Patent Application
20090018109
This invention relates to a combination of steroids and methylxanthine compounds and their use as pharmaceuticals, in particular for the treatment of inflammatory or obstructive airways diseases.
In a first aspect, the present invention provides a medicament comprising, separately or together (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I
or a salt thereof, where
X is hydrogen, C1-C4-alkyl or —CO—NR3R4;
R1 and R2 and each independently C1-C4-alkyl;
R3 is C1-C4-alkyl and R4 is hydrogen or C1-C4-alkyl,
or R3 and R4 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached is an C1-C8-alkylene imino radical with 5 to 6 ring members or morpholino; and
R5 is hydrogen or C1-C4-alkyl; and
(B) a steroid of formula II
where T is a monovalent cyclic organic group having from 3 to 15 atoms in the ring system, for simultaneous, sequential or separate administration in the treatment of an inflammatory or obstructive airways disease.
Methylxanthine compounds of formula I include theophylline and pharmacologically equivalent compounds and salts, such as aminophylline and oxtriphylline, as well as caffeine, theobromine, furaphylline, 7-propyl-theophylline-dopamine and enprofylline.
Compounds of formula II are anti-inflammatory corticosteroids that are disclosed in international patent application WO 02/00679, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.
It has now surprisingly been found that a significant unexpected therapeutic benefit, particularly a synergistic therapeutic benefit, in the treatment of inflammatory or obstructive airways diseases can be obtained by combination therapy using a methylxanthine compound of formula I and a steroid of formula II. For instance, it is possible using this combination therapy to reduce the dosages of one or both of the two active ingredients required for a given therapeutic effect considerably compared with those required using treatment with the active ingredients alone, thereby minimising possibly undesirable side effects. In particular, it has been found that these combinations induce an anti-inflammatory activity which is significantly greater than that induced by a methylxanthine compound of formula I or a steroid of formula II alone. The amount of a steroid of formula II in particular needed for a given anti-inflammatory effect may be significantly reduced when used in admixture with a methylxanthine compound of formula I, thereby reducing the risk of undesirable side effects from the repeated exposure to the steroid involved in the treatment of inflammatory or obstructive airways diseases.
Furthermore, using the combination therapy of the invention, particularly using compositions containing theophylline and a steroid of formula II, medicaments which have a rapid onset of action and a long duration of action may be prepared. Moreover, using such combination therapy, medicaments which result in a significant improvement in lung function may be prepared. Using the combination therapy of the invention, medicaments which provide improved control of obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases, or a reduction in exacerbations of such diseases, may be prepared. Using compositions of the invention, medicaments which can be used on demand in rescue treatment of obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases, or which reduce or eliminate the need for treatment with short-acting rescue medicaments such as salbutamol or terbutaline, may be prepared; thus medicaments based on compositions of the invention facilitate the treatment of an obstructive or inflammatory airways disease with a single medicament.
Accordingly, in a second aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a mixture of effective amounts of (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and (B) a steroid of formula II, optionally together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In a third aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating an inflammatory or obstructive airways disease which comprises administering to a subject in need of such treatment effective amounts of (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and (B) a steroid of formula II.
The invention further provides the use of (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and (B) a steroid of formula II in the preparation of a medicament for combination therapy by simultaneous, sequential or separate administration of (A) and (B) in the treatment of an inflammatory or obstructive airways disease.
Terms used in the specification have the following meanings:
“C1-C4-alkyl” denotes straight chain or branched C1-C4-alkyl, which may be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl or tert-butyl.
“C1-C4-alkylamino” denotes amino substituted by C1-C4-alkyl as hereinbefore defined.
“(Di-C1-C4-alkyl)amino” denotes amino disubstituted by C1-C4-alkyl as hereinbefore defined.
“Halo-C1-C4-alkyl” denotes C1-C4-alkyl as hereinbefore defined substituted by one or more, preferably one, two or three halogen atoms, preferably fluorine or chlorine atoms.
“Hydroxy-C1-C4-alkyl” denotes C1-C4-alkyl as hereinbefore defined substituted by one or more, preferably one, two or three hydroxy groups.
“C1-C4-alkoxy” denotes straight chain or branched C1-C4-alkoxy and may be methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy or tert-butoxy.
“C1-C4-alkylthio” denotes straight chain or branched C1-C4-alkylthio and may be methylthio, ethylthio, n-propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, isobutylthio, sec-butylthio or tert-butylthio.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a medicament comprising, separately or together (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and (B) a steroid of formula II, for simultaneous, sequential or separate administration in the treatment of an inflammatory or obstructive airways disease.
The methylxanthine compound of formula I is preferably theophylline or a pharmacologically equivalent compound or salt thereof.
Theophylline is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in tea. It is available as a number of different salts, the most common of which are aminophylline (the ethylenediamine) and choline theophyllinate. It has the structure shown below
and is available commercially under a variety of brand names, including Accurbron, Aerobin, Aerolate, Afonilum, Aquaphyllin, Armophylline, Asmalix, Austyn, Bilordyl, Bronchoretard, Bronkodyl, Cetraphylline, Constant T. Duraphyllin, Diffumal, Elixomin, Elixophyllin, Etheophyl, Euphyllin, Euphylong, LaBID, Lanophyllin, Lasma, Nuelin, Physpan, Pro-Vent, PulmiDur, Pulmo-Timelets, Quibron, Respid, Slo-Bid, Slo-Phyllin, Solosin, Sustaire, Talotren, Teosona, Theobid, Theoclear, Theochron, Theo-Dur, Theolair, Theon, Theophyl, Theograd, Theo-Sav, Theospan, Theostat, Theovent, T-Phyl, Unifyl, Uniphyl, Uniphyllin, and Xanthium. The chemical name of theophylline is 3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione or 1,3-Dimethylxanthine and its general chemical formula is C7H8N4O2.
Theophylline works as a bronchodilator by the relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle. Several mechanisms have been proposed which include the inhibition of phosphodiesterase to increase intracellular cAMP levels. Theophylline is an antagonist of adenosine at pharmacological doses. It has also been shown to have some anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting the activity of CD4 lymphocytes in vitro and mediator release from mast cells, and can inhibit bronchoconstriction produced by exercise and challenge testing.
Theophylline has more recently been shown to activate histone deacetylase (HDAC). Acetylation of histone proteins is associated with activation of gene function, and it is believed that proinflammatory transcription factors which activate inflammatory genes also cause an increase in histone actetyltransferase activity. By increasing HDAC activity and so deacetylating histone proteins, theophylline is believed to suppress the expression of inflammatory genes (see Barnes, (2003) Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167:813-818).
Steroids of formula II are disclosed, together with procedures for their preparation in international patent application WO 02/00679, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. These compounds exhibit surprisingly low systemic side effects at therapeutically effective doses and have a long duration of action, with a potential for once-a-day administration.
In one embodiment, T is a heterocyclic aromatic group having a 5-membered heterocyclic ring with one, two or three ring hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, the heterocyclic ring being unsubstituted or substituted by one or two substituents selected from halogen, C1-C4-alkyl, halo-C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-alkyl-thio, cyano or hydroxy-C1-C4-alkyl and the heterocyclic ring being optionally fused to a benzene ring. Preferred such heterocyclic aromatic groups include those in which the heterocyclic ring has one nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom in the ring or one oxygen and one or two nitrogen atoms in the ring, or one sulfur and one or two nitrogen atoms in the ring, especially a pyrrole, furan, thiophene, oxazole, isoxazole, imidazole, pyrazole, furazan, thiazole or thiadiazole ring. Especially preferred heterocyclic aromatic groups are pyrrolyl, furyl and thienyl groups optionally substituted by one or two substituents selected from halogen (particularly chlorine or bromine), C1-C4-alkyl (particularly methyl or ethyl), halo-C1-C4-alkyl (particularly trifluoro-methyl), C1-C4-alkoxy (particularly methoxy), C1-C4-alkylthio (particularly methylthio), cyano or hydroxy-C1-C4-alkyl (particularly hydroxymethyl); isoxazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl or thiadiazolyl groups optionally substituted by one or two C1-C4-alkyl groups; and benzofuryl, benzothienyl and benzofurazanyl groups.
In another embodiment, T is a heterocyclic aromatic group having a 6-membered heterocyclic ring with one, two or three ring heteroatoms, preferably nitrogen, the heterocyclic ring being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more, preferably one, two or three, substituents selected from halogen, cyano, hydroxyl, C1-C4-acyloxy, amino, C1-C4-alkyl-amino, di-(C1-C4-alkyl)amino, C1-C4-alkyl, hydroxy-C1-C4-alkyl, halo-C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, or C1-C4-alkylthio, and the heterocyclic ring being optionally fused to a benzene ring. Preferred such heterocyclic aromatic groups include those in which the heterocyclic group has one or two nitrogen atoms in the ring, especially a pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridazine ring. Especially preferred heterocyclic aromatic groups are pyridyl, pyrimidinyl and pyrazinyl groups, optionally substituted by one or two substituents selected from halogen (particularly chlorine) or C1-C4-alkyl (especially methyl or n-butyl).
In steroids of formula II, the indicated methyl group in the 16 position of the cortico-steroid ring system may be in the alpha or beta conformation. 16-α-methyl compounds are preferred.
Preferred steroids of formula II are those where the indicated 16-methyl group has the alpha conformation and T is 5-methyl-2-thienyl, N-methyl-2-pyrrolyl, cyclopropyl, 2-furyl, 3-methyl-2-furyl, 3-methyl-2-thienyl, 5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl, 3,5-dimethyl-2-thienyl, 2,5-dimethyl-3-furyl, 4-methyl-2-furyl, 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 2-pyridyl, 4-pyrimidyl or 5-methyl-2-pyrazinyl or the indicated 16-methyl group has the beta conformation and R is cyclopropyl.
A particularly preferred steroid of formula II is 3-methyl-thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (6S,9R,10S,11S,13S,16R,17R)-9-chloro-6-fluoro-11-hydroxy-17-methoxycarbonyl-10,13,16-trimethyl-3-oxo-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta-[a]phenanthren-17-yl ester, which has the formula
and includes the 2 different crystalline forms A and B as described in WO04013156.
Steroids of formula II in which T contains a basic group are capable of forming acid addition salts, particularly pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the steroid of formula II include those of inorganic acids, for example, hydrohalic acids such as hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid or hydroiodic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid; and organic acids, for example aliphatic monocarboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid, aliphatic hydroxy acids such as lactic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid or malic acid, dicarboxylic acids such as maleic acid or succinic acid, aromatic carboxylic acids such as benzoic acid, p-chlorobenzoic acid, diphenylacetic acid or triphenylacetic acid, aromatic hydroxy acids such as o-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 1-hydroxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid or 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid, and sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid or benzenesulfonic acid. These salts may be prepared from compounds of formula II by known salt-forming procedures.
Administration of the medicament or pharmaceutical composition as hereinbefore described, i.e. with (A) and (B) in admixture or separate, is preferably by inhalation, i.e. (A) and (B) or the mixture thereof are in inhalable form.
The inhalable form of the medicament may be, for example, an atomizable composition such as an aerosol comprising the active ingredients, i.e. (A) and (B) separately or in admixture, in solution or dispersion in a propellant, or a nebulisable composition comprising a solution or dispersion of the active ingredient in an aqueous, organic or aqueous/organic medium. For example, the inhalable form of the medicament may be an aerosol comprising a mixture of (A) and (B) in solution or dispersion in a propellant. In another example, the inhalable form is a nebulizable composition comprising a dispersion of (A) and (B) in an aqueous, organic or aqueous/organic medium.
An aerosol composition suitable for use as the inhalable form of the medicament may comprise the active ingredient in solution or dispersion in a propellant, which may be chosen from any of the propellants known in the art. Suitable such propellants include hydrocarbons such as n-propane, n-butane or isobutane or mixtures of two or more such hydrocarbons, and halogen-substituted hydrocarbons, for example chlorine and/or fluorine-substituted methanes, ethanes, propanes, butanes, cyclopropanes or cyclobutanes, such as dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CFC-114) or, particularly, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA-134a), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFA-227), difluorochloromethane (HCFC-22) or mixtures of two or more such halogen-substituted hydrocarbons.
Where the active ingredient is present in suspension in the propellant, i.e. where it is present in particulate form dispersed in the propellant, the aerosol composition may also contain a lubricant and a surfactant, which may be chosen from those lubricants and surfactants known in the art. Other suitable aerosol compositions include surfactant-free or substantially surfactant-free aerosol compositions. The aerosol composition may contain up to about 5% by weight, for example 0.0001 to 5%, 0.001 to 5%, 0.001 to 3%, 0.001 to 2%, 0.001 to 1%, 0.001 to 0.1%, or 0.001 to 0.01%, but preferably 0.01 to 0.5% by weight of the active ingredient, based on the weight of the propellant. Where present, the lubricant and surfactant may be in an amount up to 5% and 0.5% respectively by weight of the aerosol composition. The aerosol composition may also contain a co-solvent such as ethanol in an amount up to 30% by weight of the composition, particularly for administration from a pressurised metered dose inhalation device. The aerosol composition may further contain a bulking agent, for example a sugar such as lactose, sucrose, dextrose, mannitol or sorbitol, in an amount, for example, of up to 20%, usually 0.001 to 1%, by weight of the composition.
In another embodiment of the invention, the inhalable form of the medicament is a dry powder, i.e. (A) and (B) are present in a dry powder comprising finely divided (A) and (B) optionally together with at least one particulate pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which may be one or more materials known as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, preferably chosen from materials known as carriers in dry powder inhalation compositions, for example saccharides, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides and sugar alcohols such as arabinose, glucose, fructose, ribose, mannose, sucrose, trehalose, lactose, maltose, starches, dextran, mannitol or sorbitol. An especially preferred carrier is lactose, for example lactose monohydrate or anhydrous lactose. The dry powder may be contained as unit doses in capsules of, for example, gelatin or plastic, or in blisters (e.g. of aluminium or plastic), for use in a dry powder inhalation device, which may be a single dose or multiple dose device, preferably in dosage units of (A) and/or (B) together with the carrier in amounts to bring the total weight of powder per capsule to from 5 mg to 50 mg. Alternatively, the dry powder may be contained in a reservoir in a multi-dose dry powder inhalation device adapted to deliver, for example, 3-25 mg of dry powder per actuation.
In the finely divided particulate form of the medicament, and in the aerosol composition where at least one of the active ingredients are present in particulate form, the active ingredient may have an average particle diameter of up to about 10 μm, for example 0.1 to 5 μm, preferably 1 to 5 μm. The particulate carrier, where present, generally has a maximum particle diameter up to 500 μm, preferably up to 400 μm, and conveniently has a mean particle diameter of 40 to 300 μm, e.g. 50 to 250 μm. The particle size of the active ingredient, and that of a particulate carrier where present in dry powder compositions, can be reduced to the desired level by conventional methods, for example by grinding in an air-jet mill, ball mill or vibrator mill, sieving, microprecipitation, spray-drying, lyophilisation or controlled crystallisation from conventional solvents or from supercritical media.
The inhalable medicament may be administered using an inhalation device suitable for the inhalable form, such devices being well known in the art. Accordingly, the invention also provides a pharmaceutical product comprising a medicament or pharmaceutical composition as hereinbefore described in inhalable form as hereinbefore described in association with one or more inhalation devices. In a further aspect, the invention provides an inhalation device, or a pack of two or more inhalation devices, containing a medicament or pharmaceutical composition as hereinbefore described in inhalable form as hereinbefore described.
Where the inhalable form of the active ingredient is an aerosol composition, the inhalation device may be an aerosol vial provided with a valve adapted to deliver a metered dose, such as 10 to 100 μl, e.g. 25 to 50 μl, of the composition, i.e. a device known as a metered dose inhaler. Suitable such aerosol vials and procedures for containing within them aerosol compositions under pressure are well known to those skilled in the art of inhalation therapy. For example, an aerosol composition may be administered from a coated can, for example as described in EP-A-0642992.
Where the inhalable form of the active ingredient is a nebulizable aqueous, organic or aqueous/organic dispersion, the inhalation device may be a known nebulizer, for example a conventional pneumatic nebulizer such as an airjet nebulizer, or an ultrasonic nebulizer, which may contain, for example, from 1 to 50 ml, commonly 1 to 10 ml, of the dispersion; or a hand-held nebulizer, sometimes referred to as a soft mist or soft spray inhaler, for example an electronically controlled device such as an AERx (Aradigm, US) or Aerodose (Aerogen), or a mechanical device such as a RESPIMAT (Boehringer Ingelheim) nebulizer which allows much smaller nebulised volumes, e.g. 10 to 100 μl, than conventional nebulisers.
Where the inhalable form of the active ingredient is the finely divided particulate form, the inhalation device may be, for example, a dry powder inhalation device adapted to deliver dry powder from a capsule or blister containing a dry powder comprising a dosage unit of (A) and/or (B) or a multidose dry powder inhalation (MDDPI) device adapted to deliver, for example, 3-25 mg of dry powder comprising a dosage unit of (A) and/or (B) per actuation. The dry powder composition preferably contains a diluent or carrier, such as lactose, and a compound that helps to protect against product performance deterioration due to moisture e.g. magnesium stearate, typically 0.05-2.0%. Suitable such dry powder inhalation devices are well known. For example, a suitable device for delivery of dry powder in encapsulated form is that described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,991,761, while suitable MDDPI devices include those described in WO 97/20589 and WO 97/30743.
The medicament of the invention is preferably a pharmaceutical composition comprising a mixture of (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and (B) a steroid of formula II, preferably together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier as hereinbefore described.
The weight ratio of the methylxanthine compound of formula I to the steroid of formula II may be, in general, from 2:1 to 1:2000, for example from 1:1 to 1:1000, from 1:2 to 1:100, or from 1:5 to 1:50. More usually, this ratio is from 1:10 to 1:25, for example from 1:15 to 1:25. The two drugs may be administered separately in the same ratio. Specific examples of this ratio, to the nearest whole number, include 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23, 1:24 and 1:25.
A suitable daily dose of (A) the methylxanthine compound of formula I, particularly theophylline, for inhalation may be from 10 μg to 2000 μg, preferably from 20 to 1000 μg, and especially from 20 to 800 μg, e.g. from 30 to 500 μg.
A suitable daily dose of (B) a steroid of formula I for inhalation may be from 50 to 2000 μg, for example from 100 to 2000 μg, from 100 to 1600 μg, from 100 to 1000 μg, or from 100 to 800 μg, preferably from 200 to 500 μg, for instance from 200 to 400 μg.
A suitable unit dose of (A) the methylxanthine compound of formula I, particularly theophylline, for inhalation may be from 10 μg to 2000 μg, preferably from 20 to 1000 μg, and especially from 20 to 800 μg, e.g. from 30 to 500 μg.
A suitable unit dose of (B) a steroid of formula II for inhalation may be from 50 to 2000 μg, for example from 100 to 2000 μg, from 100 to 1600 μg, from 100 to 1000 μg, or from 100 to 800 μg, preferably from 200 to 500 μg, for instance from 200 to 400 μg.
These unit doses may be administered once or twice daily in accordance with the daily doses mentioned hereinbefore. A single dose is preferred as this is convenient for the patient and encourages compliance. The precise doses of (A) and (B) used will of course depend on the condition to be treated, the patient and the efficiency of the inhalation device.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the medicament of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition which is a dry powder in a capsule containing unit doses of (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I as hereinbefore defined and (B) a steroid of formula II as hereinbefore defined, for example for inhalation from a single capsule inhaler, the capsule suitably containing a unit dose of (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and a unit dose of (B) a steroid of formula II, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier as hereinbefore described in an amount to bring the total weight of dry powder per capsule to between 5 mg and 50 mg, for example 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg, 30 mg, 35 mg, 40 mg, 45 mg or 50 mg.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the medicament of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition which is a dry powder for administration from a reservoir of a multi-dose dry powder inhaler adapted to deliver, for example, 3 mg to 25 mg of powder containing a unit dose of (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and (B) a steroid of formula II per actuation.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the medicament of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition which is an aerosol comprising (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I as hereinbefore described and (B) a steroid of formula II as hereinbefore described in a propellant, optionally together with a surfactant and/or a bulking agent and/or a co-solvent such as ethanol as hereinbefore described, for administration from a metered dose inhaler adapted to deliver an amount of aerosol containing a unit dose of (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and a unit dose of (B) a steroid of formula II, or a known fraction of a unit dose of (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and a known fraction of a unit dose of (B) a steroid of formula II per actuation. Thus if, for example, the inhaler delivers half of the unit doses of (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and (B) a steroid of formula II per actuation, the unit doses can be administered by two actuations of the inhaler.
In accordance with the above, the invention also provides a pharmaceutical kit comprising (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and (B) a steroid of formula II in separate unit dosage forms, said forms being suitable for administration of (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and (B) a steroid of formula II in effective amounts. Such a kit suitably further comprises one or two inhalation devices for administration of (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and (B) a steroid of formula II. For example, the kit may comprise one or more dry powder inhalation devices adapted to deliver dry powder from a capsule, together with capsules containing a dry powder comprising a dosage unit of (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and capsules containing a dry powder comprising a dosage unit of (B) a steroid of formula II. In another example, the kit may comprise a multi-dose dry powder inhalation device containing in the reservoir thereof a dry powder comprising (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and a multi-dose dry powder inhalation device containing in the reservoir thereof a dry powder comprising (B) a steroid of formula II. In a further example, the kit may comprise a metered dose inhaler containing an aerosol comprising (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I in a propellant and a metered dose inhaler containing an aerosol comprising (B) a steroid of formula II in a propellant.
Medicaments of the invention are advantageous in the treatment of inflammatory or obstructive airways disease, exhibiting highly effective bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory properties. For instance, it is possible using the combination therapy of the invention to reduce the dosages of corticosteroid required for a given therapeutic effect compared with those required using treatment with a corticosteroid alone, thereby minimising possibly undesirable side effects. In particular, these combinations, particularly where (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and (B) a steroid of formula II are in the same composition, facilitate achievement of a high anti-inflammatory effect, such that the amount of corticosteroid needed for a given anti-inflammatory effect may be reduced when used in admixture with (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and (B) a steroid of formula II, thereby reducing the risk of undesirable side effects from the repeated exposure to the steroid involved in the treatment of inflammatory or obstructive airways diseases. Furthermore, using the combinations of the invention, medicaments which have a rapid onset of action and a long duration of action may be prepared. Moreover, using such combination therapy, medicaments which result in a significant improvement in lung function may be prepared. In another aspect, using the combination therapy of the invention, medicaments which provide effective control of obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases, or a reduction in exacerbations of such diseases, may be prepared. In a further aspect, using compositions of the invention containing (A) a methylxanthine compound of formula I and (B) a steroid of formula II, medicaments which reduce or eliminate the need for treatment with short-acting rescue medicaments such as salbutamol or terbutaline, may be prepared; thus compositions of the invention facilitate the treatment of an obstructive or inflammatory airways disease with a single medicament.
Treatment of inflammatory or obstructive airways diseases in accordance with the invention may be symptomatic or prophylactic treatment. Inflammatory or obstructive airways diseases to which the present invention is applicable include asthma of whatever type or genesis including both intrinsic (non-allergic) asthma and extrinsic (allergic) asthma, mild asthma, moderate asthma, severe asthma, bronchitic asthma, exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma and asthma induced following bacterial infection. Treatment of asthma is also to be understood as embracing treatment of subjects, e.g. of less than 4 or 5 years of age, exhibiting wheezing symptoms and diagnosed or diagnosable as “wheezy infants”, an established patient category of major medical concern and now often identified as incipient or early-phase asthmatics. (For convenience this particular asthmatic condition is referred to as “wheezy-infant syndrome”.)
Prophylactic efficacy in the treatment of asthma will be evidenced by reduced frequency or severity of symptomatic attack, e.g. of acute asthmatic or bronchoconstrictor attack, improvement in lung function or improved airways hyperreactivity. It may further be evidenced by reduced requirement for other, symptomatic therapy, i.e. therapy for or intended to restrict or abort symptomatic attack when it occurs, for example anti-inflammatory (e.g. corticosteroid) or bronchodilatory. Prophylactic benefit in asthma may in particular be apparent in subjects prone to “morning dipping”. “Morning dipping” is a recognised asthmatic syndrome, common to a substantial percentage of asthmatics and characterised by asthma attack, e.g. between the hours of about 4 to 6 am, i.e. at a time normally substantially distant form any previously administered symptomatic asthma therapy. Other inflammatory or obstructive airways diseases and conditions to which the present invention is applicable include acute lung injury (ALI), adult or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary, airways or lung disease (COPD, COAD or COLD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, bronchiectasis and exacerbation of airways hyperreactivity consequent to other drug therapy, in particular other inhaled drug therapy. Further inflammatory or obstructive airways diseases to which the present invention is applicable include pneumoconiosis (an inflammatory, commonly occupational, disease of the lungs, frequently accompanied by airways obstruction, whether chronic or acute, and occasioned by repeated inhalation of dusts) of whatever type or genesis, including, for example, aluminosis, anthracosis, asbestosis, chalicosis, ptilosis, siderosis, silicosis, tobacosis and byssinosis, cystic fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension, including primary pulmonary hypertension.
The medicament of the present invention may additionally contain one or more co-therapeutic agents such as anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, antihistamine, decongestant or anti-tussive drug substances, particularly in the treatment of obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases such as those mentioned hereinbefore, for example as potentiators of therapeutic activity of such drugs or as a means of reducing required dosaging or potential side effects of such drugs.
Co-therapeutic agents include A2A agonists, A2B antagonists, antihistamines, antimuscarinic agents, beta-2 adrenoceptor agonists, caspase inhibitors, LTB4 antagonists, LTD4 antagonists, PDE4 inhibitors, mucolytics, matrix metal loproteinase inhibitors (MMPi's), leukotrienes, antibiotics, anti neoplastics, peptides, vaccines, nicotine, elastase inhibitors and sodium cromoglycate.
Suitable A2A agonists include those described in EP 409595A2, EP 1052264, EP 1241176, WO 94/17090, WO 96/02543, WO 96/02553, WO 98/28319, WO 99/24449, WO 99/24450, WO 99/24451, WO 99/38877, WO 99/41267, WO 99/67263, WO 99/67264, WO 99/67265, WO 99/67266, WO 00/23457, WO 00/77018, WO 00/78774, WO 01/23399, WO 01/27130, WO 01/27131, WO 01/60835, WO 01/94368, WO 02/00676, WO 02/22630, WO 02/96462, WO 03/086408, WO 04/039762, WO 04/039766, WO 04/045618 and WO 04/046083.
Suitable A2B antagonists include those described in WO 02/42298 and WO 03/042214.
Suitable antihistamine drug substances include cetirizine hydrochloride, levocetirizine, acetaminophen, clemastine fumarate, promethazine, loratidine, desloratidine, diphenhydramine and fexofenadine hydrochloride, activastine, astemizole, azelastine, dimetinden, ebastine, epinastine, levocabastine, mizolastine and tefenadine as well as those disclosed in WO 03/099807, WO 04/026841 and JP 2004107299.
Suitable antimuscarinic agents include ipratropium bromide, oxitropium bromide, tiotropium salts, glycopyrrolate, CHF 4226 (Chiesi), or those described in EP 424021, U.S. Pat. No. 3,714,357, U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,744, US 2005/171147, US 2005/182091, WO 01/04118, WO 02/00652, WO 02/51841, WO 02/53564, WO 03/00840, WO 03/33495, WO 03/53966, WO 03/87094, WO 04/018422, WO 04/05285 and WO 05/077361.
Suitable beta-2 adrenoceptor agonists include albuterol (salbutamol), metaproterenol, terbutaline, salmeterol, fenoterol, procaterol, and especially, formoterol, carmoterol, TA-2005, GSK159797 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and compounds (in free or salt or solvate form) of formula I of WO 00/75114, which document is incorporated herein by reference, preferably compounds of the Examples thereof, especially a compound of formula
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as well as compounds (in free or salt or solvate form) of formula I of WO 04/16601, and also compounds of EP 147719, EP 1440966, JP 05025045, WO 93/18007, WO 99/64035, US 2002/0055651, US 2005/0133417, US 2005/5159448, WO 01/42193, WO 01/83462, WO 02/66422, WO 02/70490, WO 02/76933, WO 03/24439, WO 03/42160, WO 03/42164, WO 03/72539, WO 03/91204, WO 03/99764, WO 04/16578, WO 04/22547, WO 04/32921, WO 04/33412, WO 04/37768, WO 04/37773, WO 04/37807, WO 04/39762, WO 04/39766, WO 04/45618 WO 04/46083, WO 04/80964, EP1460064, WO 04/087142, WO 04/089892, EP 01477167, US 2004/0242622, US 2004/0229904, WO 04/108675, WO 04/108676, WO 05/033121, WO 05/040103, WO 05/044787, WO 05/058867, WO 05/065650, WO 05/066140 and WO 05/07908.
Suitable caspase inhibitors, including interleukin-I P converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitors, include those that are disclosed in CA 2109646, GB 2,278,276 EP 519748, EP 547 699, EP 590 650, EP 628550, EP 644 197, EP 644198, U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,985, U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,013, U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,128, U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,248, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,430, U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,357, U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,627, U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,283, U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,487, U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,474, US 20030096737, WO 93/05071, WO 93/14777, WO 93/16710, WO 94/00154, WO 94/03480, WO 94/21673, WO 95/05152, WO 95/35308, WO 97/22618, WO 97/22619, WO 98/10778, WO 98/11109, WO 98/11129, WO 98/41232, WO 99/06367, WO 99/65451, WO 01/119373 and WO 03/32918.
Suitable LTB4 antagonists include LY293111, CGS025019C, CP-195543, SC-53228, BIIL 284, ONO 4057, SB 209247 and those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,700 and WO 04/108720.
Suitable LTD4 antagonists include montelukast and zafirlukast.
Suitable PDE4 inhibitors PDE4 inhibitors such as cilomilast (Ariflo® GlaxoSmithKline), Roflumilast (Byk Gulden), V-11294A (Napp), BAY19-8004 (Bayer), SCH-351591 (Schering-Plough), Arofylline (Almirall Prodesfarma), PD189659/PD 168787 (Parke-Davis), AWD-12-281 (Asta Medica), CDC-801 (Celgene), SelCID™ CC-10004 (Celgene), VM554/UM565 (Vernalis), T-440 (Tanabe), KW-4490 (Kyowa Hakko Kogyo), GRC 3886 (Oglemilast, Glenmark), and those described in WO 92/19594, WO 93/19749, WO 93/19750, WO 93/19751, WO 98/18796, WO 99/16766, WO 01/13953, WO 03/39544, WO 03/104204, WO 03/104205, WO 04/000814, WO 04/000839, WO 04/005258, WO 04018450, WO 04/018451, WO 04/018457, WO 04/018465, WO 04/018431, WO 04/018449, WO 04/018450, WO 04/018451, WO 04/018457, WO 04/018465, WO 04/019944, WO 04/019945, WO 04/045607, WO 04/037805, WO 04/063197, WO 04/103998, WO 04/111044, WO 05012252, WO 05012253, WO 05/013995, WO 05/030725, WO 05/030212, WO 05/087744, WO 05/087745, WO 05/087749 and WO 05/090345.
While (B) compounds of formula II are steroids, the medicament of the present invention optionally includes one or more other steroids, for example glucocorticosteroids such as budesonide, beclamethasone dipropionate, fluticasone propionate, mometasone furoate, ciclesonide, or steroids described in WO 02/88167, WO 02/12266, WO 02/100879, WO 03/35668, WO 03/48181, WO 03/62259, WO 03/64445, WO 03/72592, WO 04/39827 and WO 04/66920, or non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonists, such as those described in DE 10261874, WO 00/00531, WO 02/10143, WO 03/82280, WO 03/82787, WO 03/86294, WO 03/104195, WO 03/101932, WO 04/05229, WO 04/18429, WO 04/19935, WO 04/26248 and WO 05/05452.
The invention is illustrated by the following Examples, in which parts are by weight unless stated otherwise. In the examples Compound B is 3-methyl-thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (6S,9R,10S,11S,13S,16R,17R)-9-chloro-6-fluoro-11-hydroxy-17-methoxy-carbonyl-10,13,16-trimethyl-3-oxo-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta-[a]phenanthren-17-yl ester and is prepared using the procedures described in WO 02/00679.
An aerosol composition suitable for delivery from the canister of a pressurised metered dose inhaler device is prepared by mixing the ingredients listed in Table 1 below. Theophylline and Compound B are milled to a mean particle diameter of 1-5 μm.
A dry powder suitable for delivery from the reservoir of the multi-dose inhaler described in WO97/20589 is prepared by mixing the ingredients listed in Table 1 below. Theophylline and Compound B are milled to a mean particle diameter of 1-5 μm. The lactose monohydrate has a particle diameter below 300 μm.
A dry powder suitable for delivery from the reservoir of the multi-dose inhaler described in WO97/20589 is prepared by mixing 30 parts of theophylline which has been milled to a mean particle diameter of 1-5 μm in an air-jet mill, 250 parts of Compound B which has been similarly ground to a mean particle diameter of 1-5 μm and 4720 parts of lactose monohydrate having a particle diameter below 300 μm.
Example 3 is repeated, but using the amounts of the ingredients shown in Table 3 below in place of the amounts used in that Example:
Example 3 is repeated, but using the amounts of the ingredients shown in Table 3 in place of the amounts used in that Example but also containing 0.5% magnesium stearate by weight.
Example 3 is repeated, but using the amounts of the ingredients shown in Table 3 in place of the amounts used in that Example but also containing 1.0% magnesium stearate by weight.
Gelatin capsules suitable for use in a capsule inhaler such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,991,761 are prepared, each capsule containing a dry powder obtained by mixing 30 μg of theophylline which has been milled to a mean particle diameter of 1 to 5 μm in an air jet mill, 250 μg of Compound B which has been similarly milled to a mean particle diameter of 1 to 5 μm and 24738 μg of lactose monohydrate having a particle diameter below 300 μm.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0603783.2 | Feb 2006 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2007/001550 | 2/22/2007 | WO | 00 | 8/19/2008 |
