Patent Grant
7899093
This invention relates to up-conversion material and, in particular, to methods, systems, apparatus and devices for a combination of up converting materials with semiconductor light sources as resonant cavity light emitting diodes for application in displays including headset displays for virtual reality and three-dimensional imaging.
Liquid crystal displays LCDs have been popular for many applications, primarily in low power areas such as battery-powered systems or small size applications. However, LCDs have suffered from several problems over the years. For example, LCDs are difficult to view in low ambient light environments and have a limited viewing angle and poor contrast.
Various examples of prior art color liquid crystal displays include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,359,345 and 5,724,062 both issued to Hunter. The Hunter patents describe liquid crystal displays that require arranging individual pixels in rows and corresponding columns which can be expensive, complicated to manufacture, and have narrow angular view ranges with low brightness. U.S. Pat. No. 4,791,415 to Takahashi, U.S. Pat. No. 4,871,231 to Garcia, Jr.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,184,114 to Brown; U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,946 to Thompson et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,317,348 to Knize also describe display systems that have similar problems.
U.S. Patents that describe panel displays using two-frequency up-conversion fluorescence include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,684,621; 5,764,403; 5,914,807; 5,943,160; and 5,956,172 all issued to Downing. The Downing '403 patent has relevance to the present invention because it is primarily concerned with embodiments where the use of different layers for red, green and blue emitters and briefly describes some mixing of crystal type materials in a single display media. However, for the single display media, Downing '403 uses nanometer sized particles which would inherently be difficult to form, handle and disperse in a display medium.
Other known patents in these fields include U.S. Pat. No. 5,003,179 to Pollack; U.S. Pat. No. 5,051,278 to Paz-Pujalt; U.S. Pat. No. 5,245,623 to McFarlane; U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,807 to Cutler; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,684 to Paz-Pujalt et al. However, these patents also fail to overcome the problems with the other patents described above.
Another known up-conversion prior art reference is U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,860 issued to Deppe et al. on Feb. 18, 1992. This patent describes a quantum well device with control of spontaneous photon emission and method of manufacturing, wherein spontaneous photon emission intensity in a semiconductor quantum well is strongly influenced by a highly reflecting interface with the quantum well interface spacing being less than the optical emission wavelength of the quantum well.
Other know prior art up-conversion includes U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,327,074 and 6,501,590 issued to Bass et al. respectively on Dec. 4, 2001 and Dec. 31, 2002, which are assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. The Bass patents describe display mediums using emitting particles that are dispersed in a transparent host. The two and three dimensional color image displays include a display medium having a substantially uniform dispersion of red, green and blue visible light emitting particles sized between approximately 0.5 to approximately 50 microns therethrough. The particles can be dye doped polymethylmethacrylate (pmma) plastic, and the display medium can be pmma, acrylic plastic or glass. Other particles can be used such as rare earth doped crystals. The two dimensional display uses three laser sources each having different wavelengths that direct light beams to each of three different types of particle in the display medium. Light is absorbed by the particles which then become excited and emit visible fluorescence. Modulators, scanners and lens can be used to move and focus the laser beams to different pixels in order to form the two dimensional images having different visible colors.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,654,161 issued to Bass et al. on Nov. 25, 2003, which is also assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, describes dispersed crystallite up-conversion displays based on up conversion of near infrared light to visible light. The display medium is a transparent polymer containing particles of crystals doped with Yb.sup.3+ and other rare earth ions. The Yb.sup.3+ ions absorb light from a commercially available diode laser emitting near 975 nm and transfers that energy to the other dopant ions. Using a fluoride crystal host, NaYF.sub.4, co-doped with Tm.sup.3+ ions blue light at about 480 nm was obtained, with Ho.sup.3+ or Er.sup.3+ ions green light at about 550 nm is obtained and with Er.sup.3+ red light at about 660 nm is obtained. The display medium can be used with applications for full color, high brightness, high resolution, displays.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,844,387 issued to Bass et al. on Jan. 18, 2005, which is also assigned to the same assignee as the subject invention describes composites of inorganic luminophores stabilized in polymer hosts. The two and three dimensional display medium can have a novel transparent polymer composite containing particles of crystals doped with Yb.sup.3+ and other rare earth ions. The polymer composite creates homogeneously dispersed compositions without cracking or delamination of the film and can be used for various optical applications.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,844,387 issued to Bass et al. on Jan. 18, 2005, another patent having the same assignee as that of the subject invention discloses an optically written display. The two, three dimensional color displays can include uniform dispersion of red, green and blue visible light emitting micron particles. Pumping at approximately 976 nm can generate green and red colors having an approximately 4% limit efficiency. One light source can generate three colors with a low limit efficiency. Modulators, scanners and lens can move and focus laser beams to different pixels forming two dimensional color images. Displays can be formed from near infrared source beams that are simultaneously split and modulated with micro electro mechanical systems, spatial light modulators, liquid crystal displays, digital micro mirrors, digital light projectors, grating light valves, liquid crystal silicon devices, polysilicon LCDs, electron beam written SLMs, and electrically switchable Bragg gratings. Pixels containing Yb,Tm:YLF can emit blue light. Pixels containing Yb,Er(NYF) can emit green light, and pixels containing Yb,Er:KYF and Yb,Ef:YF.sub.3 can emit red light.
The concept of frequency up-conversion (UC) of infrared-to-visible light in rare-earth (RE) doped materials was reported more than forty years ago for the first time. The efficiency that was observed or expected for this process was low in singly doped media. It was quickly noticed that up-conversion could be made one or two orders of magnitude more efficient by using ytterbium (Yb) as a sensitizer ion in addition to the active ion: erbium (Er), holmium (Ho), or thulium (Tm).
In years past, efficient up-conversion materials were investigated, for photonic applications, such as in UC lasers (visible lasers that are pumped by infrared diode lasers), or in display applications. However, because no powerful source existed in the 980-nm region in order to excite those up-converters, no practical product came out of the research. With the development of powerful 980-nm diode lasers lead by the telecommunication industry, there can now be legitimate practical applications.
It has been noticed in the prior art that pumping conditions caused heating of the material and that higher efficiencies were obtained with low duty cycle excitation. It was also reported that for a same average input power, higher efficiencies were expected in pulsed excitation mode than in continuous wave excitation due to the quadratic nature of the process.
The effect of the pumping conditions for display applications of UC materials needs to be understood, as several technologies might be used to form the image. The infrared source can either be scanned (vector-addressed or raster-scan), or the image can be directly projected using Digital Micromirror Devices (MEMS) such as in the Texas Instrument Digital Light Processing technology. In the latter case the materials would be undergoing pulse-excitation, whereas they would be quasi-continuously excited in the second case.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,075,707 issued to Rapaport et al. on Jul. 11, 2006, and to the same assignee as that of the subject invention, describes a substrate design for optimized performance of up-conversion phosphors utilizing proper thermal management. The patent describes methods and compositions for using an up-conversion phosphor as an emitting material in a reflective display and Polymer compositions for display mediums, and red, green, blue (RGB) display mediums. Roles of the pumping duration and character on the temperature and the efficiency of the up-conversion process in (Ytterbium, Erbium or Thulium) co-doped fluoride crystals are also described. A problem with prior art up-conversion devices is limited efficiency since much of the incident pump light is back scattered by the up-converting particles and does not get used to generate visible light.
A primary objective of the invention is to provide new methods, apparatus and systems for a combination of up converting materials with semiconductor light sources.
A secondary objective of the invention is to provide methods, apparatus and systems to advance the capability to efficiently and densely integrate multiple sources and electrical addressing in combination with up converting materials.
A third objective of the invention is to provide methods, apparatus and systems for a combination of up converting materials with semiconductor light sources for application including head mounted displays, cell phone displays, PDA displays, computer and television displays with high resolution and exceptional brightness and solid state lighting.
A fourth objective of the invention is to provide methods, apparatus and systems for up converting materials that absorb infrared light and emit visible light for high-resolution display based on the dense semiconductor integration similar to that used in computer chips. Because of its high speed, the new technology can take advantage of high-speed active matrix addressing with a large pixel count to also deliver high brightness.
A fifth objective of the invention is to provide methods, apparatus and systems for up converting materials that absorb infrared light and emit visible light for high-resolution display for virtual reality technology hardware by providing very high-resolution, compact, and high brightness emissive display chips for head mounted displays that also incorporate stereoscopic 3-D imaging.
A sixth objective of the invention is to provide methods, apparatus and systems for a new chip technology in head set displays for virtual reality and three-dimensional imaging. Emissive displays simplify headset design and can reduce the overall size to be widely adopted in the near term consumer markets priced in the $500 to $2000 range to compete with other computer-interfaced technologies such as laptop displays, while producing comparable or better image quality.
A seventh objective of the invention is to provide methods, apparatus and systems for a microdisplay chip technology that combines up-converters with GaAs-based 975 nm resonant cavity light emitting diodes (RCLEDs). Because of miniaturization capability of the GaAs-based RCLEDs into small, densely pixilated low voltage chips this technology can be important for a number of display applications, one of which is new types of head mounted displays (HMDs).
An eighth objective of the invention is to provide methods, apparatus and systems for a virtual/augmented reality headset design for applications in virtual and augmented reality and the market entry of this technology for augmented reality use especially by first responders.
A ninth objective of the invention is to provide methods, apparatus and systems for new chip technology in head set displays for virtual reality and three-dimensional imaging with low drive voltage and high efficiency compatibility with a high image quality and robust head mounted display (HMD) that can be battery operated with a long battery lifetime. The low voltage operation, which can be less than approximately 1.5 volts independent of emission color, makes this new display technology compatible with lithium ion, nickel cadmium, or other battery sources without the use of added electronics.
A tenth objective of the invention is to provide methods, apparatus and systems for new chip technology in head set displays for virtual reality and three-dimensional imaging with the ability to directly modulate the emissive display also makes it capable of extremely high efficiency and results in long battery lifetime. Because the low voltage drive is due to up-conversion of GaAs resonant cavity light emitting diodes.
An eleventh objective of the invention is to provide methods, apparatus and systems for new chip technology in head set displays for virtual reality and three-dimensional imaging for use in augmented reality by first responders, law enforcement, homeland security, manufacturing and inventory and other applications where user requirements include high brightness, high efficiency and compatibility with battery operation, robust operation in extreme environments, and low cost.
A twelfth objective of the invention is to provide methods, apparatus and systems for using an up-converter/RCLED as a low voltage, wide color gamut backlight source for battery operated electronics that can use solid-state backlighting in spatial light modulator displays, especially LCDs and LCoS displays and light indicators are used in cell-phones, handheld computers (e.g., PDAs, iPhones), laptop computers, personal entertainment devices (e.g., IPODS and MP3 players) cameras, and most other portable electronics; devices that generally operate with a nominal 3 V lithium battery supplied bias level.
A first preferred embodiment of the invention provides an up-converter resonant cavity light emitting diode device and includes a semiconductor light source, up-converting materials and an electrical source coupled with the semiconductor light source for providing an electrical energy to the semiconductor light source to provide a desired wavelength. The semiconductor light source is a resonant cavity light emitting diode or a vertical cavity surface emitting laser to provide electrical and optical confinement to the semiconductor light source. The semiconductor light sources emits an approximately 975 nm wavelength to enable dense integration for high-resolution. An up-converter of approximately 1% Er and approximately 18% Yb:YF3 for an efficient red light emitter, approximately 1% Er, 18% Yb:NaYF4 produces green light and approximately 0.4% Tm and approximately 20% Yb:KY3F10 emits blue light.
In an embodiment, the electrical source includes plural sets of rows and columns of electrodes, each set of rows and columns coupled with one of the plural sets of up-converter resonant cavity light emitting diodes for active matrix addressing and a processing device connected with the plural sets of rows and columns of electrodes for generating the active matrix addressing signals to control the operation of each of the plural sets of up-converter resonant cavity light emitting diodes.
For the second embodiment, the novel invention provides a method for producing an emitter light for a monolithic pixel at a desired wavelength including the steps of providing a semiconductor light source, depositing an up-converting material on a surface of the semiconductor light source to form the monolithic pixel, and applying an electrical energy to the semiconductor light source to excite the up-converter material to produce an emitted light at the desired wavelength. In an embodiment, the method includes forming plural sets of monolithic pixels, each set having a red, a green and a blue monolithic pixel for producing separate red, green and blue light, respectively, each set corresponding to a pixel of a display device. Plural sets of rows and columns of electrodes, each coupled with one of the plural sets of monolithic pixels for active matrix addressing and a processing device connected with the plural sets of rows and columns of electrodes generates the active matrix addressing signals to control the operation of each of the plural sets of monolithic pixels to selectively generate up converted emitted visible light for each of the red, green and blue colors when excited by the approximately 975 nm wavelength pump source.
In an embodiment, the plural sets of monolithic pixels are used in an up-conversion resonant cavity light emitting diode micro display for displaying an image to a user. The micro display may be incorporated into a head mounted display having an optical system for a color multiplexed projection system. The optical system includes a wavelength selective beam splitter to eliminate a spectral overlap between the produced red, green and blue light and to combining of the red, green and blue light beams in the color multiplexed projection system.
In yet another embodiment, the method includes using three display devices each for projecting one of a red, green and blue image and a wavelength selective beam splitter to eliminate a spectral overlap between the produced red, green and blue light and to combining of the red, green and blue light beams in the color multiplexed projection system. The color multiplexed projection system has application in a head mounted display for displaying an color image to a wearer.
Further objects and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments which are illustrated schematically in the accompanying drawings.
a is a schematic of a diode array used in active matrix addressing according to the present invention
b is an exploded view of one pixel of the diode array shown in
a shows the measured time response of the up converted emitted visible light for red when excited by a resonant cavity light emitted diode operating at approximately 975 nm.
b shows the measured time response of the up converted emitted visible light for green when excited by a resonant cavity light emitted diode operating at approximately 975 nm.
c shows the measured time response of the up converted emitted visible light for blue when excited by a resonant cavity light emitted diode operating at approximately 975 nm.
a shows a black and white example of a green and black projected map image for the head mounted display optical system shown in
b shows a black and white example of a color projected map image for the head mounted display optical system shown in
a shows an optical simulation of an original grid pattern.
b shows an optical simulation of grid pattern based on 300-by-200 pixels using the optical system shown in
Before explaining the disclosed embodiments of the present invention in detail it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of the particular arrangements shown since the invention is capable of other embodiments. Also, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation.
The following is a list of the reference numbers used in the drawings and the detailed specification to identify components:
The method, system, apparatus and device of the present invention provides a combination of a III-V semiconductor chip to form one or more light emitters with up converting materials to provide other desired wavelength sources. One method to form the semiconductor light emitters is through oxidized aluminum bearing material of a native oxide formed but the conversion of the aluminum bearing III-V semiconductor into an oxide. The conversion of semiconductor to oxide may be accomplished by steam oxidation, electrochemistry, dry oxidation or other chemical techniques commonly know in the art. The native oxide serves as a buried insulator for electrical confinement in the light source (e.g., a resonant cavity light emitting diode (RCLED) or a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) and provides optical confinement to the semiconductor light source. The oxide also serves as an insulator to electrically isolate the individual semiconductor light sources and serves as an insulator on which to place electrical leads for matrix addressing.
Further optical confinement is achieved through etching the surface of the semiconductor light sources to form a cup shaped depression on the surface in which to place the up converting materials. This cup is used to provide optical isolation with or without the oxide. Other means known to semiconductor device fabrication may also be used to form the semiconductor light source or sources.
For example, a semiconductor light source with oxide confinement that emits light at approximately 975 nm in combination with an Er, Yb:NaYF4 up-converter is used to produce green light. In such a device the confinement produces more efficient up conversion and better definition of the visible light source.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a unique combination of up-conversion materials with semiconductor light emitting devices were researched and developed for a new high-resolution display based on the dense semiconductor integration similar to that used in computer chips. Because of its high speed, the new technology can take advantage of high-speed active matrix addressing with a large pixel count to also deliver high brightness. The display technology of the present invention solves the most important problems for virtual reality technology hardware by providing very high-resolution, compact, and high brightness emissive display chips for head mounted displays that also incorporates stereoscopic 3-D imaging.
Important properties of the up-conversion materials include the efficiency temperature dependence and the critical role of scattering of the pump light in powder-binder combination. When these properties are accounted for, approximately 1% Er, 18% Yb:YF3 are found to be an efficient red light emitter with photometric efficiency of approximately 5 lm/W, approximately 1% Er, 18% Yb:NaYF4 produces green light with photometric efficiency of approximately 52 lm/W and approximately 0.4% Tm, 20% Yb:KY3F10 emits blue light with photometric efficiency of approximately 4.2 lm/W. These particular materials are not only the most efficient found so far, their efficient excitation the same type of light sources at approximately 975 nm enables dense integration for high-resolution display chips. In addition, the color gamut is significantly larger than that used in conventional television displays since the red, green and blue colors are highly saturated and quite pure as shown in
Semiconductor chip technology provides an important cost advantage by reducing the chip size since chip cost becomes strongly dependent on the number of chips a wafer can produce. Here the approximately 975 nm GaAs-based RCLED plays a pivotal role. The current density capability of the approximately 975 nm RCLED can be much higher than that of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), for example, to deliver higher brightness from the same chip size. The cost can be much less than nitride light emitting diodes (LEDs) due to the larger GaAs substrate size and more advanced material status that can produce higher yields. To be low cost the display chip must have high yield, requiring both high uniformity and high reliability.
Important properties of the up-conversion materials, including the efficiency temperature dependence and the critical role of scattering of the pump light in powder-binder combination are required. When these properties are accounted for, the device emits red, green and blue light with excellent photometric efficiency. The particular materials are not only the most efficient, their efficient excitation the same type of light sources at approximately 975 nm enables dense integration for high-resolution display chips. In addition, the color gamut is significantly larger than that used in conventional television displays since the red, green and blue colors are highly saturated and pure. The emission lifetimes of the emitters are approximately 1 msec. Since their efficiencies nearly peak at 8 relatively low 975 nm intensities, they are in fact ideally matched to the intensity levels achieved in 975 nm RCLEDs.
While providing separate red, green, and blue emitters, the up-converters can also be combined to produce white light. In particular, the blue and red emitters are complementary colors since the red emitter also emits a small amount of green light. When these two are combined, a white light source is produced.
The data convincingly shows that the new up-converter display chips can in many ways outperform other display technologies. In
The spectral responses for excitation and emission of the up-converters are shown in
In one embodiment, addressable RGB pixels could be approximately 20×20 μm using the UC/RCLED emitters are used for the active matrix addressing. The individual color elements of the pixel are approximately 3×15 μm, with metallization traces of approximately 1.5 μm. The direct current measurements include spectral purity, overall brightness, efficiency, and crosstalk. The RGB pixels are fabricated into sparse arrays for ease of individual probing and microlens arrays are used for projection imaging and the necessary CMOS control chips for active matrix addressing is designed for insertion of the microdisplay chip into an existing headset. Much smaller pixel sizes, or larger pixel sizes can also be formed using standard lithography techniques common to semiconductor manufacturing. By converting the up-converters to nanoparticles, pixel sizes smaller than 1 μm in size can be formed and make possible very high density pixels for very high resolution displays.
An important advantage of the UC/RCLED emissive display array is its potential for very high speed active matrix addressing. Active matrix addressing has become an essential requirement of high performance display technologies and provides significantly improved brightness, grey scale, and color richness over passive matrix addressing. Active matrix addressing allows each pixel to remain with its color and brightness set while all other pixels of the display are addressed. This is generally achieved by applying a gate voltage to switch on a row of pixels (and their separate color elements) so that display data can be fed separately in parallel to the activated row of each of the pixels RGB separate elements. Matrix addressing is possible with the combined up-converter/RCLED pixels based on energy storage within the up-converters that comes from their millisecond time constants for radiative decay.
a shows an example of a design for active matrix addressing for the UC/RCLED display given a 2-D array of N×M pixels 200.
Since each pixel 300 has separate red 322, green 324, and blue 326 color elements, the array 200 actually has N rows and 3M columns of electrodes. Referring to the schematic diagram shown in
The approximately 1 ms fluorescence lifetime of the up-converters establishes that the refresh rate is as high as 1 kHz. Because the RCLED modulation bandwidth can exceed 100 MHz, the semiconductor microdisplay chip uses very high speed active matrix addressing. The large RCLED bandwidth gives the possibility of active matrix addressing a microdisplay chip with greater than 105 rows of pixels, with a display refresh rate of approximately 100 Hz. The parallel addressing of the data voltages eliminates the limit on the number of columns of pixels in the microdisplay chip for the same matrixing speed. Because of the RCLED's high speed, active matrix addressing becomes feasible even for total pixel counts that could exceed 1010, with practical limits set by other considerations.
The RCLED fabrication is based on thin film processing that includes low aspect selective etching, so that the row and column isolation trenches 435 and 430 are in fact quite shallow and can be micron or even sub-micron wide. The 20×20 μm pixel design shown in
Each color exhibits a few milliseconds time constants, showing that each color can be matrix addressed while maintaining persistence in its emission to produce high brightness. There are some interesting differences between the up-converters, with the green apparently showing the longest time constant in both excitation and decay. This may be due to the details of energy transfer between the up-converting and decay transitions and the time resolved measurements. However, the time constants are consistent with a matrix addressing refresh rate of approximately 100 Hz, with the specific refresh rate being chosen to obtain both high contrast and high brightness.
The pixel and emitter dimensions allow a relatively straightforward implementation into the two-dimensional electrically addressable array shown in
The additional important characteristics of the RCLED design for the microdisplay chip are crosstalk, speed, and efficiency, with a design appropriate for dense integration. The saturated power level of the RCLED depends mainly on its radiation pattern and solid collection angle into the vertical mode. For the RCLEDs of the present invention, the optical collection is generally approximately 20% of the radiated emission from the RCLED's active region, and depends more on the optical cavity design as opposed to material quality since the emission power saturates at a given carrier density in the quantum well, as opposed to the injected current density. The lack of dependence on material quality is also caused by the relatively low Q values making optical scattering and absorption effects rather insignificant even for relatively poor epitaxial quality.
The RCLED's saturated power level then depends mainly on the number of quantum wells used in the active region and its cavity design. A single InGaAs quantum well is desirable for achieving good electrical isolation and therefore low electrical crosstalk, and provides a saturated optical power density at approximately 975 nm of approximately 125 W/cm2. This power density is more than sufficient to obtain high efficiency in the up-converters.
On the other hand, the actual electrical-to-optical efficiency of the RCLED is sensitive to material quality and quantum well design, as is the electrical crosstalk. Because of the close RCLED spacing, the dominant source of electrical crosstalk is the carrier diffusion in the quantum wells active material. Without careful design, the electron-hole charge injected into the quantum well can diffuse several microns outside the region receiving direct electrical injection.
Precise modulation doping is used to limit this diffusion to approximately 0.5 μm. For the 20×20 μm pixel that uses approximately 4 μm of separation between RCLEDs, the short diffusion length results in adequate electrical isolation. For the smaller pixel target of 5×5 μm, the RCLEDs can be reduced to approximately 1×3 μm sizes and electrical crosstalk may become problematic. For these smaller sizes InGaAs quantum dot active material provides a direct replacement of the InGaAs quantum well, and eliminates electrical crosstalk even at the smallest dimensions through its lateral electronic confinement. The use of the quantum dot RCLED represents an important future avenue in this technology both to reduce pixel size and take advantage of even stronger cavity effects using a Purcell enhancement. Purcell enhancement, the shortening of the RCLED's radiative lifetime by an ultra small cavity, has the necessary physics both to increase the RCLED modulation speed and increase its overall efficiency to near unity.
Along with active matrix addressing and electrical crosstalk, optical crosstalk in the RGB pixel needs to be characterized. The optical crosstalk occurs due to scattering of the 975 nm or visible light emissions. A layer design reduces the degree to which optical scattering affects pixel performance. Therefore, optical crosstalk is a larger concern in the thin-film up-converters as opposed to the RCLEDs, since the 975 nm emission from the RCLEDs is predominantly vertical and inter-element optical coupling of the RCLEDs can be controlled through modulation doping. However, the up-converters will be placed in very close proximity so some optical scattering may result.
The visible light reflector design for the up-converters shown in
The brightness advantages of the UC/RCLED micro displays result from their high efficiency up-conversion combined with the high speed matrix addressing. As previously described, the up-converter efficiencies depend on the irradiance of the pump light with the up-converter in close contact with the RCLED in the array, and the irradiance determines the brightness of the display when producing white light. An adequate approximation of the spectral characterization is determined by considering that equal amounts of each color are required to produce white light. As previously indicated, the approximately 3×15 μm RCLED produces a saturated output intensity at approximately 975 nm of approximately 125 W/cm2. Since this is above the level at which the output of the up-converters saturate shown in
Because of the active matrix addressing, each RCLEDs is only powered on for approximately 10−3 of the time so that its average power density while producing white light is only approximately 1.75×10−2 W/cm2. Since the RCLED area is approximately 45×10−8 cm2 the average 975 nm power delivered per RCLED is approximately 79×10−10 W. Thus, each group of 3 RCLEDs produce approximately 3.3×10−7 lumens. Since there are 106 groups of three, the total, number of lumens L is approximately 0.33 when the display is producing white light. In an embodiment, the display is 20×20 mm in area or 4×10−4 m2. The brightness, B, is then B=L/Ad where d is the sr appropriate to a real emitter so that B=262 cd/m2 or nits.
This represents a very bright, high-resolution (million pixel) micro display with significantly better performance than any typical head mounted micro display currently in use. For comparison, current headset micro displays produce only 30 to 100 nits and contain fewer than 100,000 pixels. Therefore, the dense integration combined with large pixel count and active matrix addressing enable high resolution and high brightness. This brightness can also be achieved with an estimated total electrical power of only approximately 0.24 W delivered to the chip.
The high resolution UC/RCLED micro display that uses 1,000,000 20×20 μm pixels is approximately 2 cm per side. However, while the estimated brightness is a significant improvement over existing head mounted displays, it is not bright enough for use in high ambient lighting environments such as in daylight or for medical surgeries where bright ambient lighting is essential. The brightness of the micro displays can be achieved by increasing the electrical input power to each pixel since the total number of lumens continues to increase beyond the irradiance that saturates the up-converters. Thus, there is a trade-off between operation at maximum efficiency, estimated above, and operation at maximum brightness.
It has been shown that increasing the irradiance by a factor of 10 above the value giving maximum efficiency may reduce the efficiency by a factor of 2, but at the same time the total output of lumens from the green source can be increased by more than a factor of 10. Similar results have been obtained for both the red and blue emitters. Operating the display chip at the RCLED saturation output of 125 W/cm2 increases the brightness to approximately 1080 cd/m2 or nits for an electrical input of approximately 1.7 W.
Another means to increase the brightness is to increase the fill factor of each pixel by minimizing the size of the conductors and isolations. In the display considered, the fill factor is 135/400 or 0.34. By fitting the three emitters into a pixel that is smaller, say 15×18 cm2, the fill factor increases to 0.5 and the area of the display decreases from 4×10−4 cm2 to 2.7×10−4 cm2. The brightness of this display first considered would be 388 nits while the 1080 nits microdisplay would go to 1600 nits. This scalability allows us to consider embodiment of the UC/RCLED microdisplay chips for use in high ambient lighting environments.
Since the UC/RCLEDs of the present invention are produced by techniques already well developed in the electronics industry for semiconductor device manufacturing, the potential for much smaller microdisplays is possible. For example, UC/RCLEDs as small as 1×3 μm allow space for interconnects and other necessary electronic components enable pixels of the order of 5×5 μm. The smaller micro display chips offer significantly reduced cost, power requirement, weight, and overall headset size, and can be enabling for eyeglass displays.
The robust operation of the GaAs-based RCLEDs combined with solid-state up-converters, high brightness possible with the directly modulated emissive microdisplay, and low cost of the GaAs approach make this display technology potentially important for rugged, low resolution HMDs for augmented reality. The potential for high modulation speed in the RCLEDs combined with high current density capability offers the possibility of small sized microdisplay chips with a much higher pixel count than competing technologies. The small microdisplay chip size can be used to realize compact HMDs as well as high image quality in a high definition HMD for virtual reality.
The present invention also provides a novel form of matrix addressing combined up-converter/RCLED pixels based on energy storage within the up-converters that comes from their millisecond time constants for radiative decay. The robust operation of the GaAs-based RCLEDs combined with solid-state up-converters, high brightness with the directly modulated emissive microdisplay, and low cost of the GaAs approach for rugged, low resolution HMDs for augmented reality. The potential for high modulation speed in the RCLEDs combined with high current density capability offers the possibility of small sized microdisplay chips with a much higher pixel count than competing technologies. The small microdisplay chip size can be used to realize compact HMDs as well as high image quality in a high definition HMD for virtual reality.
a and 10b show projected map images based on the optical system shown in
The types of images shown in
The use of a head mounted display, with for example a single flip-down imaging mirror, could augment or replace much of the use of the walkie-talkies while leaving the firefighters hands free if necessary and provide greater and more detailed information than voice communication. A similar situation also occurs for firefighters that enter burning buildings, where infrared sensors and handheld displays are currently used to locate occupants that may be trapped in the burning structure. Helmet-fitted infrared cameras using the same helmet as the flip down head mounted display could be used to generate the display. This type of imaging also has commercial applications, and similar need exists for homeland security in border control. The present invention has applications in a variety of markets that would be able to utilize this type of HMD, with critical features being low cost, lightweight, robust operation, high efficiency and battery compatibility with long battery lifetime, and high image quality at limited resolution.
Along with the map images, grid patterns have also been studied and an example is shown in
U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/026,827 filed on Feb. 7, 2008 assigned to the same assignee as the present application incorporated herein by reference hereto, discloses high definition resolution in a multiplexed RGB display system. The high-resolution RGB design includes considerably more complex optics that can be incorporated for applications that include medical surgery, gaming and entertainment, training, and education. An important advantage of the up-converter microdisplay approach is its potential to reach an extremely large color gamut of greater than approximately 125% of that established by the National Television Standards Committee (NTSC). This color gamut exceeds all existing display technologies, including nitride LEDs and OLEDs. For example, nitride LED backlights are currently being developed that reach approximately 90% of the NTSC color gamut. However, specific to the up-converter approach of the present invention are the small spectral overlaps that occur between the red, green, and blue up-converters due to the common rare earth ion transitions available to the dopants in the different fluoride hosts.
The projection optical system 500 uses two spectrally selective beam splitters 510 and 530 for beam combining of the separate red, green, and blue pixilated chip colors. The first beam splitter 510 transmits the green emission 512 while reflecting the red emission 514. Its placement as shown then rejects the red emission at approximately 660 nm from the green chip into a waste light absorber 520, while combining the green pixilated emission 512 with the red emission 514 from the red pixilated chip. The green emission from the red pixilated chip is transmitted into the waste light absorber 520. Thus, high spectral purity green and red pixel information is produced traveling to the right in
The projection system 500 shown in
While the invention has been described, disclosed, illustrated and shown in various terms of certain embodiments or modifications which it has presumed in practice, the scope of the invention is not intended to be, nor should it be deemed to be, limited thereby and such other modifications or embodiments as may be suggested by the teachings herein are particularly reserved especially as they fall within the breadth and scope of the claims here appended.
This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/026,827 filed on Feb. 7, 2008 and 60/939,956 filed on May 24, 2007 which are incorporated herein by reference and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/939,924 filed on May 24, 2007.
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