Patent Application
20240277762
The present invention relates to the combination of a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the PRAME peptide SLLQHLIGL and a chimeric co-stimulatory receptor comprising an extracellular domain derived from PD-1 (CD279) and an intracellular domain derived from 4-1BB (CD137). In particular, the invention refers to a cell comprising said TCR and chimeric co-stimulatory protein. Further the invention refers to a nucleic acid encoding the TCR and the co-stimulatory receptor, a corresponding vector and a corresponding nucleic acid composition. Moreover, the invention relates to the according pharmaceutical composition. Accordingly, the invention also relates to the cell and the nucleic acid constructs for use as a medicament, in particular to the TCR for use in the treatment of cancer.
PRAME is a tumor-associated antigen expressed in a wide variety of tumors, preferably melanoma. Further, PRAME has been described as an independent biomarker for metastasis, such as uveal melanoma (Fiedl et al., Clin Cancer Res 2016 March; 22(5): 1234-1242) and as a prognostic marker for DLBCL (Mitsuhashi et al., Hematology 2014, 1/2014). It is not expressed in normal tissues, except testis. This expression pattern is similar to that of other cancer testis (CT) antigens, such as MAGE, BAGE and GAGE. However, unlike these other CT antigens, this gene is also expressed in acute leukemia. The encoded protein acts as a repressor of retinoic acid receptor, and likely confers a growth advantage to cancer cells via this function. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. PRAME overexpression in triple negative breast cancer has also been found to promote cancer cell motility through induction of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (Al-Khadairi et al., Journal of Translational Medicine 2019; 17: 9). Deletion of PRAME has been reported in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, however, this is not functionally relevant since the gene is not expressed in B cells, and the deletion is a consequence of a physiological immunoglobulin light chain rearrangement. Based on the described characteristics of the CT antigen PRAME, it constitutes a suitable target for the treatment of different types of cancers by using TCR-directed cell-based immunotherapies. For this, a TCR with high specificity for the antigen is required that enables the cell product to exert effector functions required for tumor clearance, including release of cytokines, cytotoxicity and proliferation.
Success of immunotherapies with TCR-modified T cells depends not only on the choice of a target antigen but also the selection of a TCR with high antigen specificity and sensitivity. An additional challenge, particularly in treatment of solid tumors, is the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that negatively influences efficacy, fitness and persistence of TCR-modified T cells. In addition to inhibitory cytokines and deprivation of essential metabolic factors, T cells face the inhibitory checkpoint PD-1/PD-L1 axis in the TME that reduces T cell infiltration and causes their exhaustion. Consequently, new strategies are needed to equip TCR-modified T cells with traits to overcome an inhibitory immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. More specifically, the TCR-modified T cells targting PRAME with high specificity and with enhanced proliferation, cytokine release and cytotoxicity are desired.
To overcome these needs, the present invention provides a combination of the inventive high avidity TCR and a chimeric co-stimulatory receptor allowing the generation of highly specific T cells targeting PRAME with enhanced cytokine release, proliferation and cytotoxicity.
Thus, one objective of the present invention is the provision of a cell comprising
The PRAME-specific TCR used is capable of binding to a PRAME peptide having the amino acid sequence SLLQHLIGL (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a portion thereof, or its HLA-A2 bound form. It provides high functional avidity and advantageous tumor cell recognition and killing properties. In particular, the TCR of the present invention has a higher functional avidity than TCRs disclosed in the prior art, recognizes the tested tumor cell lines best, and lyses PRAME positive tumor cells more efficiently. The co-stimulatory receptor reverses the inhibitory checkpoint axis PD-1/PD-L1 to improve the T cell functionality, in particular in a suppressive TME. Thus, the combination of the inventive TCR and the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor allows improved targeting of PRAME with high specificity and with enhanced proliferation, cytokine release and cytotoxicity.
In some embodiments, the PRAME-specific TCR is capable of binding to the HLA-A*02:01, HLA-A*02:02, HLA-A*02:04 or HLA-A*02:09 bound form of SLLQHLIGL. Binding to the PRAME epitope SLLQHLIGL or a portion thereof, or its HLA-A2 bound form induces IFN-γ secretion by cells transduced or transfected with the TCR.
In some embodiments, the TCR comprises a variable TCR α region having an amino acid sequence which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8 and a variable TCR β region having an amino acid sequence which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In more specific embodiments, the TCR comprises a variable TCR α region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 and a variable TCR β region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. The TCR may comprise a constant TCR α region having an amino acid sequence which is identical or at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10 and a constant TCR β region having an amino acid sequence which is identical or at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11.
The chimeric co-stimulatory receptor may comprise a transmembrane domain which is derived from PD-1. In specific embodiments the sequence of chimeric co-stimulatory receptor may comprise the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26.
Accordingly, a further aspect relates to a composition comprising
Moreover, one aspect relates to a nucleic acid comprising
A further aspect refers to a vector comprising the nucleic acid comprising the sequences for the PRAME-specific TCR and the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor. Also cells comprising the nucleic acid composition and/or the vector are encompassed.
Typically, the cell is a peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) or a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). In a specific embodiment, the cell is a T cell.
Further apsects refer to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the cell, the composition, the nucleic acid and the vector defined herein. Further aspects refer to the cell, the composition, the nucleic acid and the vector defined herein for cancer treatment.
CD8+ T cells were isolated from healthy donors and activated with CD3/CD28 antibodies in the presence of IL-7 and IL-15. The activated cells were transduced with retroviral particles containing the sequences for T23.8-2.1-027-004 (=TCR) or a combination of T23.8-2.1-027-004 and PD1-41BB (=TCR_PD1-41BB). Untransduced (=UT) CD8+ T cells that were prepared in the same manner were used as controls. Transduction efficiency and expression levels of the transgenes were determined by antibody staining of the TCR-β chain (TRBV09) and PD-1 and subsequent analysis by flow cytometry.
Functional avidities of TCR-transgenic T cell populations are measured as IFN-γ release in co-culture with PD-L1-transgenic T2 cells loaded with titrated amounts of SLLQHLIGL (SLL)-peptide (10−5 M to 10−10 M). The half maximal IFN-γ release serves as measure for functional avidity of the TCR-transgenic effector T cells. Left graph shows absolute values of IFN-γ concentrations determined by ELISA 20 h after co-culture and right graph shows the non-linear regression curve of relative values. While co-expression of PD1-41BB increases IFN-γ levels released by TCR-transgenic T cells in response to PD-L1-positive target cells, the co-expression does not alter the functional avidity of the T cells.
In vitro co-culture of TCR-transduced T cells with selected HLA-A*02 sub-allele-positive lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL; EBV-transformed B cells) at an ET ratio of 1:1 (20.000 T cells/well). IFN-γ concentrations were determined by ELISA 20 h after co-culture with LCLs pulsed with 10−5 M SLL-peptide. TCR-transgenic T cells transduced with and without PD1-41BB recognized the SLL-peptide presented by MHC molecules encoded by the HLA-A*02 sub-alleles A*02:02, A*02:04 and A*02:09 at similar levels compared to A*02:01.
To decrease the risk for potential off-target toxicities, 191 partially homologous peptides (mismatched (MM) peptides) with up to four amino acid differences compared to the SLL-peptide were selected using Expitope 2.0®. In a pre-screening co-culture using PD-L1-transgenic T2 cells loaded with 10−6 M of the MM peptides or the SLL-peptide, 33 MM peptides were identified that were recognized by TCR-transduced T cells (data not shown). These 33 MM peptides were examined for their potential to induce IFN-γ release by TCR-transgenic effector T cells when the epitopes (peptides) are endogenously processed by proteasomes of the PRAME-negative target cell line SNB-19. In vitro transcribed (ivt)RNA coding for up to 5 MM peptides was electroporated into SNB-19 cells. The MM peptides that induced the highest IFN-γ release in TCR-transgenic T cells in the pre-screening co-culture (MM01, MM26, MM66), were tested individually as “midigene” constructs (˜400 bp). All other MM peptides were tested as minigene constructs (˜90 bp per peptide) coding for 5 MM peptides. A midigene construct coding for the SLL peptide was used as a positive control. All RNA constructs included an epitope recognized by a positive-control TCR. IFN-γ concentrations were determined 20 h after co-culture of the transfected SNB-19 cells with TCR-transgenic effector T cells. Detected IFN-γ levels indicate no recognition of intracellular processed MM peptides. Therefore, all MM peptides could be de-risked and are not likely to cause potential off-target toxicities. In addition, co-expression of PD1-41BB did not alter the pattern of recognized MM peptides seen with the TCR alone.
To assess potential off-target toxicity, TCR-transduced T cells with and without PD1-41BB were co-cultured with a library consisting of 36 lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) covering the most frequent HLA-A,-B and -C alleles in the Caucasian population. These LCL express a wide variety of endogenously expressed peptides and help to identify potential cross-reactivities due to recognition of endogenous peptides presented on the matched HLA-A2 molecule or the most frequent other HLA molecules. IFN-γ concentrations were determined by ELISA 20 h after co-culture with LCL. SLL-peptide-loaded HLA-A*02:01-positive LCL served as positive control. TCR-transgenic T cells secreted very low levels of IFN-γ only when co-cultured with LCL #5, in which low levels of PRAME expression could be confirmed by qPCR. All other LCL were not recognized by the effector T cells expressing the transgenic TCR or the transgenic TCR in combination with PD1-41BB. Therefore, no off-target toxicities could be identified in this safety model.
Potential off-target recognition of critical healthy tissues was analyzed by co-culture with normal cells of various tissue origin. As positive controls, normal cells were loaded with SLL-peptide. IFN-γ concentrations in co-culture supernatants were determined by ELISA 20 h after co-culture. No off-target recognition of healthy cells was observed. Only PRAME-positive mature Dendritic cells (DC) triggered IFN-γ release in TCR-transgenic T cells above the background of untransduced T cells, whereas the progenitors of mature DC (monocytes and immature DC) did not lead to IFN-γ release by T cells. The addition of PD1-41BB did not change the safety profile of T cells expressing the PRAME-specific TCR. Human Renal Epithelial Cells (HREpC), Human Renal Cortical Epithelial Cells (HRCEpC), Renal Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells (RPTEC), Normal Human Lung Fibroblasts (NHLF), Human Osteoblasts (HOB), Monocytes (Mono), immature DC (iDC), mature DC (mDC), iCell Cardiomyocytes2 (iCardio).
(A) PRAME-mRNA expression levels in tumor cell lines were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and normalized to the housekeeping gene GUSB. (B) TCR-transgenic T cells with and without PD1-41BB were co-cultured with HLA-A*02:01-positive tumor cell lines of various indications expressing different levels of PRAME and PD-L1. To allow a stable expression of PD-L1 some tumor cells were transduced (TD) with PD-L1. Additionally, it was determined by antibody staining and subsequent flow cytometry analysis that some cell lines showed inducible (ind) PD-L1 expression upon treatment with IFN-γ, while other cell lines already showed some level of endogenous PD-L1 expression (end) without IFN-γ treatment. Untransduced T cells were used as control. IFN-γ concentrations were determined by ELISA 20 h after co-culture. Co-expression of PD1-41BB enhanced the release of IFN-γ in response to PD-L1-positive tumor cells.
TCR-transgenic T cells with and without PD1-41BB were co-cultured with 3-dimensional (3D) tumor cell spheroids derived from HLA-A*02:01-positive tumor cell lines expressing different levels of PRAME and PD-L1. Cytotoxicity against the tumor spheroids was determined by loss of red fluorescence over 20 days using Incucyte Zoom® or S3® devices with images being recorded every 4 hours. Fresh tumor cell spheroids were transferred to the co-culture plates on day 3, 7, 10, 13 and 16. Expression of PD1-41BB has a beneficial effect on the effector function and fitness of T cells in a challenging environment with repeated exposure to tumor cells. In the course of multiple challenges with tumor cell spheroids, PD1-41BB-expressing effector T cells can control tumor cell growth better compared to effector T cells expressing only the transgenic TCR.
TCR-transgenic T cells with and without PD1-41BB were co-cultured with HLA-A*02:01-positive tumor cell lines expressing different levels of PRAME and PD-L1 at an effector to target ratio of 1:1. Untransduced T cells were used as control. After 7 days, the X-fold expansion of T cells in the co-culture was calculated from the total cell count. Co-expression of PD1-41BB enhanced the proliferation and/or survival in response to PD-L1-positive tumor cells.
5×106 PD-L1-transgenic MelA375 tumor cells were injected subcutaneously into 18 immunodeficient (NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγnull) mice. After one week, mice were distributed to three treatment groups with six mice each. Mice were injected with 10×106 TCR-positive cells (16×106 total cells) with (TCR_PD1-41BB) or without (TCR) PD1-41BB or an equal amount of untransduced T cells (UT). Tumor volume was measured 2-3 times a week. PD1-41BB-expressing effector T cells could control tumor cell growth in vivo, whereas effector T cells expressing only the transgenic TCR had little effect compared to untransduced T cells.
Before the invention is described in detail with respect to some of its preferred embodiments, the following general definitions are provided.
The present invention as illustratively described in the following may be suitably practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations, not specifically disclosed herein.
The present invention will be described with respect to particular embodiments and with reference to certain figures, but the invention is not limited thereto but only by the claims.
Where the term “comprising” is used in the present description and claims, it does not exclude other elements. For the purposes of the present invention, the term “consisting of” is considered to be a preferred embodiment of the term “comprising of”. If hereinafter a group is defined to comprise at least a certain number of embodiments, this is also to be understood to disclose a group which preferably consists only of these embodiments.
For the purposes of the present invention, the term “obtained” is considered to be a preferred embodiment of the term “obtainable”. If hereinafter e.g. an antibody is defined to be obtainable from a specific source, this is also to be understood to disclose an antibody which is obtained from this source.
Where an indefinite or definite article is used when referring to a singular noun, e.g. “a”, “an” or “the”, this includes a plural of that noun unless something else is specifically stated. The terms “about” or “approximately” in the context of the present invention denote an interval of accuracy that the person skilled in the art will understand to still ensure the technical effect of the feature in question. The term typically indicates deviation from the indicated numerical value of ±10%, and preferably of ±5%.
Technical terms are used by their common sense or meaning to the person skilled in the art. If a specific meaning is conveyed to certain terms, definitions of terms will be given in the following in the context of which the terms are used.
A TCR is composed of two different and separate protein chains, namely the TCR alpha (a) and the TCR beta (B) chain. The TCR α chain comprises variable (V), joining (J) and constant (C) regions. The TCR β chain comprises variable (V), diversity (D), joining (J) and constant (C) regions. The rearranged V(D)J regions of both the TCR α and the TCR β chain contain hypervariable regions (CDR, complementarity determining regions), among which the CDR3 region determines the specific epitope recognition. At the C-terminal region both TCR α chain and TCR β chain contain a hydrophobic transmembrane domain and end in a short cytoplasmic tail.
Typically, the TCR is a heterodimer of one a chain and one ß chain. This heterodimer can bind to MHC molecules presenting a peptide.
The term “variable TCR α region” or “TCR α variable chain” or “variable domain” in the context of the invention refers to the variable region of a TCR α chain. The term “variable TCR β region” or “TCR β variable chain” in the context of the invention refers to the variable region of a TCR β chain.
The TCR loci and genes are named using the International Immunogenetics (IMGT) TCR nomenclature (IMGT Database, www.IMGT.org; Giudicelli, V., et al. IMGT/LIGM-DB, the IMGT® comprehensive database of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor nucleotide sequences, Nucl. Acids Res., 34, D781-D784 (2006). PMID: 16381979; T cell Receptor Factsbook, LeFranc and LeFranc, Academic Press ISBN 0-12-441352-8).
The TCR provided herein in combination with a chimeric co-stimulatory receptor is advantageously capable of binding to a peptide derived from (human) PRAME (SEQ ID NO: 1) Hence, said TCR is specific for a PRAME peptide as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1, also called PRAME-SLL. The term “specific for” in the context of the present invention means that the TCR is specifically binding to the target. PRAME (Preferntially Expressed Antigen in Melanoma, Uniprot Acc. No. P78395), also referred to as MAPE (melanoma antigen preferentially expressed in tumors) and OIP4 (OPA-interacting protein 4), has been reported to be a cancer-testis antigen (CTA) with unknown function. PRAME is a Protein Coding gene, associated with Melanoma and Leukemia, and Chronic Myeloid. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include retinoic acid receptor binding. The PRAME protein functions as a transcriptional repressor, inhibiting the signaling of retinoic acid through the retinoic acid receptors RARA, RARB and RARG. It prevents retinoic acid-induced arrest of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.
In particular, the present invention provides a combination of a chimeric co-stimulatory receptor and a TCR that is capable of binding a peptide comprised within the PRAME amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1 (see Table 1). The term “capable of binding” means that said peptide is specifically bound by said TCR. The term “specific(ally) binding” generally indicates that a TCR binds via its antigen binding site more readily to its intended antigenic target than to a random, unrelated non-target antigen. Particularly the term “specifically binds” indicates that the binding specificity of the TCR will be at least about 5-fold, preferably 10-fold, more preferably 25-fold, even more preferably 50-fold, and most preferably 100-fold or more, greater for its antigenic target than its binding specificity for a non-target antigen. The PRAME peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1 is also referred to as “antigenic target” or “SLL peptide” herein. Hence, the PRAME peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1 is or comprises the targeted epitope of the TCR of the present invention.
The term “epitope” in general refers to a site on an antigen, typically a (poly-) peptide, which a binding domain recognizes. The term “binding domain” in its broadest sense refers to an “antigen binding site”, i.e. characterizes a domain of a molecule which binds/interacts with a specific epitope on an antigenic target. An antigenic target may comprise a single epitope, but typically comprises at least two epitopes, and can include any number of epitopes depending on the size, conformation, and type of antigen. The term “epitope” in general encompasses linear epitopes and conformational epitopes. Linear epitopes are contiguous epitopes comprised in the amino acid primary sequence and typically include at least 2 amino acids or more. Conformational epitopes are formed by non-contiguous amino acids juxtaposed by folding of the target antigen, and in particular target (poly-) peptide.
The present inventors have found that the minimal amino acid sequence recognized by the TCR of the invention corresponds to the amino acid sequence of PRAME (SEQ ID NO: 1). Specifically, the inventive TCR has been shown to (specifically) recognize the amino acid sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence SLLQHLIGL (SEQ ID NO: 1), or its HLA-A2 bound form as shown in the appended examples. This selective recognition can be obtained by the recognition motif of the TCR, displaying only a few fixed positions. The amino acids LLQ and especially HLI of the sequence SLLQHLIGL (SEQ ID NO: 1) are part of this recognition motif.
One objective of the present invention is the provision of a cell comprising
Thus the TCR used in the combination of the invention comprises
In some embodiments, the TCR comprises the TCR comprises a variable TCR α region having an amino acid sequence which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8 and a variable TCR β region having an amino acid sequence which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9.
“At least 80% identical”, in particular “having an amino acid sequence which is at least 80% identical” as used herein includes that the amino acid sequence is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence set out.
The determination of percent identity between multiple sequences is preferably accomplished using the AlignX application of the Vector NTI Advance™ 10 program (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad CA, USA). This program uses a modified Clustal W algorithm (Thompson et al., 1994. Nucl Acids Res. 22: pp. 4673-4680; Invitrogen Corporation; Vector NTI Advance™ 10 DNA and protein sequence analysis software. User's Manual, 2004, pp. 389-662). The determination of percent identity is performed with the standard parameters of the AlignX application.
In specific embodiments the TCR comprises a variable TCR α region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 and a variable TCR β region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
As can be seen from the examples the TCRs according to the invention are specific for PRAME, in particular the PRAME epitope SLLQHLIGL (SEQ ID NO: 1) and exhibit only very low cross-reactivity to other epitopes or antigens.
In specific embodiments the TCRs as described herein comprise a constant TCR α region having an amino acid sequence which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10 and a constant TCR β region having an amino acid sequence which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11.
Hence more specifically, in some embodiments the TCR may comprise a variable TCR α region having an amino acid sequence which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8, a variable TCR β region having an amino acid sequence which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9, a constant TCR α region having an amino acid sequence which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10 and a constant TCR β region having an amino acid sequence which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11.
In even more specific embodiments, the TCR may comprise a variable TCR α region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, a variable TCR β region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, a constant TCR α region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 and a constant TCR β region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.
Accordigly in specific embodiments, the TCR may comprise a TCR α chain having the amino acid sequence which is identical or which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 24, and a TCR β chain having the amino acid sequence which is identical or which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 22.
In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the TCR and/or the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor may comprise one or more phenotypically silent substitutions.
“Phenotypically silent substitutions” are also named “conservative amino acid substitutions”. The concept of “conservative amino acid substitutions” is understood by the skilled artisan, and preferably means that codons encoding positively-charged residues (H, K, and R) are substituted with codons encoding positively-charged residues, codons encoding negatively-charged residues (D and E) are substituted with codons encoding negatively-charged residues, codons encoding neutral polar residues (C, G, N, Q, S, T, and Y) are substituted with codons encoding neutral polar residues, and codons encoding neutral non-polar residues (A, F, I, L, M, P, V, and W) are substituted with codons encoding neutral non-polar residues. These variations can spontaneously occur, be introduced by random mutagenesis, or can be introduced by directed mutagenesis. Those changes can be made without destroying the essential characteristics of these polypeptides. The ordinarily skilled artisan can readily and routinely screen variant amino acids and/or the nucleic acids encoding them to determine if these variations substantially reduce or destroy the ligand binding capacity by methods known in the art.
The skilled person understands that also the nucleic acid encoding the TCR and/or the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor may be modified. Useful modifications in the overall nucleic acid sequence include codon optimization of the sequence. Alterations may be made which lead to conservative substitutions within the expressed amino acid sequence. These variations can be made in complementarity determining and non-complementarity determining regions of the amino acid sequence of the TCR chain that do not affect function. Usually, additions and deletions should not be performed in the CDR3 region.
According to some embodiments of the invention the amino acid sequence of the TCR and/or the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor is modified to comprise a detectable label, a therapeutic agent or pharmacokinetic modifying moiety.
Non-limiting examples for detectable labels are radiolabels, fluorescent labels, nucleic acid probes, enzymes and contrast reagents. Therapeutic agents which may be associated with the TCRs include radioactive compounds, immune-modulators, enzymes or chemotherapeutic agents. The therapeutic agents could be enclosed by a liposome linked to TCR so that the compound can be released slowly at the target site. This will avoid damage during the transport in the body and ensure that the therapeutic agent, e.g. toxin, has maximum effect after binding of the TCR to the relevant antigen presenting cells. Other examples for therapeutic agents are: peptide cytotoxins, i.e. proteins or peptides with the ability to kill mammalian cells, such as ricin, diphtheria toxin, pseudomonas bacterial exotoxin A, DNase and RNase. Small molecule cytotoxic agents, i.e. compounds with the ability to kill mammalian cells having a molecular weight of less than 700 Daltons. Such compounds could contain toxic metals capable of having a cytotoxic effect. Furthermore, it is to be understood that these small molecule cytotoxic agents also include pro-drugs, i.e. compounds that decay or are converted under physiological conditions to release cytotoxic agents. Such agents may for example include docetaxel, gemcitabine, cisplatin, maytansine derivatives, rachelmycin, calicheamicin, etoposide, ifosfamide, irinotecan, porfimer sodium photofrin II, temozolomide, topotecan, trimetrexate glucoronate, mitoxantrone, auristatin E, vincristine and doxorubicin; radionuclides, such as, iodine 131, rhenium 186, indium 111, yttrium 90. bismuth 210 and 213, actinium 225 and astatine 213. The association of the radionuclides with the TCRs or derivatives thereof may for example be carried out by chelating agents; immune-stimulators, also known as immunostimulants, i.e. immune effector molecules which stimulate immune response. Exemplary immune-stimulators are cytokines such as IL-2 and IFN-γ, antibodies or fragments thereof, including anti-T cell or NK cell determinant antibodies (e.g anti-CD3, anti-CD28 or anti-CD16); alternative protein scaffolds with antibody like binding characteristics; Superantigens, i.e. antigens that cause non-specific activation of T cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release, and mutants thereof; chemokines such as IL-8, platelet factor 4, melanoma growth stimulatory protein, etc. complement activators; xenogeneic protein domains, allogeneic protein domains, viral/bacterial protein domains, viral/bacterial peptides.
The therapeutic agent may preferably be selected from the group consisting of an immune effector molecule, a cytotoxic agent and a radionuclide. Preferably, the immune effector molecule is a cytokine.
The pharmacokinetic modifying moiety may be for example at least one polyethylene glycol repeating unit, at least one glycol group, at least one sialyl group or a combination thereof. The association of at least one polyethylene glycol repeating unit, at least one glycol group, at least one sialyl group may be caused in a number of ways known to those skilled in the art. In a preferred embodiment the units are covalently linked to the TCR. The TCRs according to the invention can be modified by one or several pharmacokinetic modifying moieties. In particular, the soluble form of the TCR is modified by one or several pharmacokinetic modifying moieties. The pharmacokinetic modifying moiety may achieve beneficial changes to the pharamacokinetic profile of the therapeutic, for example improved plasma half-life, reduced or enhanced immunogenicity, and improved solubility.
The TCR and/or the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor can be modified by attaching additional functional moieties, e.g. for reducing immunogenicity, increasing hydrodynamic size (size in solution) solubility and/or stability (e.g. by enhanced protection to proteolytic degradation) and/or extending serum half-life.
Other useful functional moieties and modifications include “suicide” or “safety switches” that can be used to shut off effector host cells carrying an inventive TCR in a patient's body. An example is the inducible Caspase 9 (iCasp9) “safety switch” described by Gargett and Brown Front Pharmacol. 2014; 5: 235. Briefly, effector host cells are modified by well-known methods to express a Caspase 9 domain whose dimerization depends on a small molecule dimerizer drug such as AP1903/CIP, and results in rapid induction of apoptosis in the modified effector cells. The system is for instance described in EP2173869 (A2). Examples for other “suicide” “safety switches” are known in the art, e.g. Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK), expression of CD20 and subsequent depletion using anti-CD20 antibody or myc tags (Kieback et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008 Jan. 15; 105(2):623-8).
TCRs with an altered glycosylation pattern are also envisaged herein. As is known in the art, glycosylation patterns can depend on the amino acid sequence (e.g., the presence or absence of particular glycosylation amino acid residues, discussed below) and/or the host cell or organism in which the protein is produced. Glycosylation of polypeptides is typically either N-linked or O-linked. N-linked refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the side chain of an asparagine residue. Addition of N-linked glycosylation sites to the binding molecule is conveniently accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that it contains one or more tri-peptide sequences selected from asparagine-X-serine and asparagine-X-threonine (where X is any amino acid except proline). O-linked glycosylation sites may be introduced by the addition of or substitution by, one or more serine or threonine residues to the starting sequence.
Another means of glycosylation of TCRs is by chemical or enzymatic coupling of glycosides to the protein. Depending on the coupling mode used, the sugar(s) may be attached to (a) arginine and histidine, (b) free carboxyl groups, (c) free sulfhydryl groups such as those of cysteine, (d) free hydroxyl groups such as those of serine, threonine, or hydroxyproline, (e) aromatic residues such as those of phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, or (f) the amide group of glutamine. Similarly, deglycosylation (i.e., removal of carbohydrate moieties present on the binding molecule) may be accomplished chemically, e.g. by exposing the TCRs to trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, or enzymatically by employing endo- and exo-glycosidases. It is also conceivable to add a drug such as a small molecule compound to the TCR, in particular a soluble form of the inventive TCR. Linkage can be achieved via covalent bonds, or non-covalent interactions such as through electrostatic forces. Various linkers, known in the art, can be employed in order to form the drug conjugates.
The TCR, in particular a soluble form of the inventive TCR can additionally be modified to introduce additional domains which aid in identification, tracking, purification and/or isolation of the respective molecule (tags). Thus, in some embodiments, the TCR α chain or the TCR β chain may be modified to comprise an epitope tag.
Epitope tags are useful examples of tags that can be incorporated into the TCR of the invention. Epitope tags are short stretches of amino acids that allow for binding of a specific antibody and therefore enable identification and tracking of the binding and movement of soluble TCRs or host cells within the patient's body or cultivated (host) cells. Detection of the epitope tag, and hence, the tagged TCR, can be achieved using a number of different techniques.
Tags can further be employed for stimulation and expansion of host cells carrying an inventive TCR by cultivating the cells in the presence of binding molecules (antibodies) specific for said tag.
In general, the TCR can be modified in some instances with various mutations that modify the affinity and the off-rate of the TCR with the target antigen. In particular, the mutations may increase the affinity and/or reduce the off-rate. Thus, the TCR may be mutated in at least one CDR and the variable domain framework region thereof.
However, in a preferred embodiment the CDRs of the TCR are not modified or in vitro affinity maturated such as for the TCRs in the examples. This means that the CDRs have naturally occurring sequences. This can be advantageous, since in vitro affinity maturation may lead to immunogenicity to the TCR molecule. This may lead to the production of anti-drug antibodies decreasing or inactivating the therapeutic effect and the treatment and/or induce adverse effects.
The mutation may be one or more substitution(s), deletion(s) or insertions(s). These mutations may be introduced by any suitable method known in the art, such as polymerase chain reaction, restriction enzyme-based cloning, ligation independent cloning procedures, which are described for Example in Sambrook, Molecular Cloning-4th Edition (2012) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Theoretically, unpredictable TCR specificity with the risk for cross-reactivity can occur due to mispairing between endogenous and exogenous TCR chains. To avoid mispairing of TCR sequences, the recombinant TCR sequence may be modified to contain murinized or minimal murinized Ca and CB regions, a technology that has been shown to efficiently enhance correct pairing of several different transduced TCR chains. Murinization of TCRs (i.e. exchanging the human Ca and CB regions by their murine counterparts) is a technique that is commonly applied in order to improve cell surface expression of TCRs in host cells. Without wishing to be bound by specific theory, it is thought that murinized TCRs associate more effectively with CD3 co-receptors; and/or that preferentially pair with each other and are less prone to form mixed TCRs on human T cells genetically modified ex vivo to express the TCRs of desired antigenic specificity, but still retaining and expressing their “original” TCRs.
Nine amino acids responsible for the improved expression of murinized TCRs have been identified (Sommermeyer and Uckert, J Immunol. 2010 Jun. 1; 184(11):6223-31) and it is envisaged to substitute one or all of the amino acid residues in the TCRs a and//or ß chain constant region for their murine counterpart residues. This technique is also referred to as “minimal murinization”, and offers the advantage of enhancing cell surface expression while, at the same time, reducing the number of “foreign” amino acid residues in the amino acid sequence and, thereby, the risk of immunogenicity.
Some embodiments refer to an isolated TCR as described herein, wherein the TCR is of the single chain type, wherein the TCR α chain and the TCR β chain are linked by a linker sequence.
A suitable single chain TCR form comprises a first segment constituted by an amino acid sequence corresponding to a variable TCR α region, a second segment constituted by an amino acid sequence corresponding to a variable TCR β region fused to the N terminus of an amino acid sequence corresponding to a TCR β chain constant region extracellular sequence, and a linker sequence linking the C terminus of the first segment to the N terminus of the second segment. Alternatively, the first segment may be constituted by an amino acid sequence corresponding to a TCR β chain variable region, the second segment may be constituted by an amino acid sequence corresponding to a TCR α chain variable region sequence fused to the N terminus of an amino acid sequence corresponding to a TCR α chain constant region extracellular sequence. The above single chain TCRs may further comprise a disulfide bond between the first and second chains, and wherein the length of the linker sequence and the position of the disulfide bond being such that the variable domain sequences of the first and second segments are mutually orientated substantially as in native T cell receptors. More specifically the first segment may be constituted by an amino acid sequence corresponding to a TCR α chain variable region sequence fused to the N terminus of an amino acid sequence corresponding to a TCR α chain constant region extracellular sequence, the second segment may be constituted by an amino acid sequence corresponding to a TCR β chain variable region fused to the N terminus of an amino acid sequence corresponding to TCR β chain constant region extracellular sequence, and a disulfide bond may be provided between the first and second chains. The linker sequence may be any sequence which does not impair the function of the TCR.
In the context of the present invention, a “functional” TCR α and/or ß chain fusion protein shall mean a TCR or TCR variant, for example modified by addition, deletion or substitution of amino acids, that maintains at least substantial biological activity. In the case of the a and/or ß chain of a TCR, this shall mean that both chains remain able to form a TCR (either with a non-modified a and/or ß chain or with another inventive fusion protein a and/or ß chain) which exerts its biological function, in particular binding to the specific peptide-MHC complex of said TCR, and/or functional signal transduction upon specific peptide:MHC interaction.
In specific embodiments the TCR may be modified, to be a functional TCR α and/or ß chain fusion protein, wherein said epitope-tag has a length of between 6 to 15 amino acids, preferably 9 to 11 amino acids. In another embodiment the TCR may be modified to be a functional T-cell receptor (TCR) a and/or ß chain fusion protein wherein said TCR α and/or ß chain fusion protein comprises two or more epitope-tags, either spaced apart or directly in tandem. Embodiments of the fusion protein can contain 2, 3, 4, 5 or even more epitope-tags, as long as the fusion protein maintains its biological activity/activities (“functional”).
Preferred is a functional TCR α and/or ß chain fusion protein according to the present invention, wherein said epitope-tag is selected from, but not limited to, CD20 or Her2/neu tags, or other conventional tags such as a myc-tag, FLAG-tag, T7-tag, HA (hemagglutinin)-tag, His-tag, S-tag, GST-tag, or GFP-tag. myc, T7, GST, GFP tags are epitopes derived from existing molecules. In contrast, FLAG is a synthetic epitope tag designed for high antigenicity (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,703,004 and 4,851,341). The myc tag can preferably be used because high quality reagents are available to be used for its detection. Epitope tags can of course have one or more additional functions, beyond recognition by an antibody. The sequences of these tags are described in the literature and well known to the person of skill in art.
The chimeric co-stimulatory receptor used in combination with the PRAME-specific TCR comprises
The chimeric co-stimulatory receptor used in combination with the PRAME-specific TCR herein may particularly comprise an extracellular domain containing the extracellular domain derived from PD-1 (e.g. human PD-1). In this context, the term “derived from” particularly means that the polypeptide contained in the extracellular domain comprises at least a part of PD-1 (e.g. human PD-1), preferably the extracellular domain of PD-1, respectively. The chimeric co-stimulatory receptor comprising an extracellular domain derived from PD-1 has binding activity for PD-L1, PD-L2 or other inhibitory ligands of PD-1. As used herein, the term “derived from” PD-1 also allows that up to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more amino acids are substituted, deleted, and/or inserted compared to a native sequence of PD-1 (e.g. human PD-1) or or part thereof (e.g., extracellular domain).
In one embodiment the extracellular domain containing a polypeptide derived from PD-1 comprises sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 28 or amino acid sequence which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. In a specific embodiment, the extracellular domain containing a polypeptide derived from PD-1 comprises sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 28.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor comprises an extracellular domain containing a polypeptide derived from PD-1 comprises an amino acid sequence with up to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid substitutions (preferably conservative or highly conservative substitutions), deletions and/or insertions compared to the amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of human or murine PD-1, e.g., of human PD-1 as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 28.
The chimeric co-stimulatory receptor used in combination with the PRAME-specific TCR herein further comprise a transmembrane domain operably linked between the extracellular domain and the intracellular domain. Generally, the transmembrane domain is not limited to a specific transmembrane domain. Preferably, the transmembrane domain allows stable anchorage of the fusion protein in the membrane of a cell expressing the fusion protein (e.g., a T cell) and further allows binding of the extracellular domain to PD-L1, respectively, and, upon binding to PD-L1, allows signaling transduction to the intracellular domain containing a polypeptide derived from 4-1BB.
In a preferred embodiment, the transmembrane domain of the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor is a transmembrane domain derived from PD-1. In one embodiment the transmembrane domain comprises a sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 30 or amino acid sequence, which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. In a specific embodiment, the transmembrane domain containing a polypeptide derived from PD-1 comprises sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 30.
The chimeric co-stimulatory receptors used in combination with the PRAME-specific TCR herein may particularly comprise an intracellular domain containing a polypeptide derived from 4-1BB (also termed “41BB”), preferably the intracellular domain of 4-1BB (e.g human 4-1BB). In this context, the term “derived from” particularly means that the polypeptide contained in the intracellular domain comprises at least a part of 4-1BB (e.g. human 4-1BB), preferably the intracellular domain of 4-1BB, respectively. The chimeric co-stimulatory receptor comprising an intracellular domain derived from 4-1BB is capable of increasing the proliferation rate of a T cell expressing said chimeric co-stimulatory receptor upon stimulation with PD-L1, PD-L2 or another inhibitory ligand of PD-1 and/or is capable of incrasing the effector function (such as increased IFN-γ release and/or increased cytotoxicity) of a T cell expressing said chimeric co-stimulatory receptor compared to a corresponding T cell not expressing the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor. As used herein, the term “derived from” 4-1BB also allows that up to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more amino acids are substituted, deleted, and/or inserted compared to a native sequence of 4-1BB (human or murine, preferably human 4-1BB) or part thereof (e.g., intracellular domain). In one embodiment the intracellular domain containing a polypeptide derived from 4-1BB comprises sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 32 or amino acid sequence which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 32. In a specific embodiment, the intracellular domain containing a polypeptide derived from 4-1BB comprises sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 32.
“At least 80% identical”, in particular “having an amino acid sequence which is at least 80% identical” as used herein includes that the amino acid sequence is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence set out.
The determination of percent identity between multiple sequences is preferably accomplished using the AlignX application of the Vector NTI Advance™ 10 program (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad CA, USA). This program uses a modified Clustal W algorithm (Thompson et al., 1994. Nucl Acids Res. 22: pp. 4673-4680; Invitrogen Corporation; Vector NTI Advance™ 10 DNA and protein sequence analysis software. User's Manual, 2004, pp. 389-662). The determination of percent identity is performed with the standard parameters of the AlignX application.
Another aspect of the invention refers to nucleic acids encoding the PRAME-specific TCR and the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor as described herein.
The nucleotide sequences encoding the relvant regions and domains of PRAME-specific TCR are set out in Table 1:
The nucleotide sequences encoding the relevant regions and domains of the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor are set out in Table 2:
“Nucleic acid molecule” generally means a polymer of DNA or RNA, which can be single-stranded or double-stranded, synthesized or obtained (e.g., isolated and/or purified) from natural sources which can contain natural, non-natural or altered nucleotides, and which can contain a natural, non-natural or altered internucleotide linkage, such as a phosphoroamidate linkage or a phosphorothioate linkage instead of the phosphodiester found between the nucleotides of an unmodified oligonucleotide. Preferably, the nucleic acids described herein are recombinant. As used herein, the term “recombinant” refers to (i) molecules that are constructed outside living cells by joining natural or synthetic nucleic acid segments to nucleic acid molecules that can replicate in a living cell, or (ii) molecules that result from the replication of those described in (i) above. For purposes herein, the replication can be in vitro replication or in vivo replication. The nucleic acids can be constructed based on chemical synthesis and/or enzymatic ligation reactions using procedures known in the art or commercially available (e.g. from Genscript, Thermo Fisher and similar companies). See, for example, Sambrook et al., a nucleic acid can be chemically synthesized using naturally occurring nucleotides or variously modified nucleotides (see for example Sambrook et al. 2001) designed to increase the biological stability of the molecules or to increase the physical stability of the duplex formed upon hybridization (e.g., phosphorothioate derivatives and acridine substituted nucleotides). The nucleic acid can comprise any nucleotide sequence which encodes any of the recombinant TCRs and/or chimeric co-stimulatory receptors, polypeptides, or proteins, or functional portions or functional variants thereof.
For example, the present disclosure also provides variants of the isolated or purified nucleic acids wherein the variant nucleic acids comprise a nucleotide sequence that has at least 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleotide sequence encoding the TCR described herein. Such variant nucleotide sequence encodes a functional TCR that specifically recognizes PRAME, especially PRAME epitope SLLQHLIGL (SEQ ID NO:1).
For example, the present disclosure also provides variants of the isolated or purified nucleic acids wherein the variant nucleic acids comprise a nucleotide sequence that has at least 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to chimeric co-stimulatory receptor described herein. Such variant nucleotide sequence encodes a functional chimeric co-stimulatory receptor as described herein.
As already described elsewhere herein, the nucleic acid encoding the TCR and/or chimeric co-stimulatory receptor may be modified. Useful modifications in the overall nucleic acid sequence may be codon optimization. Alterations may be made which lead to conservative substitutions within the translated amino acid sequence. With regard to TCRs, these variations can be made in complementarity determining and non-complementarity determining regions of the amino acid sequence of the TCR chain that do not affect function. Usually, additions and deletions should not be performed in the CDR3 region.
Another embodiment refers to a vector comprising the nucleic acid encoding the TCR and the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor as described herein.
The vector is preferably a plasmid, shuttle vector, phagemide, cosmid, expression vector, retroviral vector, adenoviral vector or particle and/or vector to be used in gene therapy.
A “vector” is any molecule or composition that has the ability to carry a nucleic acid sequence into a suitable host cell where synthesis of the encoded polypeptide can take place. Typically, and preferably, a vector is a nucleic acid that has been engineered, using recombinant DNA techniques that are known in the art, to incorporate a desired nucleic acid sequence (e.g. a nucleic acid of the invention). The vector may comprise DNA or RNA and/or comprise liposomes and/viral particles The vector may be a plasmid, shuttle vector, phagemide, cosmid, expression vector, retroviral vector, lentiviral vector, adenoviral vector or particle and/or vector to be used in gene therapy. A vector may include nucleic acid sequences that permit it to replicate in a host cell, such as an origin of replication. A vector may also include one or more selectable marker genes and other genetic elements known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A vector preferably is an expression vector that includes a nucleic acid according to the present invention operably linked to sequences allowing for the expression of said nucleic acid.
Preferably, the vector is an expression vector. More preferably, the vector is a retroviral, more specifically a γ-retroviral or lentiviral vector.
The skilled person understands tha the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor sequence and the TCR chain TCR-α and TCR-β chain sequences can be included in one nucleic acid, e.g. one vector. In this case the sequences are linked with either an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) sequence or the 2A peptide sequence derived from a porcine tsechovirus (P2A) or derived from other species like Thosea asigna virus 2A peptide (T2A) or foot and mouth disease virus 2A peptide (F2A) (as described in Szymczak et al.: Development of 2A peptide-based strategies in the design of multicistronic vectors) resulting in the expression a single messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule under the control of the viral promoter within the transduced cell.
In specific embodiments, the cell may comprise the nucleic acid encoding the TCR and the chimeric co-stimulatory recptor as described herein or the vector comprising said nucleic acid.
The term “transfection” and “transduction” are interchangeable and refer to the process by which an exogenous nucleic acid sequence is introduced in a host cell, e.g. in a eukaryotic host cell. It is noted that introduction or transfer of nucleic acid sequences is not limited to the mentioned methods but can be achieved by any number of means including electroporation, microinjection, gene gun delivery, lipofection, superfection and the mentioned infection by retroviruses or other suitable viruses for transduction or transfection. The method of cloning and exogenous expression of the TCR is for example described in Engels et al. (Relapse or eradication of cancer is predicted by peptide-major histocompatibility complex affinity. Cancer Cell, 23(4), 516-26. 2013). The transduction of primary human T cells with a lentiviral vector is, for example, described in Cribbs “simplified production and concentration of lentiviral vectors to achieve high transduction in primary human T cells” BMC Biotechnol. 2013; 13: 98.
The cell described and provided in context with the present invention comprising the nucleic acid molecule or the vector as described and provided herein is preferably able to stably or transiently (e.g., stably) express (either constitutively or conditionally) the PRAME-specific TCR and the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor of the present invention. The host cell may generally be transduced or transformed by any method with any suitable nucleic acid molecule or vector. In one embodiment, the host cell is transduced with a retroviral or lentiviral (e.g., retroviral) vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein of the present invention or parts thereof (e.g., ECD, TMD, and/or ICD) as described above.
In some embodiments, the cell is a peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) or a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). The cell may be a natural killer cell or a T cell. Preferably, the cell is a T cell. The T cell may be a CD4+ or a CD8+ T cell. In some embodiments the cell is a stem cell like memory T cell.
Stem cell-like memory T cells (TSCM) are a less-differentiated subpopulation of CD8+ or CD4+ T cells, which are characterized by the capacity of self-renewal and to persist long-term. Once these cells encounter their antigen in vivo, they differentiate further into central memory T cells (TCM), effector memory T cells (TEM) and terminally differentiated effector memory T cells (TEMRA) with some TSCM remaining quiescent (Flynn et al., Clinical & Translational Immunology (2014). These remaining TSCM cells show the capacity to build a durable immunological memory in vivo and therefore are considered an important T cell subpopulation for adoptive T cell therapy (Lugli et al., Nature Protocols 8, 33-42 (2013) Gattinoni et al., Nat. Med. 2011 October; 17(10): 1290-1297). Immune-magnetic selection can be used in order to restrict the T cell pool to the stem cell memory T cell subtype see (Riddell et al. 2014, Cancer Journal 20(2): 141-44)
Another aspect of the invention refers to pharmaceutical composition comprising the cell comprising PRAME-specific TCR and the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor or comprising nucleic acid molecules encoding said molecules as described herein, the nucleic acid encoding the PRAME-specific TCR and the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor, a composition comprising nucleic acids endcoding the PRAME-specific TCR and nucleic acids encoding the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor, the corrponding vector as described herein.
Those active components of the present invention are preferably used in such a pharmaceutical composition, in doses mixed with an acceptable carrier or carrier material, that the disease can be treated or at least alleviated. Such a composition can (in addition to the active component and the carrier) include filling material, salts, buffer, stabilizers, solubilizers and other materials, which are known state of the art.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” defines a non-toxic material, which does not interfere with effectiveness of the biological activity of the active component. The choice of the carrier is dependent on the application.
The pharmaceutical composition may contain additional components which enhance the activity of the active component or which supplement the treatment. Such additional components and/or factors can be part of the pharmaceutical composition to achieve synergistic effects or to minimize adverse or unwanted effects.
Techniques for the formulation or preparation and application/medication of active components of the present invention are published in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences”, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA, latest edition. An appropriate application is a parenteral application, for example intramuscular, subcutaneous, intramedular injections as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intravenous, intranodal, intraperitoneal or intratumoral injections. The intravenous injection is the preferred treatment of a patient.
According to a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is an infusion or an injection.
An injectable composition is a pharmaceutically acceptable fluid composition comprising at least one active ingredient, e.g. an expanded T cell population (for example autologous or allogenic to the patient to be treated) comprising the PRAME-specific TCR and the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor. The active ingredient is usually dissolved or suspended in a physiologically acceptable carrier, and the composition can additionally comprise minor amounts of one or more non-toxic auxiliary substances, such as emulsifying agents, preservatives, and pH buffering agents and the like. Such injectable compositions that are useful for use with the fusion proteins of this disclosure are conventional; appropriate formulations are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Typically, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Accordingly, another aspect of the invention refers to the cell as described herein, the composition as described herein, the nucleic acid as described herein, and/or the vector as described herein for use as a medicament.
Some embodiments refer to the to the cell as described herein, the composition as described herein, the nucleic acid as described herein, and/or the vector for use in the treatment of cancer.
In one embodiment the cancer is a hematological cancer or a solid tumor.
Hematological cancers also called blood cancers which do not form solid tumors and therefore are dispersed in the body. Examples of hematological cancers are leukemia, lymphoma or multiple myeloma. There are two major types of solid tumors, sarcomas and carcinomas. Sarcomas are for example tumors of the blood vessel, bone, fat tissue, ligament, lymph vessel, muscle or tendon. In a specific embodiment the cancer is a solid tumor.
In one embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of prostate cancer, uterine cancer, thyroid cancer, testicular cancer, renal cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach adenocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, breast cancer, bladder cancer, myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, carcinoma, sarcoma or osteosarcoma.
Compositions comprising the modified T cells as described herein can be utilized in methods and compositions for adoptive immunotherapy in accordance with known techniques, or variations thereof that will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the instant disclosure.
In some embodiments, the cells are formulated by first harvesting them from their culture medium, and then washing and concentrating the cells in a medium and container system suitable for administration (a “pharmaceutically acceptable” carrier) in a treatment-effective amount. Suitable infusion medium can be any isotonic medium formulation, typically normal saline, Normosol R (Abbott) or Plasma-Lyte A (Baxter), but also 5% dextrose in water or Ringer's lactate can be utilized. The infusion medium can be supplemented with human serum albumin.
The number of cells for an effective treatment in the composition is typically greater than 10 cells, and up to 106, up to and including 108 or 109 cells and can be more than 1010 cells. The number of cells will depend upon the ultimate use for which the composition is intended as will the type of cells included therein. For uses provided herein, the cells are generally in a volume of a liter or less, can be 500 ml or less, even 250 ml or 100 ml or less. Hence the density of the desired cells is typically greater than 106 cells/ml and generally is greater than 107 cells/ml, generally 108 cells/ml or greater. The clinically relevant number of immune cells can be apportioned into multiple infusions that cumulatively equal or exceed 109, 1010 or 1011 cells. Pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be in various forms, e.g., in solid, liquid, powder, aqueous, or lyophilized form. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are known in the art. Such carriers and/or additives can be formulated by conventional methods and can be administered to the subject at a suitable dose. Stabilizing agents such as lipids, nuclease inhibitors, polymers, and chelating agents can preserve the compositions from degradation within the body. In a composition intended to be administered by injection, one or more of a surfactant, preservative, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, buffer, stabilizer and isotonic agent may be included.
The viral vector particles comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the PRAME-specific TCR and the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor provided herein, can be packaged as kits. Kits can optionally include one or more components such as instructions for use, devices, and additional reagents, and components, such as tubes, containers and syringes for practice of the methods. Exemplary kits can include the nucleic acids encoding the recombinant TCRs and the chimeric co-stimulatory receptors, the recombinant polypeptides, or viruses provided herein, and can optionally include instructions for use, a device for detecting a virus in a subject, a device for administering the compositions to a subject, and a device for administering the compositions to a subject.
Kits comprising polynucleotides encoding the PRAME-specific TCR and the chimeric co-stimulatory receptor are also contemplated herein. Kits comprising a viral vector encoding a sequence of interest (e.g., a recombinant TCR) and optionally, a polynucleotide sequence encoding an immune checkpoint inhibitor are also contemplated herein.
Kits contemplated herein also include kits for carrying out the methods for detecting the presence of polynucleotides encoding any one or more of the TCRs and/or the chimeric co-stimulatory receptors disclosed herein. In particular, such diagnostic kits may include sets of appropriate amplification and detection primers and other associated reagents for performing deep sequencing to detect the polynucleotides encoding TCRs and/or the chimeric co-stimulatory receptors disclosed herein. In further embodiments, the kits herein may comprise reagents for detecting the TCRs and/or the chimeric co-stimulatory receptors disclosed herein, such as antibodies or other binding molecules. Diagnostic kits may also contain instructions for determining the presence of the polynucleotides encoding the TCRs and/or the chimeric co-stimulatory receptors disclosed herein or for determining the presence of the TCRs and/or the chimeric co-stimulatory receptors disclosed herein. A kit may also contain instructions. Instructions typically include a tangible expression describing the components included in the kit, and methods for administration, including methods for determining the proper state of the subject, the proper dosage amount, and the proper administration method. Instructions can also include guidance for monitoring the subject over the duration of the treatment time.
Kits provided herein also can include a device for administering a composition described herein to a subject. Any of a variety of devices known in the art for administering medications or vaccines can be included in the kits provided herein. Exemplary devices include, but are not limited to, a hypodermic needle, an intravenous needle, a catheter, a needle-less injection device, an inhaler, and a liquid dispenser, such as an eyedropper. Typically, the device for administering a virus of the kit will be compatible with the virus of the kit; for example, a needle-less injection device such as a high pressure injection device can be included in kits with viruses not damaged by high pressure injection, but is typically not included in kits with viruses damaged by high pressure injection.
To prepare effector T cells for testing and characterization of the transgenic TCR T23.8-2.1-027-004 (=TCR) and the TCR in combination with PD1-41BB (=TCR_PD1-41BB), CD8+ T cells were isolated from healthy donors and activated with CD3/CD28 antibodies in the presence of IL-7 and IL-15. The activated cells were transduced with retroviral particles containing either the sequence of the TCR or the sequence of the TCR coupled to PD1-41BB. Untransduced (=UT) CD8+ T cells that were prepared in the same manner were used as controls. Transduction efficiency and expression levels of the transgenes was determined on day 14 by antibody staining of the TCR-β chain (TRBV09) and PD-1 and subsequent analysis by flow cytometry. The analysis demonstrates that high transduction rates can be achieved for both constructs TCR (90.2%) and TCR_PD1-41BB (82%) (
Functional avidity refers to the accumulated strength of multiple affinities of individual non-covalent binding interactions, such as the transgenic TCR and the peptide-MHC complex. As such the functional avidity of effector T cells serves as a measure of peptide sensitivity. TCRs conferring a high peptide sensitivity are able to recognize lower amounts of peptide. To investigate whether co-expression of the PD1-41BB receptor influences the peptide sensitivity of TCR-transgenic effector T cells, they were co-cultured with PD-L1-transgenic T2 cells (T2_PD-L1) that carry both the required HLA (HLA-A2:01) and over-express PD-L1 to allow ligation with PD1-41BB.
T2 PD-L1 cells were loaded with titrated amounts of SLLQHLIGL (SLL)-peptide (10−5 M to 10−10 M) and co-cultured with effector T cells expressing either no transgenic TCR (UT), only the transgenic TCR (TCR) or the combination of TCR and PD1-41BB (TCR_PD1-41BB) at an E:T of 1:1 (20.000 cells). IFN-γ ELISA was performed 20 h after co-culture and served to assess the reactivity of the effector T cells when challenged with different peptide concentrations presented by the T2_PD-L1 cells (
The HLA-A2 protein can be encoded by different HLA-A*02 sub-alleles (HLA-A*02:XX) that result in slightly different amino acid sequences. A specific TCR that recognizes its cognate peptide in the context of HLA-A*02:01 does not necessarily recognize the peptide presented by another HLA-A*02 sub-allele. To define the genetic traits required for a successfully TCR-based cell therapy and potentially broaden the patient cohort, the TCR is characterized in the context of the most common HLA-A*02 sub-alleles (
T cells expressing either no transgenic TCR (UT), only the transgenic TCR (TCR) or the combination of TCR and PD1-41BB (TCR_PD1-41BB) were co-cultured with lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL; EBV-transformed B cells) carrying selected HLA-A*02 sub-alleles (HLA-A*02:XX) at an E:T ratio of 1:1 (20.000 cells/well). To allow recognition by the transgenic TCR, the LCL were loaded with 105 M SLL-peptide. IFN-γ concentrations were determined by ELISA 20 h after co-culture.
The TCR-transgenic effector T cells recognized the SLL-peptide presented by MHC molecules encoded by the HLA-A*02 sub-alleles A*02:02, A*02:04 and A*02:09 at similar levels compared to A*02:01. This recognition pattern was not altered by the co-expression of PD1-41BB and is in accordance with previous results. TCR-transgenic effector T cells recognize SLL-peptide in the context of 4 different HLA-A*02 sub-alleles independent of PD1-41BB co-expression.
Off-target toxicities can arise when TCRs recognize not only the specific peptide (e.g. SLL peptide), but also other peptides that share a high sequence homology to the original peptide. To identify likely peptide candidates that show a high sequence similarity with the specific peptide and might be recognized by the TCR, computational tools, like Expitope 2.0® [Jaravine V, Mösch A, Raffegerst S, et al. Expitope 2.0: a tool to assess immunotherapeutic antigens for their potential cross-reactivity against naturally expressed proteins in human tissues. BMC Cancer 2017; 17(1):892.], can be used. This tool predicts most likely mismatched (MM) peptides based on genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data. By applying an Expitope 2.0® search 191 MM peptides could be identified that showed up to 4 amino acid differences compared to the specific SLL-peptide. In a pre-screening co-culture using PD-L1-transgenic T2 cells loaded with 10−6 M of the MM peptides or the SLL-peptide, 33 MM peptides were identified that were recognized by TCR-transduced T cells. Since exogenous loading of high peptide concentrations does not necessarily translate into physiological recognition of endogenously processed and presented peptides, the 33 MM peptides were examined for their potential to induce IFN-γ release by TCR-transgenic effector T cells when the epitopes (peptides) are translated from in vitro transcribed RNA (ivtRNA) and endogenously processed in the PRAME-negative target cell line SNB-19. IvtRNA coding for up to 5 MM peptides was electroporated into SNB-19 cells. The MM peptides that induced the highest IFN-γ release in TCR-transgenic T cells in the pre-screening co-culture (MM01, MM26, MM66), were tested individually as “midigene” constructs (˜400 bp). All other MM peptitdes were tested as minigene constructs (˜90 bp per peptide) coding for 5 MM peptides. A midigene construct coding for the SLL peptide was used as a positive control. To confirm successful ivtRNA transfection, all RNA constructs included an epitope recognized by a positive-control TCR. IFN-γ concentrations were determined 20 h after co-culture of the transfected SNB-19 cells with TCR-transgenic effector T cells. All transfected SNB-19 cells were recognized by the positive control TCR, confirming successful transfection (
To obtain information about potential cross-reactivities of TCR-transgenic T cells with other HLA allotypes, a library of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) covering the most frequent HLA-A,-B and -C alleles in the Caucasian population was used as target cells. These LCL express a wide variety of endogenously expressed peptides and help to identify potential cross-reactivities due to recognition of endogenous peptides presented on the matched HLA-A2 molecule or the most frequent other HLA molecules. Detected cross-recognition of particular HLA allotypes would lead to an exclusion of patients with respective HLA alleles from clinical studies. T cells expressing either no transgenic TCR (UT), only the transgenic TCR (TCR) or the combination of TCR and PD1-41BB (TCR_PD1-41BB) were co-cultured with 36 different LCL at an ET ratio of 1:1. IFN-γ concentrations were determined by ELISA 20 h after co-culture. TCR-transgenic T cells with and without PD1-41BB recognized an HLA-A*02:01 positive LCL loaded with SLL-peptide that served as a positive control (
The aim of this experiment is to assess potential on-target/off-tumor and off-target toxicities that could be caused by PRAME-specific TCR-transgenic T cells with and without PD1-41BB. HLA-A*02:01-positive primary normal cells and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived cell lines representing essential tissues or organs were tested for recognition by TCR-transduced T cells. In line with the properties of the individual targets, cells were seeded one to seven days prior to start of the co-culture at cell densities as per manufacturer's instructions and cultivated in monolayers in flat bottom wells. PRAME mRNA expression of all tested normal cells was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in order to distinguish on-target/off-tumor from potential off-target toxicities. 10−5 M peptide-loaded target cells served as internal positive control (SLL-peptide). IFN-γ concentrations were determined by ELISA 20 h after co-culture. All normal cells loaded with the specific SLL-peptide were recognized by TCR-transgenic T cells with and without PD1-41BB (
The interaction of PD-L1 on tumor cells with PD-1 on T cells usually leads to an inhibitory signal that reduces T cell activity. PD1-41BB should reverse this signal and result in increased T cell reactivity when the transgenic TCR binds to its cognate peptide-MHC complex. To test the impact of PD1-41BB co-expression on the reactivity of TCR-transgenic T cells, effector T cells with or without PD1-41BB were co-cultured with tumor cells expressing the ligand PD-L1. Tumor cells derived from various indications expressing the specific antigen PRAME at different levels were selected for this co-culture (
To determine the impact of PD1-41BB co-expression on cytokine release, TCR-transgenic T cells with and without PD1-41BB were co-cultured with the selected HLA-A*02:01-positive tumor cell lines expressing different levels of PRAME and PD-L1 (
To determine whether PD1-41BB co-expression has a beneficial effect on cytotoxicity, TCR-transgenic T cells were co-cultured with PD-L1-positive 3D tumor cell spheroids (
The increased effector functions and resilience of TCR-transgenic T cells co-expressing PD1-41BB was determined by enhanced cytokine release and cytotoxicity in response to PD-L1-positive tumor cells (Example 7, 8). Especially, better tumor cell control even after multiple challenges with tumor cell spheroids indicates an increase in T cells fitness in a suppressive tumor cell environment that might also be associated with better survival or proliferation of the T cells. The 4-1BB signaling domain included in the PD1-41BB switch receptor is known to provide co-stimulation that increases the proliferation rate of T cells (Choi et al., 4-1BB signaling activates glucose and fatty acid metabolism to enhance CD8+ T cell proliferation; 2017). To investigate whether this increased T cell expansion can also be observed when PD1-41BB interacts with its ligand PD-L1, the TCR-transgenic T cells were co-cultured with PD-L1-positive tumor cells expressing different levels of PRAME antigen (
Co-expression of PD1-41BB increased the anti-tumor effector functions of TCR-transgenic T cells in in vitro assays. To confirm this positive effect of PD1-41BB on TCR-transgenic T cells also in vivo, we developed a mouse model using immunodeficient (NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγnull) mice and the PRAME/HLA-A*02:01-positive melanoma cell line MelA375. To mimic the immunosuppressive environment of solid tumors, MelA375 cells were transduced with PD-L1. One week after subcutaneous injection of 5×106 PD-L1-transgenic MelA375, the mice had developed palpable tumors. At this time point mice were distributed to three treatment groups with six mice each. Mice were injected with 10×106 TCR-positive cells (16×106 total cells) with (TCR_PD1-41BB) or without (TCR) PD1-41BB or an equal amount of untransduced T cells (UT). Tumor volume was measured 2-3 times a week. Mice with a tumor volume exceeding 1000 mm3 were sacrificed. Tumors in mice treated with untransduced T cells rapidly grew out and reached the maximal tumor volume within 2-4 weeks after T cell injection (
The application further comprises the following items:
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21172722.7 | May 2021 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2022/062338 | 5/6/2022 | WO |
