Patent Application
20110011243
The following relates to computing devices capable of and methods for arranging music, and more particularly to approaches for collectively adjusting tracks in a digital audio workstation.
Artists can use software to create musical arrangements. This software can be implemented on a computer to allow an artist to write, record, edit, and mix musical arrangements. Typically, such software can allow the artist to arrange files on musical tracks in a musical arrangement. A computer that includes the software can be referred to as a digital audio workstation (DAW). The DAW can display a graphical user interface (GUI) to allow a user to manipulate files on tracks. The DAW can display each element of a musical arrangement, such as a guitar, microphone, or drums, on separate tracks. For example, a user may create a musical arrangement with a guitar on a first track, a piano on a second track, and vocals on a third track. The DAW can further break down an instrument into multiple tracks. For example, a drum kit can be broken into multiple tracks with the snare, kick drum, and hi-hat each having its own track. By placing each element on a separate track a user is able to manipulate a single track, without affecting the other tracks. For example, a user can adjust the volume or pan of the guitar track, without affecting the piano track or vocal track. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, using the GUI, a user can apply different effects to a track within a musical arrangement. For example, volume, pan, compression, distortion, equalization, delay, and reverb are some of the effects that can be applied to a track.
Typically, a DAW works with two main types of files: MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) files and audio files. MIDI is an industry-standard protocol that enables electronic musical instruments, such as keyboard controllers, computers, and other electronic equipment, to communicate, control, and synchronize with each other. MIDI does not transmit an audio signal or media, but rather transmits “event messages” such as the pitch and intensity of musical notes to play, control signals for parameters such as volume, vibrato and panning, cues, and clock signals to set the tempo. As an electronic protocol, MIDI is notable for its widespread adoption throughout the industry.
Using a MIDI controller coupled to a computer, a user can record MIDI data into a MIDI track. Using the DAW, the user can select a MIDI instrument that is internal to a computer and/or an external MIDI instrument to generate sounds corresponding to the MIDI data of a MIDI track. The selected MIDI instrument can receive the MIDI data from the MIDI track and generate sounds corresponding to the MIDI data which can be produced by one or more monitors or speakers. For example, a user may select a piano software instrument on the computer to generate piano sounds and/or may select a tenor saxophone instrument on an external MIDI device to generate saxophone sounds corresponding to the MIDI data. If MIDI data from a track is sent to an internal software instrument, this track can be referred to as an internal track. If MIDI data from a track is sent to an external software instrument, this track can be referred to as an external track.
Audio files are recorded sounds. An audio file can be created by recording sound directly into the system. For example, a user may use a guitar to record directly onto a guitar track or record vocals, using a microphone, directly onto a vocal track. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, audio files can be imported into a musical arrangement. For example, many companies professionally produce audio files for incorporation into musical arrangements. In another example, audio files can be downloaded from the Internet. Audio files can include guitar riffs, drum loops, and any other recorded sounds. Audio files can be in sound digital file formats such as WAV, MP3, M4A, and AIFF. Audio files can also be recorded from analog sources, including, but not limited to, tapes and records.
Using the DAW, a user can make tempo changes to a musical composition. The tempo changes affect MIDI tracks and audio tracks differently. In MIDI files, tempo and pitch can be adjusted independently of each other. For example, a MIDI track recorded at 100 bpm (beats per minute) can be adjusted to 120 bpm without affecting the pitch of sound generators played by the MIDI data. This occurs because the same sound generators are being triggered by the MIDI data at a faster rate. However, tempo changes to an audio file inherently adjust the pitch of the file as well. For example, if an audio file is sped up, the pitch of the sound goes up. Conversley, if an audio file is slowed, the pitch of the sound goes down. Conventional DAWs can use a process known as time stretching to adjust the tempo of audio while maintaining the original pitch. This process requires analysis and processing of the original audio file. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that various algorithms and methods for adjusting the tempo of audio files while maintaining a consistent pitch can be used.
Conventional DAWs are limited in that time stretching audio files is typically done to individual audio files. Thus, a musical arrangement having twelve (12) audio tracks would need to have time stretching performed twelve (12) independent times. Conventional DAWs cannot collectively adjust the speed or speed and pitch of internal files (audio and/or MIDI) along with external MIDI files. Similarly, conventional DAWs cannot collectively detune internal audio and MIDI files along with external MIDI files. This can occur for example, when a user wishes to play a live instrument that is slightly out of tune, such as a guitar. In this example, all internal MIDI tracks, external MIDI tracks, and audio files need to be adjusted individually by the desired tuning.
As introduced above, users may desire to collectively adjust at least one of tempo, tempo and pitch, and tuning of each internal track and each external track in a digital audio workstation. A computer implemented method allows a user to collectively adjust tracks in a musical arrangement. The method includes the DAW displaying at least one internal track and at least one external track, with the DAW generating sounds corresponding to each of the internal tracks and an external processor generating sounds corresponding to each of the external tracks. The DAW can also collectively adjust the tempo, tempo and pitch, and/or tuning of each internal track and each external track in response to receiving a command. Each internal track can be either an audio track or a MIDI track and each external track can be a MIDI track.
Many other aspects and examples will become apparent from the following disclosure.
In order to facilitate a fuller understanding of the exemplary embodiments, reference is now made to the appended drawings. These drawings should not be construed as limiting, but are intended to be exemplary only.
The functions described as being performed at various components can be performed at other components, and the various components can be combined and/or separated. Other modifications also can be made.
Thus, the following disclosure ultimately will describe systems, computer readable media, devices, and methods for collectively adjusting at least one of tempo, tempo and pitch, and tuning of each internal track and each external track in a digital audio workstation. Many other examples and other characteristics will become apparent from the following description.
Referring to
The computer 102 can be a data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code, e.g., the software to operate the GUI which together can be referred to as a, DAW. The computer 102 can include at least one processor, e.g., a first processor, coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories that provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution. Input/output or I/O devices (including but not limited to keyboards, displays, pointing devices, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modem and Ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters. In one or more embodiments, the computer 102 can be a desktop computer or a laptop computer.
A MIDI controller is a device capable of generating and sending MIDI data. The MIDI controller can be coupled to and send MIDI data to the computer 102. The MIDI controller can also include various controls, such as slides and knobs, that can be assigned to various functions within the DAW. For example, a knob may be assigned to control the pan on a first track. Also, a slider can be assigned to control the volume on a second track. Various functions within the DAW can be assigned to a MIDI controller in this manner. The MIDI controller can also include a sustain pedal and/or an expression pedal. These can affect how a MIDI instrument plays MIDI data. For example, holding down a sustain pedal while recording MIDI data can cause an elongation of the length of the sound played if a piano software instrument has been selected for that MIDI track.
As shown in
An instrument capable of generating electronic audio signals can be coupled to the computer 102. For example, as shown in
The external MIDI device 110 can be coupled to the computer 102. The external MIDI device 110 can include a processor 118, e.g., a second processor which is external to the first processor 102. The external processor 118 can receive MIDI data from an external MIDI track of a musical arrangement to generate corresponding sounds. A user can utilize such an external MIDI device 110 to expand the quality and/or quantity of available software instruments. For example, a user may configure the external MIDI device 110 to generate electric piano sounds in response to received MIDI data from a corresponding external MIDI track in a musical arrangement from the computer 102.
The computer 102 and/or the external MIDI device 110 can be coupled to one or more sound output devices (e.g., monitors or speakers). For example, as shown in
The one or more sound output devices can generate sounds corresponding to the one or more audio signals sent to them. The audio signals can be sent to the monitors 112, 114 which can require the use of an amplifier to adjust the audio signals to acceptable levels for sound generation by the monitors 112, 114. The amplifier in this example may be internal or external to the monitors 112, 114.
Although, in this example, a sound card is internal to the computer 102, many circumstances exist where a user can utilize an external sound card (not shown) for sending and receiving audio data to the computer 102. A user can use an external sound card in this manner to expand the number of available inputs and outputs. For example, if a user wishes to record a band live, an external sound card can provide eight (8) or more separate inputs, so that each instrument and vocal can each be recorded onto a separate track in real time. Also, disc jockeys (djs) may wish to utilize an external sound card for multiple outputs so that the dj can cross-fade to different outputs during a performance.
Referring to
As shown, the lead vocal track, 202, is an audio track. One or more audio files corresponding to a lead vocal part of the musical arrangement can be located on this track. In this example, a user has directly recorded audio into the DAW on the lead vocal track. The backing vocal track, 204 is also an audio track. The backing vocal 204 can contain one or more audio files having backing vocals in this musical arrangement. The electric guitar track 206 can contain one or more electric guitar audio files. The bass guitar track 208 can contain one or more bass guitar audio files within the musical arrangement. The drum kit overhead track 210, snare track 212, and kick track 214 relate to a drum kit recording. An overhead microphone can record the cymbals, hit-hat, cow bell, and any other equipment of the drum kit on the drum kit overhead track. The snare track 210 can contain one or more audio files of recorded snare hits for the musical arrangement. Similarly, the kick track 212, can contain one or more audio files of recorded bass kick hits for the musical arrangement. The electric piano track 216 can contain one or more audio files of a recorded electric piano for the musical arrangement.
The vintage organ track 218 is a MIDI track. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the contents of the files in the vintage organ track 218 can be shown differently because the track contains MIDI data and not audio data. In this example, the user has selected an internal software instrument, a vintage organ, to output sounds corresponding to the MIDI data contained within this track 218. A user can change the software instrument, for example to a trumpet, without changing any of the MIDI data in track 218. Upon playing the musical arrangement the trumpet sounds would now be played corresponding to the MIDI data of track 218. Also, a user can set up track 218 to send its MIDI data to an external MIDI instrument, as described above.
Each of the displayed audio and MIDI files in the musical arrangement as shown on screen 200 can be altered using the GUI. For example, a user can cut, copy, paste, or move an audio file or MIDI file on a track so that it plays at a different position in the musical arrangement. Additionally, a user can loop an audio file or MIDI file so that it is repeated, split an audio file or MIDI file at a given position, and/or individually time stretch an audio file for tempo, tempo and pitch, and/or tuning adjustments as described below.
Display window 224 contains information for the user about the displayed musical arrangement. As shown, the current tempo in bpm of the musical arrangement is set to 120 bpm. The position of playhead 220 is shown to be at the thirty-third (33rd) bar beat four (4) in the display window 224. Also, the position of the playhead 220 within the song is shown in minutes, seconds etc.
Tempo changes to a musical arrangement can affect MIDI tracks and audio tracks differently. In MIDI files, tempo and pitch can be adjusted independently of each other. For example, a MIDI track recorded at 100 bpm (beats per minute) can be adjusted to 120 bpm without affecting the pitch of the samples played by the MIDI data. This occurs because the same samples are being triggered by the MIDI data, they are just being triggered faster in time. In order to change the tempo of the MIDI file, the signal clock of the relevant MIDI data is changed. However, tempo changes to an audio file inherently adjust the pitch of the file as well. For example, if an audio file is sped up, the pitch of the sound goes up. Similarly, if an audio file is slowed, the pitch of the sound goes down.
In regards to digital audio files, one way that a DAW can change the duration of an audio file to match a new tempo is to resample it. This is a mathematical operation that effectively rebuilds a continuous waveform from its samples and then samples that waveform again at a different rate. When the new samples are played at the original sampling frequency, the audio clip sounds faster or slower. In this method, the frequencies in the sample are scaled at the same rate as the speed, transposing its perceived pitch up or down in the process. In other words, slowing down the recording lowers the pitch, speeding it up raises the pitch.
A DAW can use a process known as time stretching to adjust the tempo of audio while maintaining the original pitch. This process requires analysis and processing of the original audio file. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize various algorithms and methods for adjusting the tempo of audio files while maintaining a consistent pitch can be used.
One way that a DAW can stretch the length of an audio file without affecting the pitch is to utilize a phase vocoder. The first step in time-stretching an audio file using this method is to compute the instantaneous frequency/amplitude relationship of the audio file using the Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT), which is the discrete Fourier transform of a short, overlapping and smoothly windowed block of samples. The next step is to apply some processing to the Fourier transform magnitudes and phases (like resampling the FFT blocks). The third step is to perform an inverse STFT by taking the inverse Fourier transform on each chunk and adding the resulting waveform chunks.
The phase vocoder technique can also be used to perform pitch shifting, chorusing, timbre manipulation, harmonizing, and other modifications, all of which can be changed as a function of time.
Another method that can be used for time shifting audio regions is known as time domain harmonic scaling. This method operates by attempting to find the period (or equivalently the fundamental frequency) of a given section of the audio file using a pitch detection algorithm (commonly the peak of the audio file's autocorrelation, or sometimes cepstral processing), and crossfade one period into another.
The DAW can combine the two techniques (for example by separating the signal into sinusoid and transient waveforms), or use other techniques based on the wavelet transform, or artificial neural network processing, for example, for time stretching. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that various algorithms and combinations thereof for time stretching audio files based on the content of the audio files and desired output can be used by the DAW.
Returning to
Referring to
In
Clock signals can control the tempo of a MIDI file. In
Referring to
In a conventional DAW capable of handling MIDI data, changing the playback tempo does not change the pitch of a MIDI instrument only the speed with which the MIDI notes are triggered. The DAW and method described herein can generate MIDI notes with a new pitch that corresponds to the tempo change. While operating in speed and pitch mode the DAW can playback audio and MIDI instruments in tune. The DAW can adjust the MIDI pitch to a closest MIDI note. According to MIDI standard specifications there are 128 MIDI notes with a pitch difference of one semi note (100 cent) between two consecutive notes. This means the resolution of the possible pitch correction during speed and pitch mode can be one semi-note (or steps of 100 cents). For this reason the DAW can allow the user to adjust the tempo in semi-notes.
In
As described above, clock signals control the tempo of a MIDI file. In
Referring to
In one or more embodiments, a user can collectively adjust the tuning of all tracks, both internal and external, to match the tuning of a live instrument. For example, a user may wish to play a saxophone live and collectively adjust the tuning of all tracks in the DAW to match the tuning of the saxophone. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate other uses for the collective tuning adjustment as well. As described above, track 9, which is a vintage organ MIDI track can be configured to play a software instrument on an external MIDI device. In this example, upon recording or playing the track, the DAW can send MIDI commands corresponding to track 9 to an external MIDI instrument. The external MIDI instrument can receive these MIDI commands and generate the vintage organ sounds corresponding to this MIDI track. The collective adjustment of tuning can collectively affect all internal and external tracks, including the external vintage organ.
The tuning of the MIDI files can be tuned by providing adjusted MIDI Note Numbers of the MIDI data for pitch changes. Generally, MIDI Note numbers can be recognized by almost any MIDI device, certainly by any sound generator. In another example, the tuning of the MIDI files can be adjusted by sending a MIDI Tuning System (MTS) message in the MIDI data. In this example, the MTS message uses a three-byte number format to specify a pitch in logarithmic form. This pitch number can be thought of as a three-digit number in base 128. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize other methods for adjusting the tuning of midi files.
The tuning of the audio files can be adjusted by pitch shifting. Pitch shifting is a process that can change the pitch of an audio file without affecting the speed. The phase vocoder method described above can be used to pitch shift the audio files to the desired tuning. Additionally, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize other algorithms and combinations thereof for pitch shifting audio files.
Referring to
At block 602, at least one internal track and at least one external track is displayed. For example, the computer 102, e.g., first processor, causes the display of the at least one internal track and at least one external track. The computer 102, e.g., first processor, can generate corresponding sounds in response to audio files or MIDI files contained in internal tracks. The external MIDI device 110, e.g., second processor can generate sounds in response to MIDI files contained in external tracks. In another example, a display module residing on a computer-readable medium can display the at least one internal track and at least one external track. After displaying the internal and external tracks, the method 600 can proceed to block 604.
At block 604, the tempo, tempo and pitch, or tuning of each internal track and each external track in response to a received command can be collectively adjusted. For example, by clicking on the radio button a floating window appears that can allow a user to enter a desired collective adjustment mode and value.
For example, the first processor or an adjustment module can display a GUI to allow a user to collectively adjust the tempo of each internal track and each external track, as shown in
The first processor or an adjustment module can display a GUI to allow a user to collectively adjust the tempo and pitch of each internal track and each external track, as shown in
The first processor or an adjustment module can display a GUI to allow a user to collectively adjust the tuning of each internal track and each external track, as shown in
The tuning adjustment can be adjusted for each track by an increment associated with the command, the increment being between about 220.00 Hz and 880.00 Hz, by pitch shifting each audio track by the increment and providing MIDI note values corresponding to the increment to the external processor associated with each software instrument corresponding to each MIDI track.
Returning to
At block 608, the adjusted tuning can be displayed in the event the tempo or tempo and pitch of the at least one internal track and at least one external track was collectively adjusted. For example, the first processor can cause a display of the adjusted tuning. In another example, the display module can cause the display of the adjusted tuning.
The technology can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements. In one embodiment, the invention is implemented in software, which includes but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode, etc. Furthermore, the invention can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any apparatus that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device) or a propagation medium (though propagation mediums in and of themselves as signal carriers are not included in the definition of physical computer-readable medium). Examples of a physical computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk-read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD. Both processors and program code for implementing each as aspect of the technology can be centralized and/or distributed as known to those skilled in the art.
The above disclosure provides examples and aspects relating to various embodiments within the scope of claims, appended hereto or later added in accordance with applicable law. However, these examples are not limiting as to how any disclosed aspect may be implemented, as those of ordinary skill can apply these disclosures to particular situations in a variety of ways.
