylate is insoluble in water. Thus, it is preferable that only polyacrylic acid is adsorbed on the surface of the primary particles and then calcium salts or the like are added to precipitate the calcium polyacrylate on the surface of the primary particles. Further, when the primary particles are calcined at high temperature (about 300° C. or higher), the polymer compound is decomposed. Thus, it can be said that, for the compound to function as a fusion preventive agent even after calcination, it is preferable that the metal salts of the polymer compound are first precipitated on the surface of the primary particles. However, when the calcination (heat treatment) of the primary particles is carried out at the temperature at which the polymer compound does not decompose (i.e. not softens), it is unnecessary to precipitate particularly the metal salts of the polymer compound on the surface of the primary particles.
The sintering process is a process of exposing the mixed particles obtained from the mixing process to sintering temperature and obtaining the primary particles contained the mixed particles as highly crystalline phosphate fine particles (sintered body particles). As the fusion preventive agent is incorporated between the particles of the primary particles, the fusion among the primary particles can be prevented even when they are exposed at high temperature during sintering process.
The sintering temperature for the sintering process can be appropriately selected to achieve the hardness of the highly crystalline calcium phosphate fine particles at desired level. For example, it is preferably within the range of 100° C. to 1800° C., more preferably 150° C. to 1500° C., and most preferably 200° C. to 1200° C. Further, the sintering time can be appropriately selected in view of the desired hardness of the highly crystalline calcium phosphate fine particles. In the Examples described below, the sintering is carried out at 800° C. for 1 hour.
Further, the device used for the sintering process is not specifically limited. It can be used after appropriately selecting a commercially available sintering furnace depending on the production scale and the production condition, or the like.
The removal process is a process for removing the fusion preventive agent that are scattered between the highly crystalline calcium phosphate fine particles obtained from the sintering process.
Means and method for removal can be appropriately selected depending on the fusion preventive agent used in the mixing process. For example, when a fusion preventive agent having solvent solubility is used, only the fusion preventive agent can be dissolved and removed by using a solvent which does not dissolve calcium phosphate fine particles (non-dissolving) but dissolves the fusion preventive agent (dissolving). The solvent that to be used is not specifically limited, as long as it satisfies the requirements above, and it can be an aqueous solvent or an organic solvent. Examples of the aqueous solvent include water, ethanol and methanol. Examples of the organic solvent include acetone and toluene.
Further, to increase the solubility of a fusion preventive agent in water, the aqueous solvent may contain a chelate compound such as oxalate, ethylene diamine, bipyridine, and ethylene diamine tetraacetate. Still further, to increase the solubility of a fusion preventive agent in water, the aqueous solvent may contain an electrolyte ion such as sodium chloride, ammonium nitrate, and potassium carbonate.
However, from the viewpoint that, during the removal process, facilities corresponding to the use of an organic solvent and treatment of organic solvent waste liquid are unnecessary, safety for the production operation is high, an environmental risk is low, and the like, the solvent to be used is preferably an aqueous solvent.
Further, in case of particles of a sintered body of highly crystalline calcium phosphate {hydroxyapatite (HAp)}, particles of a sintered body of highly crystalline calcium phosphate {hydroxyapatite (HAp)} are dissolved under the condition with pH of 4.0 or less. Thus, it is preferable to carry out the removal process at pH of between 4.0 and 12.0.
Meanwhile, when the fusion preventive agent is removed by using a solvent, it is possible that calcium phosphate containing the fusion preventive agent obtained from the sintering process is suspended in a solvent, and then only the calcium phosphate particles are recovered by centrifuge. According to the method for producing calcium phosphate according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention, this step is not limited to a single operation. Rather, it may be performed two or more times. It can be said that the removal ratio of the fusion preventive agent from calcium phosphate is further increased by performing the above step two or more times. However, from the viewpoint that the production process is complicated, production cost is increased, and recovery ratio of calcium phosphate is lowered, it is not desirable to perform the step more than it is required. Thus, the number of repeating the step is appropriately selected in view of the target removal ratio of the fusion preventive agent.
The process may further contain a sizing process to obtain even particle diameter.
In addition to the above method of using a solvent to remove a fusion preventive agent, the fusion preventive agent can be removed by using a magnetic fusion preventive agent and a magnet. More specifically, a group of calcium phosphate particles (crude calcium phosphate particles) containing the fusion preventive agent obtained from the sintering process are suspended and dispersed in a suitable solvent (e.g. water or the like), magnetic force is applied to the suspension to adsorb only the fusion preventive agent on the magnet, and non-adsorbed calcium particles are selectively recovered. In addition, it is also possible to perform a method including smashing the crude calcium phosphate particles without specifically suspending them in a solvent and separating the fusion preventive agent by using a magnet. However, it can be said that the suspension is favorable in that the calcium phosphate particles and the fusion preventive agent can be easily separated from each other and the removal ratio of the fusion preventive agent is high. Further, it is preferable that the calcium phosphate particles to which this method can be applied is a non-magnetic body or a weakly-magnetic body.
In the calcium phosphate particles that are produced according to the method for producing calcium phosphate particles of the most preferred embodiment of the invention, fusion among the primary particles is inhibited by an action of the fusion preventive agent, and therefore majority of the particles maintain a particle state. Therefore, when the highly crystalline calcium phosphate particles are suspended in a solvent, it can be dispersed as a particle mass (monocrystalline primary particles) in which the primary particles consisting of highly crystalline calcium phosphate particles, wherein majority of them consist of monocrystals, or the primary particles consisting of the monocrystals are grouped together via an ionic interaction.
The calcium phosphate particles according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention are a particle mass (monocrystalline primary particles) in which the primary particles mostly consisting of monocrystals, or the primary particles consisting of the monocrystals are grouped together via an ionic interaction, and they have good dispersability in a solvent and, as having no secondary particles, have a high surface area.
Herein, as a method for evaluating whether or not the calcium phosphate fine particles are present as primary particles, when the particles diameter measured by an observation with an electron microscope is almost the same as the particle diameter measured by dynamic light scattering in a suspension state in a solvent, it can be determined that the majority of the calcium phosphate particles according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention are in a primary particle state. On the other hand, when the particle diameter measured by dynamic light scattering in a suspension state in a solvent is larger than the particles diameter measured by an observation with an electron microscope, it can be determined that the fusion among the primary particles occurs to form secondary particles.
Further, the solvent for dispersing the calcium phosphate particles according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention is not specifically limited, as long as it does not dissolve the calcium phosphate particles. Examples thereof include water, alcohols such as methanol and ethanol, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and cyclohexanone, amides such as N,N-dimethyl formamide, sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide, hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, hexane, dodecane, and cyclohexane, halogenated hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzene and chloroform, and ethers such as diethyl ether and dioxane. These solvents may be used either singly or in combination of two or more, depending on the purpose of use.
By obtaining the ratio of the particles which have a particle diameter almost the same as the particle diameter of the primary particles obtained by using an microscope based on the particle diameter distribution obtained by dynamic scattering method, the ratio of a particle mass (monocrystalline primary particles) in which the primary particles consisting of monocrystals, or the primary particles consisting of the monocrystals are grouped together via an ionic interaction can be calculated.
Further, although it may vary according to a raw material for calcium phosphate, the type of fusion active agent, and sintering condition or the like, according to the method for producing highly crystalline calcium phosphate particles according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention, at least 50% are present as monocrystalline primary particles. According to a more preferred case, at least 60% are present as monocrystalline primary particles. According to the most preferred case, at least 70% may be present as monocrystalline primary particles.
Examples of a means for delivery of the collagen production enhancer according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention to an administration site include direct coating on an application area, transdermal absorption, subcutaneous injection, surgical procedures, and the like.
The collagen production enhancer according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention can exhibit its effect by using it as a cosmetic twice a day and 150 mg per use (provided that, 1.5 mg of calcium phosphate is included therein).
(Process for Production of Primary Particles)
Dodecane [CH3(CH2)10CH3] and pentaethylene glycol dodecyl ether [CH3(CH2)10CH2O(CH2CH2O)4CH2CH2OH] having cloud point of 31° C. were used as a continuous oil phase and a non-ionic surface active agent, respectively. At room temperature, a continuous oil phase (40 ml) containing 0.5 g of the non-ionic surface active agent was produced. Thereafter, 10 ml of 2.5 mol/l aqueous dispersion solution of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] was added to the continuous oil phase produced above to prepare a water-in-oil type solution (W/O solution). 10 ml of 1.5 mol/l potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution [(KH2PO4)] was added to the W/O solution under stiffing. The reaction was allowed to progress for 24 hours at room temperature under stiffing. Consequently, the reaction product obtained was isolated and washed by centrifuge to obtain primary particle group of hydroxyapatite (HAp).
(Mixing Process)
To 100 ml aqueous solution of pH 12.0 containing 1.0 g of sodium polyacrylate (manufactured by ALDRICH Corporation, weight average molecular weight of 15,000 g/mol), 1.0 g of the primary particle group of hydroxyapatite (HAp) was dispersed so that surface of the particles is adsorbed with sodium polyacrylate. pH of the aqueous solution was measured by D-24SE (trade name), a pH meter manufactured by HORIBA, Ltd.
Next, 100 ml of 0.12 mol/l aqueous solution of calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] was added to the dispersion obtained above so that the calcium polyacrylate is precipitated on the surface of the primary particles. The calcium polyacrylate corresponds to a fusion preventive agent. The precipitates generated were recovered and dried at 80° C. under reduced pressure (about 0.1 Pa) to obtain mixed particles.
(Sintering Process)
The mixed particles were placed in a crucible and sintered for 1 hour at sintering temperature of 800° C. Accordingly, calcium polyacrylate was decomposed by heat and turned into calcium oxide [CaO]. The remaining ratio of calcium oxide [CaO] after completion of the sintering process was 25% or more.
(Removal Process)
To increase the solubility of a fusion preventive agent in water, 50 mmol/l aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate [NH4NO3] was prepared. Thereafter, the sintered body obtained from the above process was suspended in 500 ml of the aqueous solution prepared, and separated and washed by centrifuge. By further suspending in distilled water, separation and washing was carried out in a similar manner by centrifuge to remove the fusion preventive agent and ammonium nitrate. As a result, fine particles of highly crystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp) were dissolved. Detailed information of fine particles of hydroxyapatite obtained by the above steps is summarized below.
Half width of XRD: 0.2 (d=2.814)
Shape: spherical
Average particle diameter (under electron microscope): 28 nm
Variation coefficient: 14%
Only the process for producing primary particles was carried out under the same condition as the Production example 1 except that the reaction temperature for the process for producing primary particles is changed to 30° C. Without performing the subsequent processes such as mixing process and sintering process, fine particles of non-sintered hydroxyapatite of Production Example 2 were obtained. Detailed information of fine particles of hydroxyapatite obtained is summarized below.
Half width of XRD: 0.8 (d=2.814)
Shape: particle shape
Average particle diameter (under electron microscope): 42 nm
Variation coefficient: 17%
<Test for Determining Activity of Fibroblast to Enhance Type I Collagen Production>
Fibroblasts of a normal human were cultured for 24 hours in 0.5% FBS-DMEM culture medium containing the test sample, and the amount of collagen in the culture medium was quantified by ELISA. The test was carried out by repeating six times for each condition (n=6). As a positive control (P.C.), magnesium ascorbyl phosphate (VCPMg) was used. The test samples employed were the calcined hydroxyapatite that is produced in the Production Example 1 and the non-calcined hydroxyapatite that is used in the Production Example 2. The results are given in Table 1. As used herein, the term “mean” in Table 1 indicates a measured collagen amount obtained by measurement (i.e. mean value), the term “SD” represents standard deviation, and the term “p (t-test)” represents the p value obtained by “t-test” {in general, when it is the same or less than 0.05 (0.01 in strict sense), it indicates that there is a difference, while it is greater than 0.05, it indicates that there is almost no difference}.
2)p
2)p
1)P.C.
1)P.C.
1)PC: 25 μM VC-PMg
2)represents a significant difference for the cells not treated with test sample.
From the hydroxyapatite (calcined) of the Production Example 1, a significant activity of increasing a collagen production amount was observed. From the hydroxyapatite (non-calcined) of the Production Example 2, a significant increase in collagen production amount was observed in concentration range of 6.30 to 25.00 μg/mL, but the activity is weaker than the hydroxyapatite (calcined).
<Application Test on Human Epidermis>
Test condition: After taught with the purpose and procedures of the test, two subjects for the test received a patch test in the front side of their arms. After confirming no abnormality, three spots including a back of a hand, a lateral side of a neck, and an upper arm were visually examined and enlarged (enlargement ratio: ×200) photographic images thereof were taken using a microscope. Further, the cosmetic containing the hydroxyapatite (calcined) of the Production Example 1 at 1% concentration was applied for three continuous days, twice per day (i.e. morning and evening), 150 mg per each application on the area of which photographic image has been taken before starting the application. After the completion of the application on Day 3, the applied area was visually examined and enlarged (enlargement ratio:×200) photographic images thereof were taken using a microscope. On Day 7 from starting the application, photographic images of the same area were also taken.
Before starting the application, no rising crista cutis was observed and the skin was flat. However, on Day 3 from the application, it was found that the crista cutis slowly starts to show up, and the crista cutis was clearly visible. Further, on Day 7 from the application, the crista cutis was more clearly visible even though the application was performed for four days, and the skin was converted to more delicate skin compared to the skin before application. Therefore, it was found that the collagen production is enhanced. Appearance of the skin surface is shown in
It is to be understood that the above-described embodiment is illustrative of only one of the many possible specific embodiments which can represent applications of the principles of the invention. Numerous and varied other arrangements can be readily devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and modifications, substitutions, and omissions may be made therein without departing from the intension of the invention.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2009/059631 | 5/26/2009 | WO | 00 | 2/8/2012 |
