Patent Application
20170183920
A centralizer may be installed on a tubular (e.g., a drill string or casing string) in an oilfield context, to provide an annular standoff between the tubular and a surrounding tubular (e.g., a wellbore wall). The centralizers may provide this standoff using blades or ribs that extend radially-outward from the tubular and axially between two end collars. One type of centralizer employs flexible, bow-shaped ribs or “bow springs,” which resiliently engage the surrounding tubular. Such bow-spring centralizers may be capable of providing a standoff across a range of diameters in the wellbore, and may collapse radially to pass through restrictions or obstructions (i.e., areas of reduced diameter in the wellbore). Other types of centralizers may use rigid or semi-rigid ribs, or may define shapes that are not bowed.
Centralizers may be formed using a variety of manufacturing processes. For example, the end collars of the centralizers may be formed from rolled sheet metal. The rolled sheet metal may, for example, form the end collars, and strips of metal may be attached to the end collars to form the ribs. Another way to manufacturer the centralizers is a “one-piece” process, which may start with a sheet or a segment of pipe. When starting with a sheet, the sheet may be cut to length, and material may be cut away from sheet to yield the appropriate geometries for the end collars and ribs. Before or after such cutting, the sheet may be rolled and seam welded. The process for forming from a segment of pipe may involve cutting the material from the pipe to result in the appropriate geometries. In either case, portions of the centralizer may be heat-treated, etc. to yield the desired characteristics.
One-piece centralizer manufacturing processes may reduce the number of steps needed to form the centralizer; however, a challenge in the one-piece centralizer manufacturing processes is seen in the tolerance requirements of the pipe from which the centralizer is made and the tubular (e.g., drill string or casing string) over which the centralizer is installed. In particular, sizing the inner diameter of the centralizer such that it may slide over the tubular during installation without binding, while minimizing the total outer diameter of the finished assembly, may be a challenge in view of such tolerances.
Accordingly, the rolled, one-piece embodiment may be more readily implemented, since it allows for custom sizing of the sheet, whereas the pipe may come in standard sizes, subject to relatively wide tolerances. On the other hand, the rolling process may be more expensive and may exhibit wide variations in wall thickness, whereas beginning with already-formed pipe may obviate some of these challenges.
Embodiments of the present disclosure may provide a method for manufacturing a centralizer. The method may include selecting a tubular having a first inner diameter. The tubular may be cut to form a blank including at least one end collar and ribs integrally-formed therewith. The at least one end collar may be swaged such that the first inner diameter is modified to a second inner diameter.
Embodiments of the present disclosure may also provide a centralizer. The centralizer may include a rolled tubular having a seam. At least one rib may be formed in the rolled tubular. At least one end collar may also be formed in the rolled tubular. The at least one end collar has a first inner diameter prior to a swaging process and a second inner diameter after the swaging process.
Embodiments of the present disclosure may further provide a swaging device for a centralizer. The swaging device may include a body having a tapered surface and a plurality of dies. The dies may include a reverse-tapered surface that is reverse tapered with respect to the tapered surface of the body. The dies may also include an engagement surface that is opposite to the reverse-tapered surface. The body is configured to slide relative to the plurality of dies so as to swage an end collar of the centralizer.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the present teachings, as claimed.
The accompanying drawing, which is incorporated in and constitutes a part of this specification, illustrates an embodiment of the present teachings and together with the description, serves to explain the principles of the present teachings. In the figures:
It should be noted that some details of the figure have been simplified and are drawn to facilitate understanding of the embodiments rather than to maintain strict structural accuracy, detail, and scale.
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present teachings, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawing. In the drawings, like reference numerals have been used throughout to designate identical elements, where convenient. In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawing that forms a part thereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration a specific exemplary embodiment in which the present teachings may be practiced. The following description is, therefore, merely exemplary.
Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the disclosure are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all sub-ranges subsumed therein.
The forming blank 100 may be formed from a segment of a tubular, such as casing pipe, drill pipe, etc. The tubular for the forming blank may be fabricated in any suitable manner, such as roll forming and seam welding in a pipe production facility or mill. The tubular may be selected based on its inner diameter being near (e.g., nearest of a set of available stock sizes) to a target inner diameter, as will be discussed in greater detail below. Further, the forming blank 100 may include cut-out windows 102, which may represent areas of the tubular that have been removed via a cutting process applied to the segment of tubing. The cut-out windows 102 may be cut using water jet cutting, laser cutting, milling, or any other suitable process. Further, the cut-out windows 102 may be positioned so as to define end collars 104, 106 and ribs 108 extending axially-between the end collars 104, 106. Accordingly, the cut-out windows 102 may be generally elongated rectangular shapes, leaving sections defining the two, axially-offset end collars 104, 106 and the relatively thin ribs 108 extending axially-therebetween. Moreover, any number of cut-out windows 102 may be created, e.g., according to the desired number of ribs 108. Further, the cut-out windows 102 (and thus the ribs 108) may be defined at generally uniform angular intervals and sizes, but, in other cases, may be non-uniform in terms of location, size, etc. The ribs 108 may be heat-treated, expanded, and/or otherwise formed to provide an appropriate shape and resiliency (e.g., to provide bow-springs), but in other embodiments may be rigid, semi-rigid, etc. Examples of a one-piece centralizer may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,845,061 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0096888, the contents of which are incorporated herein.
In some cases, the tubular from which the forming blank 100 is cut may have an inner diameter ID that is larger than a target inner diameter. Thus, the end collar 104 may also have the inner diameter ID larger than a target inner diameter, and a swaging process may be applied to reduce the inner diameter ID to a predefined tolerance of the target inner diameter.
Briefly, swaging is a process by which the dimensions of a part are altered by forcing the part into a set of forming dies, or (additionally) by progressively engaging rolling dies with the part to form it into a new shape. Die swaging, for example, may be performed using a crimping die set 114, which may include arcuate die segments 116 that are arranged around the outer diameter surface 112 of the end collar 104. The die segments 116 may be forced radially-inwards (compressed), as indicated by arrows 118, to reduce the outer diameter OD (and the inner diameter ID) of the end collar 104 to the desired size or range of sizes.
The axial length of one, some, or all of the die segments 116 may be smaller, equal to, or larger than the axial length of the end collar 104. For illustrative purposes only, the die set 114 is illustrated as being slightly larger in axial dimension than the end collar 104. In some embodiments, the diameter-reducing swaging process may affect the shape of the ribs 108 proximal to the end collar 104, since the ribs 108 may be integrally-formed with the end collar 104. This change in the shape of the ribs 108 may be mitigated or removed during subsequent working or treating of the ribs 108, but in other embodiments, it may be ignored.
The extent to which the inner diameter ID and/or outer diameter OD may be decreased may depend at least partially on the strain capacity of the material and the desired final structural properties of the centralizer. To name a specific example, thin-walled tubes made from steel with elongations of 10% or more may be decreased by 10% of their diameter or more, which may be an amount that bridges the range between standard mill size tubulars and standard centralizer sizes. Moreover, the arcuate die segments 116 may be forced radially-inwards using any suitable device, such as, to name just a few examples, a crimping device, clamp, hydraulics, or by moving a tapered sleeve across the radial die set 114.
In an embodiment, a set of expandable dies 117 may be employed. The set of expandable dies 117 may include a plurality of arcuate die segments 119. Outer surfaces 120 of the die segments 119 may be configured to engage the inner diameter surface 110 of the end collar 104 and expand, as indicated by arrows 122, so as to increase the inner diameter ID of the end collar 104. For example, a tapered body may be progressively received through the set of expandable dies 117, thereby forcing the individual die segments 119 radially-outwards. In various embodiments, the arcuate die segments 119 may have an axial dimension that is shorter, equal to, or longer than the axial dimension of the end collar 104. The illustrated embodiment of
As with the diameter-reducing swaging operation discussed above, the extent to which the inner diameter ID may be increased may depend at least partially on the strain capacity of the material and the desired final structural properties of the centralizer. To name a specific example, thin-walled tubes made from steel with elongations of 10% or more may be increased by 10% of their diameter or more, which may be an amount that bridges the range between standard mill size tubular goods and standard centralizer sizes.
Instead of, or in addition to, using the set of expandable dies 117 to expand the end collar 104, the diameter-increasing swaging process may include roller forming. In this process, a series of tapered rollers may be rotated inside the tube, and a tapered body may be pulled against the rollers, forcing them gradually outwards. A similar process may also be employed as a diameter-reducing swaging process. Roller forming may be a relatively gentle swaging process, compared with die swaging, and may deliver precise inner diameter ID tolerances, circularity, and a good surface finish; accordingly, this process may be used as a second swaging process, so as to finish the end collar 104, or may be used in lieu of the die-swaging process.
Similarly,
The swaging processes, whether diameter-increasing or diameter-reducing, may be performed as cold-forming processes, or may be practiced on hot material (e.g., one or more steel alloys). Swaging the hot material may lower the forces required, but may also reduce the accuracy of the final ID tolerance as the material (e.g., steel) cools and transforms its microstructure. Additionally, the swaging processes may use hydraulic dies or any other tools suitable for increasing or decreasing the diameter of the end collar 104.
The method 400 may then include cutting the tubular to a specified axial length, as at 404. Before, after, or while cutting the tubular to the specified axial length at 404, the method 400 may also include cutting windows 102 out of the tubular, thereby defining ribs 108 circumferentially between the windows 102, and end collars 104, 106 on opposite axial ends of the windows 102 and ribs 108, as at 406. Such cutting may be accomplished using a variety of machines configured to cut cylindrical structures, e.g., by water jet cutting, laser cutting, milling, etc. It will be appreciated that two or more such machines may be employed, e.g., one to cut the tubular to the axial length at 404 and one to cut out the windows 102 at 406, and in other cases, a single machine may perform both operations.
The cutting operations may yield a starting or “forming” blank 100 with continuous sections at either end (the end collars 104, 106) connected by ribs 108, which may, in some embodiments, be formed into a bowed, spring profile. The method 400 may then proceed to swaging the end collars 104, 106 of the blank 100, as at 408. When starting with a tubular with an inner diameter ID smaller than the desired final collar inner diameter ID, the two end collars 104, 106 may be expanded (e.g., using a die or rollers as part of the swaging operation). When starting with a tubular with an inner diameter that is larger than the desired final collar outer diameter OD, the end collar 104, 106 may be compressed (e.g., using a die or rollers as part of a swaging operation).
In addition to changing the inner and/or outer diameter ID, OD, the swaging process may also reduce ellipticity (i.e., make more circular or “circularize”) in the end collars 104, 106. Accordingly, the shape of starting tubulars that have a slight ovality may be corrected in the swaging operation, at the same time the inner diameter ID thereof is being adjusted. Further, in some embodiments, one or both of the end collars 104, 106 may include a peak, e.g., along the seam where the tubular is welded together. The swaging process may be employed to remove this peak, while also increasing or decreasing the diameter, and increasing the circularity of the end collar 104.
The ribs 506 may be integrally-formed with the end collars 508, 510. Further, the ribs 506 may be radially-extended and/or heat-treated (e.g., to provide resilient bow-springs). In other embodiments, the ribs 506 may be otherwise shaped and/or formed as rigid or semi-rigid ribs or blades.
One or more second windows 512 may optionally be cut from (or otherwise formed or defined in) the centralizer 500, e.g., in the end collars 508, 510. The second windows 512 may be spaced circumferentially apart, defining axial bridges 513 therebetween, which may maintain the integrity of the end collars 508, 510. Further, the second windows 512 may be sized and configured to engage a stop-feature 514 coupled with a tubular (e.g., casing or drill pipe) 516 on which the centralizer 500 may be installed. In a specific embodiment, the stop-feature 514 may be a spray-deposited metal, such as WEARSOX® (commercially-available from Antelope Oil Tool & Mfg. Co., LLC). In other embodiments, the stop-feature 514 may be any structure that is welded, adhered, fastened, or otherwise attached to the tubular 516. In still other embodiments, the stop-feature 514 may be integrally-formed with the tubular 516. Further, the stop-features 514 may have an axial length that is less than an axial length of the second windows 512, thereby providing an axial range of motion for the end collars 508, 510, e.g., allowing the ribs 506, in a bow-spring embodiment, to flex.
The end collars 508, 510 may have an inner diameter ID and an outer diameter OD. As described above with respect to the forming blank 100 of
The first and second windows 504, 512 may be formed in the centralizer 500 at the same time or at different times, using the same or different machines, processes, etc. Further, the first and/or second windows 504, 512 may be formed before or after welding the sheet of metal together to form the seam 502 and/or before or after swaging one or both of the end collars 508, 510.
Accordingly, it will be seen that a single-piece centralizer with a precise inner diameter ID and circularity tolerance may be formed from an inexpensive, high-volume starting tubular stock of arbitrary intermediate diameter near, but outside of a tolerance for, the desired final product dimensions and tolerances. This may obviate the process of rolling individual tube sections or accounting for variable-wall thickness tolerances of seamless tubulars as the starting point for the production process.
The swaging device 1000 may include a plurality of dies 1010, which may be arcuate segments that are disposed circumferentially-around a central axis 1012 (e.g., as described above with reference to the arcuate die segments 119 shown in
The dies 1010 may be received within the end collar 1002 of the centralizer 1006, such that the outer surfaces 1021 of the dies 1010 are generally at about the same distance from the central axis 1012 as the inner surface of the end collar 1002 (i.e., the outer surface 1021 of the dies 1010 touches the end collar 1002, or nearly does). In some embodiments, however, the dies 1010 may be substantially smaller than the end collar 1002 and spaced radially-apart therefrom, at least initially. In either example, the outer surface 1021 may be configured to bear upon the end collar 1002 and may thus be considered to provide an engagement surface of the dies 1010.
The swaging device 1000 may also include a body 1022 and a shaft 1024. The body 1022 may be a mandrel, which may be coupled with the shaft 1024 (e.g., by meshing threads 1026, 1028 thereof, respectively, as shown). In other embodiments, any connection capable of providing a least a linear transmission of force along the central axis 1012 in at least one of a first axial direction D1 and a second axial direction D2, from the shaft 1024 to the body 1022, may be employed.
Further, the body 1022 may have a tapered outer surface 1030, which may be configured to slide along a reverse-tapered inner surface 1032 of the dies 1010. The reverse-tapered inner surface 1032 of the dies 1010 may be defined radially-opposite to the outer, engaging surface 1021 thereof. Further, the tapered outer surface 1030 may be tapered (e.g., angled with respect to the central axis 1012) by a taper angle a ranging from about 1°, about 2°, about 3°, about 4°, or about 5° to about 20°, about 15°, about 10°, or about 7°.
The swaging device 1000 may also include a driver 1034, which may be a hydraulic, pneumatic, magnetic, mechanical, or any other type of driver 1034. Accordingly, one or more power sources (e.g., gas, electric, hydraulic, pneumatic) may be provided, to operate the driver 1034. Further, the driver 1034 may be configured to move the shaft 1024 and thus the body 1022 linearly. Moreover, the driver 1034 may be configured to support a weight of the swaging device 1000 against a support surface. For example, the central axis 1012 may extend vertically, or at an acute angle to vertical, such that the body 1022 is above the driver 1034.
In some embodiments, a retaining plate 1031 may be provided to restrain the position of the dies 1010 and/or the centralizer 1006. For example, the retaining plate 1031 may be disposed between the driver 1034 and the body 1022, with the shaft 1024 extending movably therethrough.
In operation, according to an example, the centralizer 1006 may be loaded onto the swaging device 1000, e.g., with the end collar 1002 abutting the retaining plate 1031. The driver 1034 may then be energized, so as to move the shaft 1024 linearly in the first axial direction D1. Moving the shaft 1024 may also move the body 1022. The dies 1010 may be restrained from moving by engagement with the retaining plate 1031. Accordingly, the body 1022 may move in the first axial direction D1 with respect to the dies 1010, and thus the tapered outer surface 1030 may slide relative to the reverse-tapered inner surface 1032. In this way, the dies 1010 may be forced to expand radially-outward, proportional to the distance moved by the body 1022 and the taper angle α. When the body 1022 is moved in the second direction D2 (e.g., away from the driver 1034, as shown), the body 1022 may allow the dies 1010 to move radially-inward, e.g., by the elasticity of the bands 1014, 1016.
Driving the dies 1010 outwards may cause the end collar 1002 to be expanded and thus plastically deformed outwardly. Accordingly, the end collar 1002 may begin at a first diameter, which may be expanded to a second, target diameter by the dies 1010. Further, the second, target diameter may be within a target tolerance, and may have a target cylindricity. Moreover, the expansion (e.g., deformation) may be controlled in a number of ways, for example, by varying the size of the retaining plate 1031 so as to control the stroke of the body 1022, by determining a force necessary to move the body 1022 by a certain amount and limiting the force applied to the body 1022 to that amount, by providing a stop block for the shaft 1024 movement, or in any other manner. Additionally, the end collar 1002 may retain some amount of elasticity during the radially-outward deformation. Accordingly, the body 1022 may be moved sufficiently to account for the end collar 1002 springing back after the dies 1010 are disengaged therefrom.
Once the end collar 1002 is expanded, the driver 1034 may reverse the direction of the force on the shaft 1024, and may drive the body 1022 in the second axial direction D2, allowing the dies 1010 to move radially-inwards. The centralizer 1006 may then be removed from the swaging device 1000. Then, the other end collar 1004 may be swaged, or another centralizer 1006 may be loaded onto the swaging device 1000.
In some embodiments, the cutouts 1104 may have a generally uniform depth (e.g., the distance from the outer surface 1106 to the bottom of the cutouts 1104). Moreover, the rollers 1102 may be generally cylindrical, and thus the tapering of the outer surface 1106 may result in the rollers 1102 being oriented at the taper angle a. In some embodiments, the rollers 1102 may be tapered, rather than cylindrical. Further, the rollers 1102 may be restrained in the cutouts 1104 by shafts or any other suitable connectors that may allow the rollers 1102 to roll with respect to the outer surface 1106 of the roller body 1100. In other embodiments, the rollers 1102 may be or include one or more (e.g., rows of) spherical rolling elements disposed in the cutouts 1104.
Referring specifically to
In operation, in addition to being moved along the central axis 1012, the driver 1034 may rotate the shaft 1024, and thus the body 1022, about the central axis 1012. This may cause the rollers 1102 to roll against the dies 1010 as the body 1022 moves, which may reduce friction forces, and thus reduce loading forces that may be required to expand the end collar 1002 of the centralizer 1006. Although described above and illustrated as employing the dies 1010, it will be appreciated that, in some cases, the roller body 1100 may bear directly on the end collar 1002, with the dies 1010 being omitted.
The outer body 1200 may be coupled with the driver 1034 via an elongate member 1208. The elongate member 1208 may, for example, be a cable, with the driver 1034 including a reel to take up the cable. In another embodiment, the elongate member 1208 may be or include a hydraulic arm, which may be extended or retracted by energizing the driver 1034. In another embodiment, the elongate member 1208 may be at least partially threaded, and the driver 1034 may include a screw or pinion, so as to linearly translate the elongate member 1208.
In operation, the end collar 1002 may be loaded into the swaging device 1000, with the end collar 1002 disposed radially-within the outer dies 1202 and the outer body 1200. The body 1200 may then be driven (e.g., pushed and/or pulled) in the first direction D1 (e.g., toward the driver 1034 in the illustrated embodiment), such that the tapered inner surface 1204 slides against the reverse-tapered outer surface 1206 of the dies 1202, thereby driving the dies 1202 inward, so as to reduce the diameter of the end collar 1002 to a target diameter, tolerance, cylindricity, etc. Once the dies 1202 have reached the prescribed position, the driver 1034 may reverse or, at least, remove the force on the outer body 1200, allowing the swaged, larger end collar 1003 to be removed from the swaging device 1000.
The mobile swaging unit 1300 may, in some embodiments, include a hoisting device 1302, such as a crane. The hoisting device 1302 is merely optional however, and may be employed, for example, when relatively large-diameter, or otherwise heavy, centralizers 1006 are to be swaged. For many sizes of centralizers 1006, however, one or two human users may be able to load the centralizer 1006 into the swaging device 1000, without needing a hoisting device 1302.
As shown, the swaging device 1000 may be disposed in a vertical orientation (e.g., with the driver 1034 supported directly on the ground). In some embodiments, however, a table, stand, brackets, etc. may be provided. In such a vertical configuration, the centralizer 1006 may be carried (or hoisted) by the end collar 1004 and slid down onto the body 1022 (e.g.,
The mobile swaging unit 1300 may include a lift or another device that may facilitate moving the swaging device 1000 to the illustrated position. For example, the hoisting device 1302 may be employed to move the swaging device 1000 into position. In other embodiments, other lifting devices may be employed. In still other embodiments, however, the swaging device 1000 may be generally fixed in position in the mobile swaging unit 1300 (e.g., attached to the truck or a moving platform thereof), or may be moved by one or more human workers without the assistance of a lifting device.
The method 1400 may include selecting a tubular, as at 1402. The tubular selected may be fabricated in a stock size at a pipe mill, for example. In some cases, the stock sizes may have a tolerance range. Further, the stock size may define an inner diameter that is smaller or larger than a desired, second inner diameter. The desired, second inner diameter may be selected such that the centralizer 1008, with the end collars 1002, 1004 of the second inner diameter, may slide along a casing, drill pipe, or any other tubular, with little or no interference and a minimized outer diameter. Further, a cylindricity of the stock pipe may be outside of an acceptable tolerance.
The tubular may be cut to a desired axial length, as at 1404. Before, during, or after such cutting at 1404, windows may be cut from the tubular, so as to define the centralizer 1006 having the end collars 1002, 1004 and ribs 1008, as at 1406. In some embodiments, heat treatment operations, rib expansion, and/or any other process may be conducted, so as to give the centralizer 1006 any desired metallurgical or other types of properties.
Before, during, or after cutting at 1404 and/or 1406, the centralizer 1006 (or tubular, in the case that the tubular is uncut) may be transported to a wellsite, as at 1408. The wellsite may be an area that is proximal to a wellhead of a subterranean well, such as a natural gas well, oil well, and/or the like. One or more tubulars, such as, for example, base pipe, drill pipe, casing, lining, etc. may be configured to be run into the well. In some embodiments, the tubulars may be centralized within a surrounding tubular using the centralizer 1006, so as to provide an annular standoff between the tubulars and the surrounding tubular.
However, as noted above, in some embodiments, the tubulars may have an outer diameter that is larger than the inner diameter of the centralizer 1006. Accordingly, the method 1400 may include swaging the end collars 1002, 1004 of the centralizer 1006 at the wellsite, as at 1410. This may be conducted using an embodiment of the mobile unit 1300 and/or the swaging device 1000. For example, a user may hoist, either by hand or using a lifting device, such as lifting device 1302, the centralizer 1008 and load the end collar 1002 onto the swaging device 1000. The user may then energize the driver 1034 of swaging device 1000, causing the swaging device 1000 to swage the end collar 1002, such that the inner diameter of the end collar 1002 reaches a predetermined size that exceeds the outer diameter of the tubular to be centralized by a predetermined amount. Thereafter, the swaging may be repeated for the other end collar 1004. The centralizer 1006 may then be received around (e.g., slid over the end of) the tubular, and the tubular may be deployed, e.g., as part of a tube string, into the well along with the centralizer 1006.
In other embodiments, the outer diameter of the tubulars may be smaller than the inner diameter of the centralizer 1006, prior to swaging at 1410. For example, the inner diameter of the un-swaged centralizers 1006 may be larger than needed to slide the end collars 1002, 1004 over the tubular. Accordingly, the swaging at 1410 may include reducing the inner diameter thereof, so as to reduce the positive outer diameter added by using the centralizer 1006 on the tubular. Whether increasing the diameter or decreasing the diameter of the centralizer 1006, swaging at 1410 may, in at least one embodiment, also increase a cylindricity of the end collars 1002, 1004, e.g., to within a desired tolerance of a desired target cylindricity.
While the present teachings have been illustrated with respect to one or more implementations, alterations and/or modifications may be made to the illustrated examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims. In addition, while a particular feature of the present teachings may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular function. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including,” “includes,” “having,” “has,” “with,” or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.” Further, in the discussion and claims herein, the term “about” indicates that the value listed may be somewhat altered, as long as the alteration does not result in nonconformance of the process or structure to the illustrated embodiment. Finally, “exemplary” indicates the description is used as an example, rather than implying that it is an ideal.
Other embodiments of the present teachings will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the present teachings disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the present teachings being indicated by the following claims.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application having Ser. No. 61/989,699, which was filed on May 7, 2014. This application also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application having Ser. No. 62/012,129, which was filed on Jun. 13, 2014. The entirety of these provisional applications is incorporated herein by reference.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2015/029462 | 5/6/2015 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61989699 | May 2014 | US | |
| 62012129 | Jun 2014 | US |
