Patent Application
20230295815
This disclosure relates to an electronically conductive novel structure for use in electrochemical devices such as electrolysers, consisting in a combined current carrier, circulation chamber, and frame structure formed as a single part (“CCF”), suitable for use in the electrolysis of an alkali aqueous solution of water and an alkali metal chloride which can be configured in one or more filter press arrangements.
Electrochemical cell technology is designed such that an applied electric current induces reactions within a cell, converting available reactants into desired products. An electrolytic cell, or electrolysis cell, is one preferred method of accomplishing this conversion. Electrolysis cells require the conduction of electricity, typically direct current, from an external source to a polarized electrode. They further require conduction away from an electrode of the opposite polarity, either external to or within the electrochemical cell, to generate products.
One desirable configuration of an electrochemical cell is that of the filter press-type electrolyser. Filter press electrolyser electrochemical cells require: mechanical frames with sufficient rigidity, the ability to be connected to (and removed from) an external current source, a “current carrier”, also referred to herein as an electrically conductive current carrier, to provide a current flow path for electricity to be conducted to the electroactive area, a circulation chamber to provide space for gaseous product generation at the electroactive area, passageways that allow the input and output of reactants and products, and finally a capability to form an external seal that prevents fluids leaking from the interior of the cell to the external atmosphere.
Filter press electrolyser electrochemical cells generally come in three configurations, driven by the design of their sub-components: a bipolar cell design, a unipolar cell design, or a monopolar cell design.
Filter press electrolyser electrochemical cells generally come in three configurations, driven by the design of their sub-components: a bipolar cell design, a unipolar cell design, or a monopolar cell design.
A “monopolar” cell design or configuration refers to an electrochemical device based upon a current carrying configuration as shown by the exemplary positive half-cell in
The phrase “bipolar configuration” or “bipolar cell configuration” refers to an electrochemical device based upon a current carrying configuration as shown in
In bipolar cells, the current must only travel through one bipolar wall to reach an electroactive structure of the opposing polarity, whereas in traditional unipolar and monopolar cells additional components are required to connect current to opposite polarity electroactive structures. A shorter current path generally creates lower resistance parameters within the conductive surfaces of a singular cell. This has traditionally led to higher voltage losses due to higher electronic resistance voltage loss, and thus lower efficiency, for unipolar and monopolar cells as compared to bipolar cells for similar current densities and similar electroactive structures.
Historically, the contribution of electronic resistance to cell voltage losses in traditional unipolar and monopolar designs presented the greatest barrier to the continued commercialization of these technologies. When choosing which direction to take electrolysis technologies in recent decades, leaders in the electrolysis field focused heavily on the advancement of “zero-gap” bipolar cell designs as they reduced the contribution of electronic resistance to cell voltage losses and consequently, for similar current densities and similar electroactive structures, improved plant energy efficiency. Zero-gap designs also allowed bipolar cells to utilize higher current densities. The focus on zero-gap bipolar technology lead to an industrial preference for bipolar technology as a whole over monopolar and unipolar technology. However, the utilization of higher current densities does not in itself lead to improved efficiency or improved plant economics. Unipolar and monopolar technologies present many complementary advantages in these areas, which will be discussed further.
A unipolar cell design or configuration refers to an electrochemical device based upon a current carrying configuration as shown by the exemplary positive half-cell in
Historically, only “tank type” unipolar cells have had current carriers comprising a single chamber bordered by two electroactive structures of the same polarity, enabling a single channel for electrochemical reactants and products to flow between the electroactive structures. An early tank type unipolar electrolyser is described in U.S. Pat. No. 1,597,552 of Alexander T. Stuart, entitled “Electrolytic Cell”. Tank type unipolar designs do not require a frame as part of a single unipolar current carrying electrode. Rather, unipolar electrodes are connected electrically in parallel and mounted as a single structure within a tank. A major advancement in tank type unipolar electrode design as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,482,448 of Bowen et al., entitled “Electrode Structure for Electrolyser Cells” introduced the world to the first large scale hydrogen production, which was configured to allow large total surfaces areas and currents of 120,000 amperes per cell, from non-fossil energy. However, despite the advancements that enabled the industrial scaling of this technology, these tank type unipolar cells required separate tanks, cover plates, penetrations for electrochemical connections, and the use of additional parts to form a suitable passageway for electrochemical reactants and products to pass through the electrochemically active regions. “Tank type” configurations in general were replaced by “filter press type” configurations because of the large quantity of their parts, the complexity of their assembly, and the difficulty in changing the surface area per cell.
The additional components required by unipolar tank type cells yielded a longer current path between electroactive structures of opposing polarities than bipolar designs, and consequently higher resistance within the conductive pathways required for a single cell. A double plated monopolar filter press frame design was created which reduced part count and current path lengths as compared to unipolar tank type cells, while affording many of the commercial benefits of unipolar technology in U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,290 of A.T.B. Stuart et al., entitled “Mono-polar electrochemical system with a double electrode plate”.
However, the monopolar double plate design of U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,290 possessed features that were challenging to manufacture. In addition, the monopolar plate design of U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,290 necessitated that non-conductive chamber-creating sealing gasket(s) be positioned between monopolar plates of the same polarity; which were positioned back to back, with the chamber-creating sealing gaskets between them. Further, should a thick electroactive structure have been employed to enable increases in this design's lateral width (thus increasing its surface area in the direction current travels), even further use of the chamber-creating “spacer gaskets” would have been necessitated. Overall, the requirement to provide such spacer gaskets with each monopolar plate addition imposed mechanical and structural limitations to the filter press design, specifically: limited ability to seal a large quantity of monopolar plates within a single filter press, limited ability to operate at elevated internal pressure, and limits on the methods to support the separator within the filter press. Further, providing additional gaskets required more parts be manufactured, slowed construction of the cell, and imposed restrictions on the compression methods used for the filter press stack.
It will be apparent to a person skilled in the art that neither the frames 38 or 40 (defining the anolyte or catholyte circulation chamber) nor the frame 140 of the electrode plates 30 or 31 disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,290, are configured to hold two electrically conductive planar electroactive structures in an opposed and spaced apart arrangement as is required for a unipolar electrolyzer system. Moreover, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,290, the frames 38 or 40 are made of elastomer or elastomer-like materials that possess the properties of a rubber gasket and the hardness of a suitable engineering plastic. As explained in the patent, the use of electrolyte circulation frames fabricated of elastomer or elastomer-like materials serves both the purposes of insulating frames and gasket to support the necessary electrode plates and separators. Accordingly, in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,290, it will be appreciated that the electrical conductivity function is performed by the electrode plate 30.
A unipolar filter press cell stack is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,231 of Boulton, entitled “Electrolytic cell of the filter press type”, however its design imposes similar advantages and limitations to the monopolar filter press design of U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,290. Like the monopolar filter press design of U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,290 the limitations of U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,231 include: the need to use additional spacer gaskets to form a chamber, limited ability to seal a large quantity of plates within a single filter press (because of the soft materials being used to form a chamber), limited ability to operate at elevated internal pressure, limits on the method used to support the separator in the filter press, and finally limitations on the ability to expand electroactive structure length in the direction current travels (to increase electroactive surface area for the purpose of conducting greater electricity over longer distances).
To elaborate on the latter limitation, for the filter press of U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,231 to expand the electroactive structure in the direction current travels while maintaining the same specified resistive loss, it would require a thicker current carrying structure, as its main current carrying structure is provided from the same part as its electroactive structure. This is disadvantageous because: forming the electroactive structure of U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,231 involves cutting and bending (which would become increasingly expensive as the current carrier grew thicker), applying extra electrocatalysis to the expanded current carrier would increase costs, and finally the thickness of the required spacer-gasket becomes larger, which exacerbates the associated limitations listed above. Additionally, the short and wide rectangular shape of the unipolar filter press of U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,231 does not minimize the potential footprint of the electrochemical device, as the tall and narrow monopolar plate embodiment does in U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,290.
In summary, the monopolar filter press U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,290 overcomes some of the disadvantages of tank type unipolar cells, by providing shorter current paths which allow for lower ohmic resistance losses. In addition, the monopolar filter press has a lower part count and much lower construction costs than the unipolar tank type cell. Furthermore, the unipolar filter press of U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,231 does not have a generally tall and narrow geometry, and it combines its current carrier and electroactive structure in one part, thus limiting the design choices available for its thickness and manufacturing method.
It should be noted that both the filter press electrolysers of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,080,290 and 4,490,231 orient their electroactive structures such that they are in parallel with the direction of current flow. Consequently, these designs allow for multiple electrode structures to be placed within the same electrochemical cell. In view of this, the individual electrochemical cell can expand its surface area by extending the filter press longitudinally to its physical limit. This leads to very high current being able to flow through a monopolar or unipolar cell.
In contrast, bipolar filter press arrangements incorporate a number of cells longitudinally within one filter press stack. Further, in a bipolar filter press, the electrode structure of a bipolar cell remains perpendicular to the direction of current flow. With this construction, there are practical limits on the surface area of a single bipolar cell. Practical surface area limits are imposed as the electrolytic reactants and products need to distribute throughout the bipolar electrode structure, while balancing limits in practical manufacturing techniques as well as transportation of a filter press from its point of fabrication to the operating site. Limits on practical surface area leads to lower limits on the amount of current that can flow through a bipolar filter press, as compared with a monopolar or unipolar filter press. For example, in water electrolysis processes over the past 40 years, current has ranged typically up to 10,000 amperes in a bipolar filter press as compared with 120,000 amperes in a unipolar cell. Furthermore, multiple bipolar filter presses are not practically employed in parallel with each other to increase this amperage, due to the differences in resistivity between each filter press. Therefore, for the purpose of creating large surface area electrolysis cells, bipolar cells are not practical.
By the year 2020, the cost of implementing renewable forms of electricity production through technologies such as wind turbines and photovoltaics has dramatically fallen from historical levels. Rather than being one of the most expensive sources of electricity, as they were in the 1970's and 1980's, photovoltaics and wind turbines are now some of the world's lowest-cost electricity sources, and are indigenous to every country across the globe. Integrating these renewable energy technologies with large scale water electrolysis cells can produce renewably made hydrogen at historically low costs. These costs in many cases can be lower than the cost of hydrogen produced from fossil fuels, and have the potential to enable the long-term replacement of fossil energy with renewable energy.
However, in order to replace fossil-based hydrogen with renewable-based hydrogen, water electrolysers are required on the order of 100 to 1000 times larger than what has generally been used in industry over the past 20 years. For example, one large-scale ammonia production facility, which would source its hydrogen from renewable energy sources and water electrolysis units, would need approximately 2,000 MW of power. Therefore, the water electrolysers are required to have, among other features, very high individual cell currents (for example 50,000 to 500,000 amperes) in order to minimize the quantity of small-scale power conditioning systems required to provide DC current to the electrolysers.
Looking to other electrolysis fields, high current electrolysis technology with a minimum number of high current power conditioning systems represents the state of the art for large power electrochemical processes, such as electrolysis for chlorine production and aluminium production. Thus, to advance renewable hydrogen systems at scale, unipolar electrolysers with maximized surface areas that consequently allow maximized electrical currents are highly desired.
It would be particularly desirable for a unipolar filter press electrolyser design to be configured in a tall rectangular shape, wherein (as compared to both U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,490,231 and 6,080,290) the part count is reduced, conductivity is increased, the number of chamber-forming gaskets is reduced, the ability to operate under elevated pressures is provided, the ability to expand the electroactive structures in the direction of the current flow is provided, and additional incremental electrode plates within the filter press can be readily provided while still successfully sealing the filter press.
Unipolar filter press electrolysis systems are provided in arrangements particularly preferred for large scale electrochemical processes such as alkaline water electrolysis, sodium chlorate electrolysis, and chlor-alkali electrolysis based on favourable geometries of the current carrier, circulation chamber and rigid support frame members (CCF's) disclosed herein.
The present disclosure provides a combined electrically conductive current carrier, circulation chamber, and rigid support frame for use in a unipolar electrochemical apparatus, also referred to as a single CCF. The single CCF includes a one-piece, integrally formed, rigid support frame that is configured to support a pair of opposed and spaced apart electroactive structures disposed in a unipolar arrangement. The rigid support frame is electrically conductive and capable of carrying a current to the pair of electroactive surfaces. The rigid support frame further includes a circulation chamber that extends across a first and second opposed face of the rigid support frame. The thickness of the rigid support frame is defined by the depth between the first and second opposed face of the rigid support frame. In addition, the rigid support frame has spaced apart opposed first and second side arms and first and second lateral cross members extending between the first and second side arms.
The rigid support frame further includes a first inner frame member attached to at least one of the second and first side arms and the second lateral cross member, the first inner frame member cooperating with the at least one of the second and first side arms and the second lateral cross member to define a first channel defining aperture. The rigid support frame also includes a second channel defining aperture disposed near the second lateral cross member and between the first and second side arms.
Additionally, the rigid support frame includes a second inner frame member attached to at least one of the first and second side arms and the first lateral cross member, the second inner frame member cooperating with the at least one of the first and second side arms and the first lateral cross member to define a third channel defining aperture. The rigid support frame also includes a fourth channel defining aperture disposed near the first lateral cross member and between the first and second side arms.
The rigid support frame also includes a circulation chamber that is integrally formed within the rigid support frame for the circulation of electrolyte, products, and reactants, the circulation chamber extending between the first and second faces of the rigid support frame, the first and second inner frame members and the inner edges of the first and second side arms.
In other embodiments, the single CCF includes the first inner frame member as a first generally L-shaped member having first and second arm positions joined to each other, where the first arm portion of the first generally L-shaped member is attached to one of the second or first side arms and the second arm portion of the first generally L-shaped member being attached to the second lateral cross member. In the same embodiment, the single CCF also includes the second inner frame as a second generally L-shaped member having first and second arms joined to each other, where the first arm portion of the second generally L-shaped member being attached to one of the first or second side arms and the second arm portion of the second generally L-shaped member being attached to the first lateral cross member. The single CCF also includes the circulation chamber that extends between the first and second faces of the rigid support frame, the first arm portions of the first and second generally L-shaped members and inner edges of the first and second side arms.
Further to the above embodiment, the first arm portion of the first generally L-shaped member being attached to the second side arm, and the first arm portion of the second generally L-shaped member is attached to the first side arm.
Alternatively, the first arm portion of the first generally L-shaped member is attached to the first side arm, and the first arm portion of the second generally L-shaped member is attached to the first side arm.
The single CCF may also include one or more intermediate lateral cross members. The intermediate lateral cross members may be releasably detachable or may be integrally formed with the rigid support frame. Intermediate lateral cross members may also be extending between the first and second side arms, or may extend from a first or second side arm and terminate at a preselected distance from the other one of the first and second side arms. The intermediate lateral cross members may also include one or more through-holes extending therethrough along a length of one or more intermediate lateral cross members to allow the flow of electrolyte, products and reactants therethrough.
Intermediate lateral cross members that extend from a first or second side arm and terminate at a preselected distance from the other one of the first and second side arms may be disposed at an angle from one of the first and second side arm in an upward orientation to correspond to the direction of gas flow in the circulation chamber. The intermediate lateral cross members may be generally arcuate in shape.
In an alternate embodiment, intermediate lateral cross members that extend between the first and second side arms may have a first thickness along at least one portion of its length that is less than the thickness of the rigid support frame, where the one or more intermediate lateral cross members are in physical and electrical contact with the first and second side arms. The intermediate lateral cross members may include at least one transverse member extending parallel to the first and second side arms. The thickness of at least one transverse member may correspond to the first thickness, or may be substantially the same as the thickness of the rigid support frame.
In alternate embodiments, single CCF may include a channel defining gasket support member extending between the first arm portion of the first generally L-shaped member and the first side arm, wherein the first channel defining gasket support member may have one or more through-channels configured to allow electrolytes, products and reactants to pass therethrough. A channel defining gasket support member may also extend between the first arm portion of the second generally L-shaped member and the second side arm. Gasket support members may be releasably detachable from the rigid support frame or may be integrally formed with the rigid support frame.
In certain embodiments, single CCF may include portions of the first and second faces are recessed along the margins of the first and second side arms adjacent the circulation chamber to allow the pair of electroactive structures to be positioned at least partially within the circulation chamber.
In alternate embodiments, first and second side arms of the single CCF may be configured to receive power from a power source, where one of the first and second side arms have electrically conductive tabs extending outwardly from said side arm to which electrical power conductors are attachable. The electrically conductive tabs may provide serrations to improve the electrical connection between the attachable electrical power conducts and the rigid support frame.
In other embodiments, the first and second side arms may be configured to receive power from a power source, where one of the first and second side arms have holes defined in one of the first and second side arms for hosting an external electrical connection mechanism.
The rigid support frame in single CCF may also include cut-outs to decrease the mass of the rigid support frame, wherein the cut-outs are defined in any one or combination of the first side arm, the second side arm, the first lateral cross member and the second lateral cross member.
The single CCF may also include a plurality of tie rod holes defined in at least one of the first and second side arms, where the tie rod holes may be configured to receive therethrough tie rods to facilitate alignment of the rigid support frame with other rigid support frame members in a unipolar electrochemical apparatus.
In an alternate embodiment, single CCF may include one of the first and second side arms configured to receive power from a power source, one or more first intermediate lateral cross members extending from, and in electrical contact with, the one of the first and second side arms configured to receive power from the power source, the one or more lateral first cross members terminating a preselected distance from the other one of the first and second side arms, and one or more second intermediate lateral cross members extending between, and in physical and electrical contact with the first and second side arms.
A single CCF may also include a first electroactive structure affixed to the rigid support frame adjacent to the first face thereof, the first electroactive structure extending between the first and second inner frame members and the first and second side arms. The single CCF may also include a second electroactive structure affixed to the rigid support frame adjacent to the second face thereof, the second electroactive structure extending between the first and second inner frame members and the first and second side arms. When the single CCF is operatively connected to the unipolar electrochemical apparatus and power is applied, the first and second electroactive structures are of the same polarity, where each electroactive structure having apertures formed therein to allow liquid and gases to pass through the electroactive structure from one side to the other.
The present disclosure provides a combined electrically conductive current carrier, dual circulation chamber, and rigid support frame for use in a unipolar electrochemical apparatus, also referred to as a double CCF. The double CCF includes a one-piece, integrally formed, rigid support frame that is configured to support two pairs of opposed and spaced apart electroactive structures disposed in a unipolar arrangement. The rigid support frame is electrically conductive and capable of carrying a current to the pairs of electroactive surfaces. The rigid support frame further includes a dual circulation chamber that extends across a first and second opposed face of the rigid support frame. The thickness of the rigid support frame is defined by the depth between the first and second opposed face of the rigid support frame. In addition, the rigid support frame has spaced apart opposed first and second side arms, a central arm disposed between and spaced apart from the first and second arms, and a first and second lateral cross members extending between the first and second side arms.
The rigid support frame further includes a first and third inner frame member being disposed adjacent to the second lateral cross member on opposite sides of the central arm, and a second and fourth inner frame members being disposed adjacent to the first lateral cross member on opposite sides of the central arm.
The rigid support frame further includes the first inner frame member attached to at least one of the central arm, the second side arm and the second lateral cross member, and the first inner frame member cooperating with the at least one of the central arm, the second side arm and the second lateral cross member to define a first channel defining aperture.
The rigid support frame further includes the second inner frame member attached to at least one of the second side arm, the central arm and the first lateral cross member, and the second inner frame member cooperating with the at least one of the second side arm, the central arm, and the first lateral cross member to define a second channel defining aperture.
The rigid support member further includes the third inner frame member attached to at least one of the central arm, the first side arm and the second lateral cross member, and the third inner frame member cooperating with the at least one of the central arm, the first side arm and the second lateral cross member to define a third channel defining aperture.
The rigid support member further includes the fourth inner frame member attached to at least one of the central arm, the first side arm and the first lateral cross, and the fourth inner frame member cooperating with at least one of the first side arm, the central arm and the first side arm to define a fourth channel defining aperture.
The rigid support member further also includes a fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth channel defining apertures, the fifth channel defining aperture being disposed near the second lateral cross member and between the second side arm and the central arm, the sixth channel defining aperture being disposed near the second lateral cross member and between the central arm and the first side arm, the seventh channel defining aperture being disposed near the first lateral cross member and between the second side arm and the central arm, and the eight channel defining aperture being disposed near the first lateral cross member and between the central arm and the first side arm.
In addition, the rigid support member includes the first and second circulation chambers integrally formed within the rigid support frame for the circulation of electrolyte, products, and reactants, where the first circulation chamber extends between the first and second faces of the rigid support frame, the first and third inner frame members and inner edges of the second side arm and the central arm, and where the second circulation chamber extends between the first and second faces of the rigid support frame, the second and fourth inner frame members and inner edges of the central arm and the first side arm.
In other embodiments, the double CCF includes the first inner frame member as a first generally L-shaped member having first and second arm portions joined to each other, where the first arm portion of the first generally L-shaped member is attached to one of the central arm and the second side arm and the second arm portion of the first generally L-shaped member being attached to the second lateral cross member. In the same embodiment, the double CCF also includes the second inner frame member as a second generally L-shaped member having first and second arm portions joined to each other, where the first arm portion of the second generally L-shaped member is attached to one of the second side arm and the central arm, and the second arm portion of the second generally L-shaped member bring attached to the first lateral cross member. In the same embodiment, the double CCF also includes the third inner frame member as a third generally L-shaped member having first and second arm portions joined to each other, where the first arm portion of the third generally L shaped member is attached to one of the central arm and the first side arm, and the second arm portion of the third generally L-shaped member being attached to the second lateral cross member. In the same embodiment, the double CCF also includes the fourth inner frame member is a fourth generally L-shaped member having first and second arm portions joined to each other, where the first arm portion of the fourth generally L-shaped member being attached to one of the first side arm and the central arm, and the second arm portion of the fourth generally L-shaped member being attached to the first lateral cross member.
The double CCF also includes the first circulation chamber extending between the first and second faces of the rigid support frame, the first arm portions of the first and third generally L-shaped members and inner edges of the second side arm and the central arm. In addition, the double CCF also includes the second circulation chamber extending between the first and second faces of the rigid support frame, the first arm portions of the second and fourth generally L-shaped members and inner edges of the central arm and the first side arm.
Further to the above embodiment, the first arm portion of the first and third generally L-shaped members are attached to the second side arm, and the first arm portions of the second and fourth generally L-shaped members are attached to the first side arm.
Alternatively, the first arm portions of the first and third generally L-shaped members are attached to the first side arm, and the first arm portions of the second and fourth generally L-shaped members are attached to the first side arm.
The double CCF may also include one or more intermediate lateral cross members. The intermediate lateral cross members may be releasably detachable or may be integrally formed with the rigid support frame. Intermediate lateral cross members may also be extending between one of the first and second side arms and the central arm, or may extend from the central arm and terminate at a preselected distance from one of the first and second side arms. The intermediate lateral cross members may also include one or more through-holes extending therethrough along a length of one or more intermediate lateral cross members to allow the flow of electrolyte, products and reactants therethrough.
Intermediate lateral cross members that extend from a first the central arm and terminate at a preselected distance from the one of the first and second side arms may be disposed at an angle from one of the first and second side arm in an upward orientation to correspond to the direction of gas flow in the circulation chamber. The intermediate lateral cross members may be generally arcuate in shape.
In an alternate embodiment, intermediate lateral cross members that extend between the first and second side arms and the central arm may have a first thickness along at least one portion of its length that is less than the thickness of the rigid support frame, where the one or more intermediate lateral cross members are in physical and electrical contact with the first and second side arms and the central arm. The intermediate lateral cross members may include at least one transverse member extending parallel to the first and second side arms. The thickness of at least one transverse member may correspond to the first thickness, or may be substantially the same as the thickness of the rigid support frame.
In alternate embodiments, double CCF may include a first channel defining gasket support member extending between the first arm portion of the first generally L-shaped member and the first side arm. A second channel defining gasket support member may also extend between the first arm portion of the second generally L-shaped member and the second side arm. The first and second channel defining gasket support members may have one or more through-channels configured to allow electrolytes, products and reactants to pass therethrough. Gasket support members may be releasably detachable from the rigid support frame or may be integrally formed with the rigid support frame.
In certain embodiments, double CCFs may include portions of the first and second faces are recessed along the margins of the first and second side arms adjacent to the circulation chambers to allow the pair of electroactive structures to be positioned at least partially within the circulation chamber.
In alternate embodiments, first and second side arms of the double CC may be configured to receive power from a power source, where on of the first and second side arms have electrically conductive tabs extending outwardly from said side arm to which electrical power conductors are attachable. The electrically conductive tabs may provide serrations to improve the electrical connection between the attachable electrical power conduits and the rigid support frame.
In other embodiments, the first and second side arms may be configured to receive power from a power source, where on of the first and second side arms have holes defined in one of the first and second side arms for hosting an external electrical connection mechanism.
The rigid support frame in double CCF may also include cut-outs to decrease the mass of the rigid support frame, wherein the cut-outs are defined in any one or combination of the first side arm, the second side arm, the first lateral cross member and the second lateral cross member.
The double CCF may also include a plurality of tie rod holes defined in at least one of the first and second side arms, where the tie rod holes may be configured to receive therethrough tie rods to facilitate alignment of the rigid support frame with other rigid support frame members in a unipolar electrochemical apparatus.
In an alternate embodiment, double CCF may include one or more first intermediate lateral cross members extending from, and in electrical contact with, the central arm, the one or more lateral intermediate first cross members terminating a preselected distance from the side arm opposite thereto, and one or more second lateral cross members extending between, and in physical and electrical contact with, the central arm and one of the first and second side arms.
A double CCF may also include a first electroactive structure affixed to the rigid support frame adjacent to the first face thereof and the second electroactive structure affixed to the rigid support frame adjacent to the second face thereof, each of the first and second electroactive structures extending between the first and second inner frame members, the second side arm and the central arm. The double CCF may also include a third electroactive structure affixed to the rigid support frame adjacent to the first face thereof and the fourth electroactive structure is affixed to the rigid support frame adjacent to the second face thereof, each of the third and fourth electroactive structures extending between the third and fourth inner frame members, the central arm and the first side arm. When the double CCF is operatively connected to the unipolar electrochemical apparatus and power is applied, the first and second electroactive structures are of the same polarity and the third and fourth electroactive structures are of the same polarity, the polarity of the first and second electroactive structures being opposite to the polarity of the third and fourth electroactive structures, where each electroactive structure has apertures formed therein to allow liquid and gases to pass through the electroactive structure from one side to the other.
The present disclosure provides an electrochemical cell for a unipolar electrochemical apparatus, the electrochemical cell includes a plurality of single CCFs arranged to form a stacked array of rigid support frames of alternating polarity and being aligned such that the channel defining apertures in each rigid support frame of the plurality align with each other, where the plurality of rigid support frames include a pair of end rigid support frame members, one end rigid support frame member being disposed at one end of the stacked array and the other end rigid support frame member bring disposed at the other end of the stacked array, where each end rigid support frame member has at least one electroactive structure affixed thereto adjacent one of its first and second faces, and where the at least one electroactive structure being disposed to face the opposite end of the stacked array.
In addition at least one intermediate rigid support frame member being disposed between the pair of end rigid support frame members, where each intermediate rigid support frame member has a first electroactive structure affixed to the at least one intermediate rigid support frame adjacent to the first face thereof and a second electroactive structure affixed to the at least one intermediate rigid support frame adjacent to the second face thereof.
The plurality of rigid support frames include a plurality of separators, with each separator being mounted between a pair of adjacent rigid support frames to separate the circulation chamber of one of the adjacent rigid support frames from the circulation chamber of the other of the adjacent rigid support frames. The plurality of rigid support frames also include a plurality of sealing and electrically insulating gaskets having substantially the same configuration as that of the plurality of rigid support frames, where each sealing and electrically insulating gasket having defined therein channel defining apertures, and the channel defining apertures in each of the rigid support frame members and first and second apertures in the sealing and electrically insulating gaskets being aligned with each other to form flow passageway through the stack.
In another embodiment, each rigid support frame member of the electrochemical cell has two electroactive structures with one electroactive structure being affixed to the end rigid support frame adjacent to its first face and the other electroactive structure being affixed to the end rigid support frame adjacent to its second face.
The present disclosure provides a unipolar electrochemical apparatus, the unipolar electrochemical apparatus includes a plurality of single CCFs arranged to form a stacked array of rigid support frames of alternating polarity and being aligned such that the channel defining apertures in each rigid support frame of the plurality align with each other. The plurality of rigid support frames include a pair of end rigid support frame members, where one end rigid support frame member is disposed at one end of the stacked array, and the other end rigid support frame member being disposed at the other end of the stacked array. Each end rigid support frame member has at least one electroactive structure affixed thereto adjacent one of its first and second faces, where the at least one electroactive structure is disposed to face the opposite end of the stacked array.
The unipolar electrochemical apparatus further includes at least one intermediate rigid support frame member being disclosed between the pair of end rigid support frame members, with each at least one intermediate rigid support frame member including a first electroactive structure affixed to at least one intermediate rigid support frame adjacent to the first face thereof and a second electroactive structure affixed to the at least one intermediate rigid support frame adjacent to the second face thereof.
The unipolar electrochemical apparatus also includes a plurality of separators, where each separate is mounted between a pair of adjacent rigid support frames to separate the circulation chamber of one of the adjacent rigid support frames from the circulation chamber of the other adjacent rigid support frames.
The unipolar electrochemical apparatus also includes a plurality of sealing and electrically insulating gaskets having substantially the same configuration as that of the plurality of rigid support frames, with each sealing and electrically insulating gasket having defined therein channel defining apertures.
In addition, the unipolar electrochemical apparatus includes a pair of end clamping plates for clamping the plurality of end rigid support frames and the intermediate rigid support frame together, where each end clamping plate is associated with and disposed adjacent to one of the end rigid support frames, and each end clamping plate includes a first port for feeding liquids and/or gases into the stack and a second port for extracting liquids and/or gases from the stack.
Furthermore, the unipolar electrochemical apparatus includes a pair of end gaskets, where each end gasket is located between each end clamping plate and its associated end rigid support frame for insulating each end clamping plate from its associated end rigid support frame, with each end gasket including first and second apertures defined therein to align with the first and second ports in each end clamping plate.
In addition, the unipolar electrochemical apparatus includes a first and second aperture in the gaskets being aligned with corresponding channel defining apertures in each of the rigid support frame members to form flow passageways through the stack, where the flow passageways are aligned with the first and second ports in each end clamping plate.
In one embodiment, the unipolar electrochemical apparatus is configured for either alkaline water electrolysis or chlor-alkali electrolysis.
The present disclosure provides an electrochemical multi-cell assembly for a unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus, the electrochemical multi-cell assembly includes a plurality of single CCFs, where the plurality of rigid support frames of the single CCFs are made up of first, second, third, and fourth rigid support frames, the first and second rigid support frames being disposed side-by-side and the third and fourth rigid support frames being disposed side-by-side. The electrochemical multi-cell assembly is configured with the circulation chamber of the first rigid support frame being aligned with the circulation chamber of the third rigid support frame, and the circulation chamber of the second rigid support frame being aligned with the circulation chamber of the fourth rigid support frame, and where each rigid support frame of the plurality being an end rigid support frame, and having at least one electroactive structure affixed thereto adjacent one of its first and second faces.
The electrochemical multi-cell assembly further includes at least one double CCF being an intermediate rigid support frame and having a pair of electroactive structures affixed thereto adjacent each of its first and second faces. The at least one intermediate rigid support frame is disposed between the first and second end rigid support frames and the third and fourth rigid support frames, and the first circulation chamber of the intermediate rigid support frame being aligned with the circulation chambers of the first and third end rigid support frames and the second circulation chamber of the intermediate rigid support frame being aligned with the circulation chambers of the second and fourth end rigid support frames.
The electrochemical multi-cell assembly also including the first, second, third, and fourth end rigid support members and the at least one intermediate rigid support frame being arranged to form a dual stack of rigid support fames of alternating polarity, and aligned in such a way that the channel defining apertures in the first and third end rigid support frames are aligned with the channel defining apertures in the intermediate rigid support frames adjacent to the first circulation chamber, and the channel defining apertures in the second and fourth end rigid support frames are aligned with the channel defining apertures in the intermediate rigid support frame adjacent to the second circulation chamber.
In addition, the electrochemical multi-cell assembly includes a plurality of separators, where each separator is mounted between a pair of adjacent rigid support frames to separate the circulation chamber of one of the adjacent rigid support frames from the circulation chamber of the other adjacent rigid support frames.
Furthermore, the electrochemical multi-cell assembly includes a plurality of sealing and electrically insulating gaskets having substantially the same configuration as that of the plurality of end rigid support frames, where each sealing and electrically insulating gasket is defined therein channel defining apertures, and the channel defining apertures in each of the rigid support frame members and the first and second apertures in the gaskets being aligned with each other to form flow passageways through the dual stack.
An embodiment of the electrochemical multi-cell assembly where each end rigid support frame member has two electroactive structures with one electroactive structure affixed to the end rigid support frame adjacent to its first face and the other electroactive structure affixed to the end rigid support frame adjacent to its second face.
The present disclosure provides a unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus that includes a plurality of single CCFs, the plurality of rigid support frames of the single CCFs made up of a first, second, third and fourth rigid support frames, where the first and second rigid support frames are disposed side-by-side and the third and fourth rigid support frames are disposed side by side. The circulation chamber of the first rigid support frame of the single CCF bring aligned with the circulation chamber of the third rigid support frame, and the circulation chamber of the second rigid support frame being aligned with the circulation chamber of the fourth rigid support frame, where each rigid support frame of the plurality being an end rigid support frame had having at least one electroactive structure affixed thereto adjacent one of its first and second faces.
The unipolar filter press electrolyser further includes at least one double CCF being an intermediate rigid support frame and having a pair of electroactive structures affixed thereto adjacent each of its first and second faces, where the intermediate rigid support frame is disposed between the first and second end rigid support frames and the third and fourth rigid support frames, and where the first circulation chamber of the intermediate rigid support frame is aligned with the circulation chambers of the first and third end rigid support frames, and the second circulation chamber of the intermediate rigid support frame is aligned with the circulation chambers of the second and fourth end rigid support frames.
Furthermore, the unipolar filter press electrolyser having the first, second, third and fourth end rigid support members and the intermediate rigid support frame being arranged to form a dual stack of rigid support frames of alternating polarity and being aligned such that the channel defining apertures in the first and third end rigid support frames are aligned with channel defining apertures in the intermediate rigid support frame adjacent to the first circulation chamber, and where the channel defining apertures in the second and fourth end rigid support frames are aligned with the channel defining apertures in the intermediate rigid support frame adjacent to the second circulation chamber.
The unipolar filter press electrolyser further includes a plurality of separators, where each separator is mounted between a pair of adjacent rigid support frames to separate the circulation chamber of one of the adjacent rigid support frames from the circulation chamber of the other adjacent rigid support frames.
The unipolar filter press electrolyser further includes a plurality of sealing and electrically insulating gaskets having substantially the same configuration as that of the plurality of end rigid support frames, where each sealing and electrically insulating gasket having defined therein channel defining apertures, and where two pairs of end clamping plates for clamping the plurality of end rigid support frames and the intermediate rigid support frame together, and where each end clamping plate is associated with and disposed adjacent to one of the end rigid support frames, where each end clamping plate includes a first port for feeding liquids and/or gases into the dual stack and a second port for extracting liquids and/or gases from the dual stack.
The unipolar filter press electrolyser also includes two pairs of end gaskets, where each end gasket is located between each end clamping plate and its associated end rigid support frames for insulating each end clamping plate from its associated end rigid support frames, and where each end gasket including first and second apertures are defined therein to align with the first and second ports in each end clamping plate.
The unipolar filter press electrolyser where the first and second apertures in the end gaskets are aligned with corresponding channel defining apertures in each of the rigid support frames to form flow passageways through the double stack, where the flow passageways are aligned with the first and second ports in each end clamping plate.
The embodiments of the present invention shall be more clearly understood with reference to the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Various embodiments and aspects of the disclosure will be described with reference to details discussed below. The following description and drawings are illustrative of the disclosure and are not to be construed as limiting the disclosure. The figures are not to scale. Numerous specific details are described to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the present disclosure. However, in certain instances, well-known or conventional details are not described in order to provide a concise discussion of embodiments of the present disclosure
As used herein, the terms, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed as being inclusive and open ended, and not exclusive. Specifically, when used in the specification and claims, the terms “comprises” and “comprising” and variations thereof mean the specified features, steps or components are included. These terms are not to be interpreted to exclude the presence of other features, steps or components.
As used herein, the term “exemplary” means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration,” and should not be construed as preferred or advantageous over other configurations disclosed herein.
As used herein, the terms “about” and “approximately” are meant to cover variations that may exist in the upper and lower limits of the ranges of values, such as variations in properties, parameters, and dimensions. In one non-limiting example, the terms “about” and “approximately” mean plus or minus 10 percent or less.
As used herein, the terms “generally” and “essentially” are meant to refer to the general overall physical and geometric appearance of a feature and should not be construed as preferred or advantageous over other configurations disclosed herein.
As used herein, the phrase “electroactive structures” or “electroactive surfaces” refers to conductive screens, expanded metal and perforated plates, preferably, but not necessarily, flat and thin in shape which may or may not be coated with a catalyst, depending on the electroactive material and electrochemical reaction it is intended for in the particular stack.
As used herein, the phrase “sealing profile” refers to the profile along the longitudinal axis of a filter press electrolyser, defined by the outer boundaries of all components within said filter press electrolyser which serve a function of forming an external seal that prevents fluids leaking from the interior of the filter press to the external atmosphere, said components including but not limited to gasketing and masking components.
As used herein, the phrase “generally L-shaped” includes shapes that are not strictly “L-shaped.” For example, a “generally L-shaped” member may be formed as a passageway defining structure, such that adjacent passageways are formed complementary to each other in a filter press stack.
All of the embodiments of the unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus presented in this disclosure (for example 10 in
In alkaline water electrolysis, (whose reactions are well known to those skilled in the art), the starting electrolyte is comprised of a highly basic sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution. The anode product created is oxygen gas, and the cathode product created is hydrogen gas. Catholyte and any additional reactants required are fed into the cathodic end of the filter press stack, and anolyte and any additional reactants required are fed into the anodic end of the stack such that target concentrations are achieved.
In chlorine electrolysis, the starting electrolyte is comprised of sodium chloride in water, referred to as “brine.” The anode product is gaseous chlorine, and the cathode products are hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide. In sodium chlorate production processes, chlorine electrolysis is completed without a separator (i.e. embodiments identical to those presented herein however without a separator 28 as described later), such that the chlorine and sodium hydroxide are not separated. When chlorine and sodium hydroxide are not separated (referred to as “sodium chlorate electrolysis”) the chlorine anode product reacts with the sodium hydroxide cathode products giving sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) which gets removed and reacted to produce sodium chlorate NaClO3.
When a separator is applied in a chlorine cell (referred to as the “chlor alkali process”) and said separator is often provided as a cation-exchange membrane, this cation exchange membrane separates the anolyte and catholyte. Brine is fed into the anode plate, and sodium ions and water molecules migrate through the membrane into the catholyte. Chloride ions are prevented from moving into the catholyte by the membrane. The anode product is still gaseous chlorine, and the cathode products are still hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide. A separator diaphragm may be applied in place of a membrane in older chlorine cells, where the anolyte is physically separated from the catholyte through a mass-transport process rather than an ion-transport process, and there is a bulk flow of anolyte through the diaphragm to the catholyte.
In membrane chlorine electrolysis processes, brine that has been reduced in concentration (“depleted brine”) is removed from the anode plate, resaturated with salt to ensure the required salt concentration is maintained, and fed back into the cell. At the cathode, water is electrolyzed to form hydrogen and hydroxyl ions to form caustic soda when combined with sodium ions. Gas liquid separation of products and the recirculation and resaturation of anolyte can be achieved outside of the electrolytic cell, or inside the electrolytic cell depending on the constraints of the cell design and application. The chlor alkali process and the sodium chlorate production process are well known to those skilled in the art of electrolysis, as their chemical products (chlorine, hydrogen, caustic soda) are sold into a wide array of chemical industries to create well known products such as bleach (made from chlorine), hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen peroxide (made from hydrogen).
The growing momentum of the Hydrogen Economy in recent years further reinforces the need for scalable economic industrial electrolysis processes such as alkaline water electrolysis to be applied in the production of hydrogen for both traditional and emerging applications. The unipolar electrochemical devices presented herein are particularly preferred when applied to large scale alkaline water electrolysis.
An important clarification to make in describing unipolar filter press stacks based on CCF technology is the definition of a single electrochemical cell. The unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 10 (and 410 described later) each represent one (1) electrochemical cell, configured electrically in parallel. To increase the surface area for product generation within one unipolar electrochemical cell, additional anodic and cathodic CCFs are simply added to the filter press stack longitudinally. All cathodic CCFs provided are connected externally in parallel, and similarly all anodic CCFs provided are connected externally in parallel. Even after the provision of additional CCFs longitudinally within a unipolar filter press stack, the stack remains as one electrochemical cell, now with increased surface area per cell.
This contrasts the analogous situation in bipolar filter presses which are configured electrically in series. In bipolar filter presses, with each longitudinal addition of a bipolar electrode assembly (such as that shown in
Increasing the surface area per electrochemical cell is highly desired in the field of large-scale alkaline water electrolysis, so to increase the product output and overall efficiency of an electrolyser design. With increases in surface area per electrochemical cell, greater amperage per cell is enabled, consequently allowing greater hydrogen product generation according to the well-known Faraday's Law of Electrolysis. This makes unipolar filter press technology based on CCF's particularly desirable for the application of large-scale alkaline water electrolysis where large increases in surface area per electrochemical cell are required to efficiently scale product generation.
Unipolar filter press assemblies wherein two unipolar filter press stacks (creating proportionally two electrochemical cells) are provided within the same unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus (310 and 510) are described later. Such unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 310 and 510 can also be scaled longitudinally by providing additional CCF's within each filter press stack to increase surface area per cell, as described later and shown in
The features of the unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 10 shown in
Within the unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 10, two unipolar positive and two monopolar negative electrochemical reaction regions are electrically configured in parallel, creating a total of four electrochemically active regions. For ease of comprehension but not limiting other possibilities, CCF 20 described further below is construed as being of positive polarity and CCFs 21 are construed as being of negative polarity. Unipolar CCF 20 provides two electrochemical reaction regions of the same polarity (as defined in
The negative electrochemical reaction regions are localized between the surface of electroactive structure 26 (negative) of monopolar CCFs 21 and the separators 28, all as shown adjacent to end gaskets 14. Electrically in parallel to both negative electrochemical reaction regions, two positive electrochemical reaction regions are localized at unipolar CCF 20, as defined by the two electroactive structures 102 (positive) of unipolar CCF 20.
A conductive chamber for product circulation (“circulation chamber”) 103 within each electrochemical reaction region is defined by the space between the first and second opposed faces of the rigid support frame or the thickness (“depth”) of CCFs 20 and 21 themselves, the depth being indicated in
For ease of comprehension, the assembly in
As well, those familiar with the electrochemical domain will understand that monopolar CCF 21 as illustrated in
Those skilled in the design of electrolysers will further comprehend that the terminal (or “end-most”) monopolar CCFs 21 shown in
For ease of comprehension, the parts that must be employed to incorporate more CCFs longitudinally in the unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 10 are described below.
In one embodiment, a unipolar CCF 21 could be substituted to the second monopolar CCF 21 illustrated in
To scale this assembly further, insertions in the 10's or 100's of alternating unipolar CCFs 21 (negative) and 20 (positive) and their corresponding non-limiting masking frames (22, 24), sealing and electrically insulating gaskets 30, and separators 28 may be inserted into the stack centre before the terminal monopolar CCF 21. The quantity of electrochemically active regions (surface area) within a singular unipolar filter press stack will scale with the addition of each CCF, overall providing a proportionally scaled single unipolar cell within a filter press assembly, electrically configured in parallel. The assembly of unipolar CCFs (21, 20), their corresponding non-limiting masking frames (22, 24), sealing and electrically insulating gaskets 30, separators 28, and the terminal monopolar CCFs 21 is also known as an electrochemical cell assembly.
The embodiment of unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 10 shown in
Those skilled in the electrochemical domain will further understand that in certain filter press stack configurations, tie rods may be used to align rigid support frames with other rigid support frames or other assembly components within the filter press stack. Under such circumstances, tie rod holes can be provided within one or both of side arms 51 or 55 of any of the CCFs shown in
In this disclosure,
Referring to
In the current embodiment, the inner frame members are generally L-shaped members with a first and second arm portion joined to each other. For the first generally L-shaped inner frame member that partly defines aperture 54, first arm portion 63 is attached to side arm 55, and second arm portion 114 is attached to lateral cross member 61. Similarly, for the second generally L-shaped inner frame member that partly defines aperture 78, first arm portion 104 is attached to side arm 51, and second arm portion 115 is attached to side arm 55. Further embodiments of CCFs discussed below utilize the generally L-shaped members as the inner frame members. It will occur to those skilled in the art that inner frame members are not restricted to generally L-shaped members, and that inner frame members may be any number of members that define apertures in CCFs.
As previously mentioned, aperture 54 is defined by a first inner frame member and side arm 55, and aperture 78 is defined by a second inner frame member is defined by a second inner frame member and side arm 51. It will also occur to those familiar with the electrochemical domain that apertures 54 and 78 are not limited to being disposed diagonally at either end of product circulation chamber 103. For example, aperture 54 may be defined by a first inner frame member and side arm 51, and aperture 78 may be defined by a second inner frame member and the same side arm 51. This embodiment is depicted in
Apertures are not restricted to being defined by inner frame members and side arms. Apertures may be defined by inner frame members and lateral cross members. Alternatively, apertures may be defined inner frame members, lateral cross members and side arms. It will occur to those skilled in the art that apertures may be defined by different combinations of inner frame members, side arms, lateral cross members, or any other inner margin of a rigid support frame of a CCF.
Furthermore, while apertures 54 and 52 are preferably adjacent, they may also be separated. Similarly, apertures 80 and 78 are preferably adjacent, but may also be separated. Adjacent apertures allow for savings on materials and labour in the machining or construction of the rigid support frame and all of its members of a CCF. By having adjacent apertures, fewer members need to be machined to define apertures. Members are not limited to being machined to define apertures, and may also be laser cut or plasma cut to define apertures. It will occur to those skilled in the art the different configurations of apertures and their relation to the rigid support frame of a CCF.
As previously indicated, circulation chamber 103 is defined by depth 103A and the first and second faces of the rigid support frame or CCF 50. Circulation chamber 103 is further defined by the first and second inner frame members, and the inner edges of side arms 51 and 55. Where the embodiment of CCF 50 includes generally L-shaped members as inner frame members, circulation chamber 103 is defined by the inner edges of side arms 51 and 55, and the first arm portions 63 and 104 of generally L-shaped members.
To help in the comprehension of the functional arrangement of the unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 10, the parts of which are shown detached in
While all these parts are shown separated from each other, in the assembled unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 10 the two (2) electroactive structures 102 located on either side of CCF 20 are electrically connected to either side of CCF 20. The electroactive structures 26 adjacent to the two outer CCFs 21 are similarly connected to their respective CCF. The electroactive structures may also extend between the first and second inner frame members (or generally L-shaped members) and the first and second side arms.
As discussed, unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 10 includes two preferably rigid end clamping plates 12 and 34. First and second end gaskets 14 each have two (2) apertures extending therethrough at diagonal corners of the gasket. First end gasket 14 is “sandwiched” between end clamping plate 12 and first monopolar CCF 21. Second end gasket 14 is sandwiched between end clamping plate 34 and second monopolar CCF 21. This leads to the first end gasket 14 and end clamping plate 12 on one end of the electrochemical multi-cell assembly, and the second end gasket 14, and end clamping plate 34 on the other end of the electrochemical multi-cell assembly. The apertures in first end gasket 14 (apertures 110 and 111) align with the ports in end clamping plate 12 (ports 49 and 59). Similarly, the apertures in second end gasket 14 (apertures 94 and 109) align with the ports in end clamping plate 34 (ports 48 and 57). End gaskets 14 are additionally in alignment with channel defining pathways for product and reactants in the respective CCFs 21, to be described later.
The pathways for products and reactants, or flow passageways 116, 117, 118, 119 are better visualized when described as explained below.
Reading from right to left on
Similarly, reading from right to left on
Reading from left to right on
Reading from left to right on
The height of the apertures that define flow passageways 116, 117, 118, and 119 (along with the flow passageways of any of the other electrolyser embodiments described herein) may be further adjusted as required by the underlying electrochemical process, and application of the filter press stack.
Moving left to right in
First sealing and electrically insulating gasket 30 is positioned against the right hand face of CCF 21 followed by first electroactive structure 102 on the left hand face of CCF 20. A second electroactive structure 102 on the right hand face of CCF 20, a second separator 28, and second set of channel defining gasket support pieces 56 to complete apertures 52 and 80 in first CCF 20, follow. The second set of channel defining gasket support pieces 56 support the structural integrity of the corresponding apertures 106 and 107 in second sealing and electrically insulating gasket 30 when the system is clamped, such that flow passageways 116 and 117 are reinforced and products and reactants are controlled within their corresponding transfer channel. Gasket support pieces 56 further control product and reactant passage into and out of apertures 52 and 80 in second CCF 20 through the provision of channels of a defined size. A second set of masking frames 22 and 24 is inserted within corresponding channel defining apertures 54 and 78 of CCF 20. A second sealing and electrically insulating gasket 30 is positioned against the right hand face of CCF 20.
A second electroactive structure 26 is positioned between second sealing and electrically insulating gasket 30 and the left hand face of second CCF 21. A third set of masking frames 22 and 24 is inserted within corresponding channel defining apertures 98 and 101 of CCF 21, and a third set of channel defining gasket support pieces 56 are inserted to complete apertures 100 and 99 in second CCF 21. The third set of channel defining gasket support pieces support the structural integrity of the corresponding apertures 90 and 108 in second sealing and electrically insulating gasket 30 when the system is clamped, such that flow passageways 118 and 119 are reinforced, and products and reactants are controlled within their corresponding transfer channel. Gasket support pieces 56 further control product and reactant passage into and out of apertures 100 and 99 in second CCF 21 through the provision of channels of a defined size. A second full faced end gasket 14 is sandwiched between second CCF 21 and the second end clamping plate 34.
The function of masking frames 22 and 24 is dual fold: for load distribution when the electrolyser is clamped, and to prevent the electrically charged fluids of one polarity from being in contact with the metallic CCF of the opposite polarity, in order to prevent undesired electrolytic reactions within the four flow passageways 116, 117, 118 and 119. Adjacent first and third channels are electrically insulated by masking frame 22, for example placed in third aperture 54 of CCF 20. Similarly, for providing electrical insulation between adjacent second and fourth channels, masking frame 24 is placed in fourth aperture 78 of CCF 20.
The purpose of sealing and electrically insulated gaskets 30 is to provide a means for sealing the periphery of the circulation chamber 103 and that of the four adjacent apertures between the internal pressure of unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 10 and external atmospheric pressure. Sealing and electrically insulated gaskets 30 are also required to distribute load within the filter press stack. In an alternate embodiment, said masking frames (22, 24) are placed within the apertures of the sealing and electrically insulating gaskets 30, such that they align with their corresponding product transfer passageways, rather than being placed in the apertures of the CCF itself.
When the system is clamped, end gaskets 14 distribute pressure across the stack to seal gaskets 30 and masking frames 22, 24. The purpose of end gaskets 14 is also to provide a terminal seal between the internal fluids and the external atmosphere and to provide electrical isolation between first CCF 21 and first end clamping plate 12 at one end of the filter press assembly and between second CCF 21 and second end clamping plate 34 at the other end of the unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 10. The purpose of end gaskets 14 is also to provide a means for sealing the periphery of circulation chamber 103 and channel defining apertures 98, 99, 100 and 101 of CCFs 21 against the inner face of rigid end clamping plates 12 and 34.
Those skilled in the art will realize that the gaskets and masks as shown are non-limiting, and that additional masking may be provided to assist with material stability, engineering requirements, and protection from corrosion. End gaskets 14 and gaskets 30 and masking frames (22, 24) should be provided from a material that is electrically insulating, such as an elastomer, fluoropolymer, or thermoplastic, or combination thereof. In particular they may be provided from a high-performance thermoplastic elastomer (such as Santoprene™), from EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) rubber, from a polytetrafluoroethylene compound (such as Teflon™), polypropylene, polyethylene, or from a synthetic rubber and fluoropolymer elastomer compound (such as Viton® rubber).
To elaborate further on sealing and electrically insulated gaskets 30, such gaskets do not provide any current carrying capabilities, or depth to the cell for product circulation. For example, the ratio of CCF (20 or 21) depth 103A to the depth of sealing and electrically insulated gasket 30 can be preferred as low as 1:1, however designs may preferably increase CCF depth 103A to ratios in the range of 10:1 (where CCF depth is 10 times the gasket depth), or to any ratio greater than this as best suited to the engineering requirements of the electrochemical process.
Further, achieving depth for product circulation as part of the CCF (a low-cost metal conductor) is preferred economically to providing depth through an insulating gasket material, particularly if the metal of the CCF has a lower cost than the insulating gasket material. It would further not be functional for sealing and electrically insulating gaskets 30 to be increased in depth for the purpose of creating space for product circulation; as the created circulation space would be located between an electroactive structure (26 or 102) and separator 28, which would negatively disrupt the hydrodynamics of product circulation. Therefore, a large ratio between CCF depth 103A and the depth of sealing and electrically insulating gaskets 30 is preferred as described above, but non-limiting in view of other ratios which may be used.
The function of separators 28 is to divide the positive and negative electrochemical reaction regions, thereby separating the anolyte and catholyte in all of the unipolar filter press stacks presently described. Separators 28 also provide a barrier which prevents or minimizes gases produced on the anodic electroactive structures and the cathodic electroactive structures to mix, while at the same time allowing for ions in solution to pass through it. Separators 28 may be provided from a diaphragm-type or membrane-type separator material as appropriate for the underlying electrochemical process. As non-limiting examples, separator 28 may be provided from felt, porous polysulphone, polyphenyl sulphide, or another type of cation exchange or anion exchange membrane.
The purpose of the end clamping plates 12 and 34 (as well as the equivalent end clamping plates 312, 334, 412, 434, and end clamping plates 512, 534 shown in other figures) is to provide strong and rigid mechanical structures for applying the required sealing pressure on the end gaskets 14, gasket 30, and masking frames 22 and 24 to seal the periphery of the apertures, by means of an external filter press clamping device.
The purpose of electroactive structures 102 (positive, anodic in the case of electrolysis) is to provide an interface for electrons and reactants to electrochemically react on the conductive surface and for the product to leave from the conductive surface. The purpose of electroactive structures 26 (negative, cathodic in the case of electrolysis) is to provide an interface for electrons and reactants to electrochemically react on the conductive surface and for the product to leave from the conductive surface.
The separators 28 and electroactive structures 26 and 102 have approximately the same size and shape. The CCFs 20 and 21, the sealing and electrically insulating gaskets 30, and end gaskets 14 have approximately the same rectangular dimensions. When assembled, the outer peripheral edges of all these components are generally aligned. Electroactive structures 26 and 102 and separators 28 are shorter than CCFs 20, and 21, and end gaskets 14, and gaskets 30 so they do not encroach on any of the CCF apertures (52, 54, 80, and 78) which connect to transfer passageways.
Those skilled in the art of electrolysis will understand the circularity of the apertures in end gaskets 14 and end clamping plates 12 and 34 is non-limiting, and apertures of a variety of other generally rectangular, ovular, or polyhedral shapes may be alternately employed. Further, the apertures in the CCFs presently described are depicted as rectangular in the Figures, however those skilled in the art of electrolysis will understand they could be provided in other shapes such as: square, ellipsoidal, oval, or another polygon. The apertures may further have their corners substantially rounded to avoid the creating stagnant flow regions which may cause corrosion or lower the throughput of gas product at sharp crevices.
The purpose of outwardly extending electrically conductive tabs 64 (
The electrically conductive tabs 64 are preferably equidistantly spaced, and are of a width approximately proportional to the CCF depth. Electrically conductive tabs 64 bring current linearly across the whole CCF, and provide sufficient electrical contact between the CCF and the busbar connecting to the external power supply (one type of electrical connection). The dimensions of the electrically conductive tabs 64 are non-limiting in this disclosure.
In the case of the unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 10, the electrical connection is made by connecting one polarity of a power supply (generally DC current) and electrically conductive tabs 64 on one side of the filter press stack. The electrically conductive tabs 64 on the other side of the filter press stack are attached to the opposite polarity of the power supply. The power supply polarities provided to the electrically conductive tabs 64 define the polarities of the entire system (i.e. the positive and negative symbols shown in
To create an electrolysis system that connects two unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatuses 10, the second unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 10 would be located adjacent to the first in a manner such that their electrically conductive tabs 64 were approximately aligned facing each other, and that an electrical connection between the two sets of tabs is made. The electrical connection between the two sets of electrically conductive tabs 64 may be provided through a variety of methods, including but not limited to conductive bus bars and conductive wires. In this manner, the unipolar filter presses are connected in series with each other, together creating an electrolysis system of two filter press stacks. Additional unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 10 may continue to be added in this way to laterally expand the system.
The paragraphs following this relate to provisions for reactant and product circulation in a unipolar filter press electrolyser based on CCF's. Particularly the unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 10 shown in
In one configuration, alkaline water electrolysis, the preferred orientation of the filter press has tall vertically oriented CCF's which allow electrolytically produced hydrogen and oxygen gases to rise vertically within the circulation chamber 103. Oxygen generated on the anodically polarized CCF's electroactive structures (as indicated by 102 in
The cathodically polarized electroactive structures 26 will generate hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas will provide a lifting means to move the catholyte and hydrogen mixture up through the through pathways of CCF 21 defined by gasket support pieces 56, and then via third flow passageway 118 to a location where gas liquid separation and electrolyte recirculation into flow passageway 119 can occur in end clamping plate 12.
In an embodiment where it is preferable for internal gas/liquid circulation to be provided in between end clamping plates 12 and 34, two additional CCFs with no electroactive structures may be employed at any point in the stack; one to connect corresponding catholyte output/input passageways, and one to connect corresponding anolyte output/input passageways. These additional frames are referred to as “downward circulation frames,” as they circulate reacted electrolyte downwards within the stack from the output to the input product transfer passageway.
For example, a cathodic downward circulation frame may be applied in
In place of using CCFs without electroactive structures as downward circulation frames, any other part that allows equivalent provisions for downward circulation may be employed as downward circulation frames. Discharge and feed channels may further be provided at other locations within the filter press stack, with suitable equivalent product/reactant feed/removal ports inserted therein.
Those skilled in the art will understand methods of adding feed water, cooling water, returning electrolyte from the external capture devices, provisions for gas liquid separation, and the creation of mixing zones of the anolyte and catholyte to ensure the overall electrolyte has minimal differential electrolyte concentration gradients. These non-limiting methods may be applied to provide internal or external circulation.
Those skilled in the art will further understand methods of maintaining elevated absolute pressure within the mechanical capacity of the filter press to withstand, as well as methods of controlling levels of catholyte and the anolyte in the circulation system and differential pressures in the circulation system.
To provide further information on particularly useful features of the CCF in the optimization of filter press efficiency to its target application, some additional details are provided. In summary, the CCF width (as represented by members 53, or 61, or 345 described later on), the height (as represented by side arms 51, or 55), and the depth 103A (provided at circulation chamber 103) of all CCF embodiments presently described are parameters which can be selectively engineered, such that a given CCF embodiment is tailored to suit the engineering targets of its application. In particular, the width, height, and depth parameters can be tailored to meet a given cost target, an electroactive surface area target (for product generation space), a pressurization target, and/or an overall efficiency target. The ability to tailor these parameters to the application's targets without technology-imposed constraints or substantial incremental costs is a core advantage of the CCF design, as applied to create a unipolar filter press electrochemical cell.
For example, pressure characteristics are best optimized by the embodiments of
In addition to the conducting struts enhancing mechanical strength, because they are made of the electrically conducting material of the frame itself, these struts also improve current conduction to the electroactive surfaces through direct connection. In the preferred embodiment of
It is particularly of interest that the conducting features' height, width, and depth can be precisely adapted to further optimize current conduction for a given CCF application. For example, by increasing the depth of a conducting struts 69, 58 or spears 76 (achieved by increasing CCF depth) while maintaining a fixed height and width of the feature, the cross-sectional area of the feature is increased. Increased cross sectional area of the conducting feature consequently improves current conduction to the electroactive structure. It is possible to increase the cross-sectional area of a conducting feature by increasing its height or width as well, however, this comes with the efficiency and cost trade-off of subtracting space from the available electroactive surface area for product generation (i.e. total area of the electroactive structure—surface area in direct contact via conducting feature=practical available surface area for product generation). By increasing the CCF depth to improve conduction, rather than increasing the height and width of the conducting features, improvements to conduction are achieved without subtracting any excess practical surface area for product generation.
The presence of additional conductive features within a CCF further enables the use of thinner electroactive structures, as compared to a CCF embodiment without any additional conductive features. The use of thinner (and consequently less costly) electroactive structures is enabled as the added conductive features support a portion of the lateral current, conducting across the CCF over the electroactive structures. Because the additional conductive features support lateral current conduction, they further allow for a CCF laterally wider than shown to be designed, such that the length of lateral cross members 53, 61 is increased. It can be desirable to achieve a laterally wider CCF design to increase the practical product generating surface area of the CCF, as the electroactive structure applied to the widened CCF is proportionally wide. Therefore, a CCF with additional conductive features may advantageously be modified in lateral width to achieve large surface area targets at low incremental cost. Customization of electroactive surface area can further be provided by adjusting the vertical height of the CCF. The CCF design being substantially rectangular, vertical height expansion allows for an efficient use of plant area. Preferably, the rectangular geometry of the CCF comprises a height to width ratio in the range of 2:1 to 6:1, however this feature is non-limiting and may be adjusted to best suit the engineering requirements for the application of the device.
Finally, variations in electrolyte volume, gas and liquid velocity, as well as the void fraction of electrolytic gases within circulation chamber 103 of any CCF embodiments presented in this disclosure can be controlled in part by adjusting the CCF's depth.
Referring to
Each of CCF 20 and 21 includes a CCF 50, being a one-piece, integrally formed, rigid support frame, having two side arms 51 and 55 and two lateral cross members 53. CCF 50 is made from an electrically conductive material suitable for the intended application of CCF 20 and CCF 21 (including carrying current to electroactive structures 102 disposed in a unipolar arrangement) and may be made of carbon steel, nickel plated steel, titanium, nickel, carbon, and alloys. They may also be provided with coatings known to those in the art that are resistant to the corrosive effects of the environment in which the CCF 20 and CCF 21 are to be placed. Non-limiting example environments in which CCF 20 and CCF 21 may be placed include, but are not limited to, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, chlorine, hydrogen, oxygen, sodium hypochlorite, sodium chlorate and sulphuric acid. All of the CCF embodiments discussed in this disclosure may be provided from the same group of materials listed above.
CCF 50 and other variations of it are designed particularly to minimize the impact of corrosion. Crevices and stagnant areas where corrosion may occur are avoided where possible in the design. In this and in all CCF embodiments presently disclosed, the presence of recessed notches 66 and 67 along the inner surface or margins of side arms 51 and 55 is an optional beneficial provision to maximize the vertical length of the circulation chamber (103) while defining the lateral width of their adjacent aperture (52 or 80) consequently defining the lateral width of the product transfer passageway that passes through said aperture (52 or 80). For example, the lateral width provided for flow passageways 116 and 118 in
All CCFs presently disclosed are provided as one integral part, which may be manufactured through a variety of methods. These manufacturing methods are non-limiting and may include any one or combination of: laser cutting, plasma cutting, water jet cutting, machining, sand or investment casting, or any other applicable manufacturing technology.
In an embodiment, any of the single CCFs presently described may be provided with an additional channel in arm portion 115 (or equivalently arm portion 360 and 315 for a double CCF, which bound catholyte and anolyte input passageways) such that anolyte and catholyte mixing may occur between the associated transfer passageways feeding into circulation chambers 103, to favourably adjust the concentration gradient within the electrolyte. In embodiments where an aperture for anolyte and catholyte mixing upon input into the filter press is inserted (“mixing aperture”) in arm portion 115 (or equivalent struts bounding catholyte/anolyte input passageways), an additional gasket support piece 56 with channels may be provided to fit within the bounds of the mixing aperture. As described later, such a gasket support may be provided to be friction fit in the mixing aperture, or in an alternate embodiment a gasket support may be provided integrally of the CCF, with additional through-channels provided to allow mixing.
All electroactive structures presently described are obviously perforated or have apertures formed therein or otherwise “openworked” to permit the transport of the products or reactants between the separator 28 and the circulation chamber 103 as shown in
The diamond shaped apertures shown of electroactive structures 26 and 102 of
While any of the electroactive structures 40 to 45 may be employed in any of the embodiments of the present disclosure, thick, mechanically robust embodiments of electroactive structures 40 to 45 are preferred with CCF embodiments such as CCF 50 in
Electroactive structures may be attached through a variety of manufacturing methods. These manufacturing methods are non-limiting and may include any one or combination of: press-fitting, spot welding, thermal welding, ultrasonic welding, electron beam welding, laser beam welding, tungsten inert gas welding, or any other applicable technology.
Generally, in order to attach the electroactive structure to the CCF, welds would be performed on some or all the planar surfaces surrounding the circulation chamber 103, particularly on the sides of the frame. In embodiments described later on (
If metallic wool were to be used as an electroactive structure, the manufacturing method of press-fitting would be the preferred method of its attachment to the CCF. In a press fit, one may only need attachment at a few (or no) uniquely dedicated locations, thus reducing the precision required in assembly and the total assembly costs. In the “press-fit” embodiment using a CCF with lateral struts or conductive structures (such as
CCF 50 when used in CCF 20 is constructed such that it defines a circulation chamber 103 that is hydraulically connected to the channel defining apertures 52 and 80 via channel defining gasket support pieces 56 seen in
The gasket support pieces 56 can be used interchangeably with any of the CCF embodiments described in the figures. Gasket support pieces 56 (or 120, 121, or 122) are preferably made from a metallic material, and may be made of carbon steel, nickel plated steel, titanium, nickel, carbon, and alloys or coatings on substrates known to those in the art that are resistant to the corrosive effects of the environment in which the CCF 20 and CCF 21 are to be placed. Gasket support pieces 56 may alternatively be provided from polymeric, ceramic materials, or a combination of metallic, polymeric and ceramic materials that fulfil the equivalent purposes.
Gasket support piece 56 may have one or more through-channels configured to allow electrolytes, products and reactants to pass through into circulation chamber 103. Gasket support piece 122 shows an embodiment in which a plurality of holes are drilled through the member for liquid flow from circulation chamber 103 up to the upper passageway. Gasket support piece 121 is produced as a wavy structure while gasket support piece 120 has two slots located therein rather than a plurality of holes.
In one embodiment, gasket support pieces 56 may be provided from the same unitary part as the CCF itself as shown in 56B in
Alternative embodiments of integrally provided non-removable gasket support pieces with one or more through-channels configured to allow products and reactants to pass through it in operation, specifically such that gases and liquids may pass in a controlled manner between circulation chamber 103 and a flow passageway (such as 116-119) are shown in
Those skilled in the art of electrolysis will further comprehend that gasket support pieces applied at opposite ends of the CCF may be different in size or structure.
In another embodiment, only one gasket support piece 56 is provided, between apertures 52 and 54 as shown in
In another embodiment, shown in
For example, in another embodiment a CCF cathode is made substantially equivalent to CCF 21 or 50, however additionally its arm portion 114 being positioned closer to side arm 55 than side arm 51, such that aperture 52 (and its associated product transfer passageway) is consequently increased in lateral width while aperture 54 (and its associated product transfer passageway) and arm portion 63 are reduced in lateral width. In
Such embodiments are particularly useful where the gas/liquid separation of one product (either anodic or cathodic) is achieved more readily than the other. For example, experimental data for alkaline water electrolysis has suggested the gas liquid separation of oxygen from the anolyte is provided more readily than the gas liquid separation of hydrogen from the catholyte. Therefore, it may be beneficial to increase the size of the cathodic product transfer passageway such that the hydrogen gas is allowed greater space in its transfer passageway.
To assemble a full filter press stack around CCF cathodes and anodes wherein the gas off-take transfer passageways are provided of different sizes; all of the same parts (gaskets, masks, separators, gasket supports) as previously described in
Slight modifications to the CCF may be optionally provided when required to improve the sealing of the assembly. The perimeter of circulation chamber 103 may be slightly recessed on one or more faces in order to ensure the electroactive structures are substantially flush to the surface of the CCF. Further, one or more continuous negative grooves may additionally be cut from both planar faces of any of the CCF embodiments presently described. The negative grooves when applied are preferred around the periphery of all apertures in the frame, such that gasket and mask components in the assembly are ensured to be flush to the surface of the CCF.
To provide further information on the applications for the CCF embodiments shown in
As there are no additional conducting features provided in this embodiment, the majority of the current carrying occurs across the electrode structure alone, beginning on the left side adjacent to electrically conductive tabs 64, then moving to the right (i.e. “parallel” to the electrode structure as is shown in
This low-cost embodiment of
Large surface area per CCF (such that the lateral cross members 53, 61 are approximately between 8 inches to 56 inches in length) is a preferred embodiment for an electrolyser applied to large scale alkaline water electrolysis. Preferred CCF embodiments with additional conductive features such as in
In another embodiment, after manufacturing the strut 69 such that through-holes 70 are provided therein and struts 69 are inserted into CCF 68, struts 69 are welded or otherwise electrically joined to side arm 55, which contains the electrically conductive tabs 64 for electrical connection, thus improving the robustness of the electrical connection provided to struts 69. Similarly, in a double CCF embodiment of
In another embodiment, to improve the circulation of liquid electrolytes in circulation chamber 103, one or more through-channels may be provided in the spears 76 (or 76A described later). Preferably, the one or more channels are provided adjacent to side arm 55, the side the spears are provided from, allowing improved circulation of electrolyte in these regions. Similarly, in a double CCF embodiment of
In an alternate embodiment, one or more spears 76 or 76A may extend across circulation chamber 103 to meet outer side arm 51, thereby forming an embodiment with both spears and one or more “conductive struts.” Said one or more conductive struts may be disposed at and angle from side arm 51 in an upward orientation or upward-pointing diagonal configuration of the spears, or in another shape. The upward orientation corresponds to the direction of gas flow in circulation chamber 103. In one embodiment the conductive strut may be substantially arcuate in shape, a beneficial shape to improve hydrodynamics in circulation chamber 103 discussed later. Said one or more conductive struts are beneficial for improving the mechanical rigidity of this embodiment. Said one or more conductive struts further comprise one or more through channels therein, or they may be thinner than depth 103A, or have other means provided to support the circulation of gas and liquids within circulation chamber 103 towards off-take apertures while additionally supporting the mechanical rigidity of the frame. Additionally, in any embodiment of a CCF with spears 76 (or 76A) the spears' dimensions may be different from one another within the same CCF, such that a hydrodynamically beneficial gradient is created. Similarly, the double CCF embodiments described later on may employ any of the presently described features to create equivalent double CCF embodiments.
The embodiment of the CCF in
The preferred embodiment of
In another embodiment, additional holes or “cut-outs” 79 of metal may be provided from side arms 55, or 51 (or 332 of single or double CCFs described later) where metal is not strictly required for current conduction and mechanical support. Providing such cut-outs 79 enable a reduction in part mass, increase scrap metal value, and support an increase in lateral width of side arms 55 and 51 while minimizing part mass. Extending the lateral width of side arms 55 and 51 allows the CCF to beneficially protrude externally to a filter press when configured in a filter press electrolyser assembly embodiment such that the frame is air-cooled where it protrudes externally. Parts of the CCF protruding from a filter press sealing profile with cut-outs 79 in particular protruding to additionally support air-cooling improves filter press heat removal capabilities. For the sole purposes of air-cooling, however, cut-outs 79 are optional, and an embodiment of the CCF may be provided wherein parts of the CCF protrude from the filter press sealing profile for air-cooling without any cut-outs 79. CCFs may be adapted to increase heat removal from conduction, convection, or radiation. In another embodiment, lateral cross members 53 and 61 may additionally be increased in height with optional cut-outs 79 provided for purposes of air cooling the electrolyser, among other benefits. Cut-outs 79 and/or protrusions for air-cooling may be further provided in any other CCF embodiment presently described. In an alternative embodiment, cut-outs 79 may additionally be provided in other geometric shapes.
In another embodiment, outer frame members of the CCF may be adjusted in shape to further improve heat removal capabilities, for example being castellated, or otherwise bent or waved to create additional surface area and protrusions for air-cooling from the filter press. Additionally, coatings to further improve heat removal capabilities may be applied to any CCF, discussed in detail later.
In another embodiment, central frame member 332 may be expanded in lateral width, such that additional material cut-outs 79 may be provided, said cut-outs reducing part weight and increasing scrap metal value, and further creating further beneficial sites for air-cooling.
Returning to
In operation, gases, electrolytes or fluids rise through struts 58 via channels 60 formed by the gaps between rectangular prisms (or equivalently “shapes”) 62 provided from the material of struts 58. The channels 60 provide space for the circulation of electrochemical reactants and products within circulation chamber 103. While shapes 62 are shown for example as substantially rectangular prisms in
In an alternate embodiment, shapes 62 may be elongated rectangular prisms or transverse members that run parallel to side arms 51 and 55, creating a fence shaped pattern, as depicted in
The shapes 62 on conductive struts 58 serve as attachment or contacting points to electroactive structures (such as 26 and 102 from
The method to obtain the effect of a shapes 62 and the channels 60 from strut 58 could be via subtracting material from strut 58 through machining, stamping or another technique known to those skilled in the art of fabrication. While the channels 60 are shown as generally rectangular in
Alternately, struts 58 may be provided which are entirely thinner in depth relative to the CCF side arms 51, 55, and lateral cross members 61 and 53 (“a thin conductive stmt”), similar to how the strut 58 as shown in the Figures would appear if the entire strut was reduced to the dimensions of channel 60 shown in
Said thin conductive struts (or “thin lateral cross members”) may be formed integrally of CCF 85, having their thickness subtracted by means of manufacturing. Alternatively, thin conductive struts may be originally provided from a section of another plate having a thickness less than a thickness of said CCF side arms 51, 55, and lateral cross members 61, and 53), but of the same material as CCF 85, and consequently be joined between said first and second side arms 51, 55 by means of a welding method such that an electrical connection between the strut and the side arms 55, 51 is formed. The resulting embodiment of CCF 85 comprising thin conductive struts is substantially equivalent when produced by either method described.
An alternate embodiment to this may have material added to the thin conductive struts to create the effect of raised shapes 62 and channels 60.
In an alternate embodiment depicted in
An alternate embodiment depicted in
It will also be apparent to those skilled in the art that struts and intermediate lateral cross members, whether they are releasably detachable, or integrated with the CCF, may exist in a non-homogenous arrangement in the same CCF. For example, a CCF may have a combination of spears 76 in
In an alternate embodiment, when one or more electroactive structures 44 are provided on a single or double CCF embodiment comprising thin conductive struts, said electroactive structures may be further provided with “indented inward-facing dimples” positioned directly facing and over top of the thin conductive struts, to allow for an electrical connection to be made to the thin conductive struts, and to define channels substantially parallel to side arms 55 and 51 (or 51 and 332 in a double CCF with thin conductive struts) in the remaining lateral space between the thin conductive struts and the non-dimpled regions of the electroactive structure. These embodiments provide advantages in reducing the complexity and cost of manufacturing CCF 85. In another embodiment, where recesses surrounding circulation chamber 103 are additionally provided as previously described, appropriate engineering adjustments are made to allow the dimpled electroactive surface to be ultimately substantially flush to the surfaces of the CCF it is applied to.
The unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 310 comprises two unipolar filter press cells; the first unipolar filter press cell is provided with four flow passageways 316, 317, 318, and 319. The second unipolar filter press cell is provided also with four flow passageways, 320, 321, 322, and 323. The products and reactants of the first and second unipolar filter press cells are physically separated and do not mix within any of the end clamping plates 312 and 334. The current generated by the power input provided at electrically conductive tabs 64 of the single CCFs travels across the chambers of double CCF 350, as will be described later in
Moving from left to right, flow passageway 316 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 358 in first end clamping plate 312, and apertures 110, 54, 106, (as previously described) and aperture 352 in double CCF 350. The side of CCF 350 which is joined to flow passageway 316 is anodically polarized as indicated by the positive sign in
Flow passageway 316 is fed with anodic product (a gaseous product in the example of the electrolysis of water) arising from the circulation chamber 103 of the right-hand side of CCF 350, through a gasket support piece 56 into aperture 352 which feeds into flow passageway 316. Depending on the provisions applied for gas/liquid separation, which are non-limiting in this disclosure, anolyte liquid may also enter flow passageway 316 with the anodic gas product. This anodic product gas and anolyte liquid is removed from flow passageway 316 for further processing through port 358 in first end clamping plate 312.
Reading again from left to right, flow passageway 317 is created by the channel-forming combination of a tubular port in first end clamping plate 312 (obscured by first end gasket 14), and apertures 111, 78, 107, and aperture 380 in the anodically polarized side of CCF 350. The anodic product circulation chamber 103 of double CCF 350 is fed with anolyte liquid through aperture 380 and its corresponding gasket support piece. Anolyte reactant liquid is initially fed into flow passageway 317 through obscured port 361 in first end clamping plate 312. The anolyte liquid input into flow passageway 317 may be virgin electrolyte, or it may be recycled anolyte that has been removed from flow passageway 316 or 322 and externally processed.
Reading from right to left, flow passageway 318 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 351 in first end clamping plate 334, and apertures 94, 52, 90, 354 of double CCF 350, apertures 90 and 52. The cathodically polarized CCFs 50 feed gaseous cathodic product through a gasket support piece 56 and into aperture 52 which then feeds into flow passageway 318. As noted equivalently for the anodic gaseous product, depending on the provisions employed for gas/liquid separation in the filter press stack some catholyte liquid may enter flow passageway 318 with the gaseous cathodic product. The product and any residual catholyte is removed at port 351.
Reading from right to left, flow passageway 319 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 353 in first end clamping plate 334, and apertures 109, 80, 108, 378, 108, 80. The cathodic product circulation chambers 103 of CCFs 50 are fed with catholyte liquid through apertures 80 and their corresponding gasket support pieces. Catholyte reactant liquid is initially fed into flow passageway 319 through port 353 in first end clamping plate 334. The catholyte liquid input into flow passageway 319 may be water, or it may be recycled catholyte that has been removed from flow passageway 318 or 320 and externally processed.
Reading from right to left, flow passageway 320 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 348 connecting to second end clamping plate 334, and apertures 94 (not shown due to cutaway), 54, 90, 356 of double CCF 350. The cathodically polarized portion of double CCF 350 feeds gaseous cathodic product from its cathodic circulation chamber 103 up through a gasket support piece 56 into aperture 356 which then feeds into flow passageway 320. Depending on the provisions employed for gas/liquid separation in the filter press stack some catholyte liquid may enter flow passageway 320 with the gaseous cathodic product. The gaseous cathode product and any residual catholyte is removed at port 348.
Reading from right to left, flow passageway 321 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 357 in second end clamping plate 334, and apertures 109, 78, 108, and 381. The cathodic product circulation chamber 103 of CCF 350 is fed with catholyte liquid through apertures 381 and its corresponding gasket support piece. Catholyte reactant liquid is initially fed into flow passageway 321 through port 357 in second end clamping plate 334. The catholyte liquid input into flow passageway 321 may be water, or it may be recycled catholyte that has been removed from flow passageway 320 or 318 and externally processed.
Reading from left to right, flow passageway 322 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 349 in second end clamping plate 312, and apertures 110, 52, 106, 355 in double CCF 350, aperture 106, and terminates at second aperture 52. The CCFs 50 joined to flow passageway 322 are anodically polarized. Flow passageway 322 is fed with anodic gaseous product that arises from the circulation chamber 103 of anodic CCFs 50 through gasket support pieces 56 and into apertures 52, which then feed into flow passageway 322. Depending on the provisions applied for gas/liquid separation anolyte liquid may also enter flow passageway 322 with the anodic gas product. This anodic product gas and anolyte liquid is removed from flow passageway 322 for further processing through port 349 in second end clamping plate 312.
Reading from left to right, flow passageway 323 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 359 in second end clamping plate 312, and apertures 111, 80, 107, 379, 107, and 80. The anodic product circulation chamber 103 of single CCFs 50 is fed with anolyte liquid through aperture 80 and its corresponding gasket support piece. Anolyte reactant liquid is initially fed into flow passageway 323 through port 359 in second end clamping plate 312. The anolyte liquid input into flow passageway 323 may be virgin electrolyte, or it may be recycled anolyte that has been removed from flow passageway 316 or 322 and externally processed.
Similar to single CCF 50, double CCF 350 is a one piece integrally formed rigid support frame having dual circulation chambers 103 with a defined thickness 103A of the thickness of the rigid support frame of double CCF 350. In addition, similar to the aforementioned CCFs above, double CCF has a series of inner frame members to aid in defining apertures 355, 354, 378 and 379.
Apertures 355, 354, 378, and 379 may be defined by an inner frame member attached to the central arm 332, or side arm 51, or lateral cross member 345, or a combination of central arm 332, side arm 51 and lateral cross member 345. In the current embodiment, apertures 355 and 379 are disposed diagonally in a first circulation chamber, and apertures 354 and 378 are disposed diagonally in a second circulation chamber. Apertures 355, 379, 354 and 378 are not limited to being disposed diagonally, and may be disposed on the same side, along side arm 51, or along central arm 332. Furthermore, apertures 355, 379, 354 and 378 are not limited to being in homogenous configurations. For example, apertures 355 and 379 may be disposed diagonally in the first circulation chamber, and apertures 354 and 378 may be disposed along side arm 51 in the second circulation chamber. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that different combinations of configurations of apertures in circulation chambers in double CCF 350 are possible.
In the current embodiment depicted in
Apertures 354 and 378, and adjacent apertures 352 and 380 are mirrored across central arm 332. More specifically, aperture 354 is defined by a portion of central arm 332, a portion of a first lateral cross member 345, a first arm portion 363 and a second arm portion 314, where the first arm portion 363 and the second arm portion 314 make up a third generally L-shaped member (an embodiment of a third inner frame member). The first end of first arm portion 363 is connected to central arm 332 and the second end of first arm portion 363 is connected to second arm portion 314, and where second arm portion 314 is connected to the portion of the first lateral cross member 345. Adjacent aperture 352 is defined by second arm portion 314, a portion of right side arm 51, and a portion of lateral cross member 345. Aperture 378 is defined by a portion of right side arm 51, a portion of second lateral cross member 345, a first arm portion 304 and a second arm portion 315, where the first arm portion 304 and second arm portion 315 make up a fourth generally L-shaped member (an embodiment of a fourth inner frame member). The first end of first arm portion 304 is connected to right side arm 51 and the second end of first arm portion 304 is connected to second arm portion 315, and where second arm portion 315 is connected to a portion of second lateral cross member 345. Adjacent aperture 380 is defined by second arm portion 315, a portion of central arm 332 and a portion of second lateral cross member 345.
As previously mentioned, double CCF 350 has two circulation chambers 130. The circulation chambers 130 are between the first and second face of the rigid support frame of double CCF 350. The first circulation chamber 130 is further defined by the first arm portions 305 and 383, and the inner edges of the first side arm 51, and central arm 332. The second circulation chamber 130 is further defined by the first arm portions 304 and 363, and the inner edges of the second side arm 51, and central arm 332.
Similar to single CCF 50, the presence of recessed notches 66 and 67 in double CCF 350 allow electroactive structures 44 to be positioned partially within circulation chamber 103. Notches 66 and 67 in double CCF 350 are along the inner surface or margins of side arm 51 and central arm 332.
This double plate CCF 350, where one half is the anode of one unipolar filter press cell stack, and one half is a cathode in the adjacent unipolar filter press cell stack. By eliminating the need for a bus bar between adjacent unipolar filter press cell stacks, the metallic resistive losses between the stacks are reduced, and the unipolar stacks can approach the low resistive losses achieved by state-of-the-art bipolar filter press stacks. The reduced current path length is a result of the ability for the double CCF to act as an improved inter-cell electrical connection (improving over an inter-cell bus bar) between two unipolar filter press stacks. The improvement comes from the feature of the double CCF that current travels only laterally between the adjacent cells, rather than both laterally and vertically as required on single CCFs with electrically conductive tabs 64. It can also be more efficient in manufacturing to cut one large component rather than two small components to accomplish the same task.
Further, in another embodiment, a coating to improve heat removal capabilities may be additionally applied to frame members of the double CCF, preferably to central frame member 332. The coating to improve heat removal capabilities may be comprised of but is not limited to: high emissivity paint, ceramic-based or silicone-ceramic-based coatings, black pigmented coating, for example Aremco's 840-MS. In alternative embodiments, coatings to improve heat removal capabilities of a CCF may be applied to any CCF embodiment presently described.
Further, in another embodiment additional material shapes may be provided to CCF frame members to increase the frame surface area protruding from the filter press such that heat transfer is improved. Such additional protruding material shapes may preferably be provided as fins, or another heat transferable shape.
Previously described alternative embodiments of the different possible configurations and combinations of struts 58, the thickness of struts 58, shapes 62, and grooves 65 of single CCF 85 are possible for double CCF 385, and provide the same benefits. Furthermore, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that different combinations of thickness of struts 58, shapes 62, and grooves 65 are available, and different designs of struts 58 are available for double CCF 385.
It will also be apparent to those skilled in the art that struts and intermediate lateral cross members, whether they are releasably detachable, or integrated with double CCF 385, may exist in a non-homogenous arrangement in the same double CCF irrespective of whether the struts and intermediate lateral cross members are in the first or second circulation chamber 103.
While not depicted, similar to that of single CCF 50, double CCF 350 may utilize gasket support pieces 56 with one or more through channels configured to allow electrolytes, products and reactants pass through, allowing the completion of the definition of apertures 356, 381, 352, and 380. In addition, similar to that of single CCF 50, gasket support pieces 56 may be releasably detachable from the rigid support frame of double CCF 350, or in other embodiments, may be integrally formed with the rigid support frame of double CCF 350.
While single CCFs 450 are shown to have a bare product circulation chamber 103 analogous to single CCFs 50, their product circulation chamber 103 may be configured in preferred embodiments that include the conductive features of previously described single CCFs 68, 74, or 85, such that CCFs 68 and 85 of
The unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 410 is comprised of one unipolar filter press cell, with six flow passageways 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421.
Moving from left to right, flow passageway 416 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 449 in end clamping plate 412, and apertures 494 in end gasket 414, aperture 493 in CCF 450, aperture 460 in gasket 430, aperture 488 in CCF 450, apertures 460 and 493. The CCFs 450 which physically join to flow passageway 416 are anodically polarized as indicated by the positive sign in
Moving from left to right, flow passageway 417 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 459 in end clamping plate 412, and apertures 495, 480, 461, 478, 461, 480. The anodic product circulation chamber 103 of CCFs 450 which physically join to flow passageway 417 is fed with anolyte liquid through aperture 480 and its corresponding gasket support piece. Anolyte reactant liquid is initially fed into flow passageway 417 through port 459 in end clamping plate 412. The anolyte liquid input into flow passageway 417 may be virgin electrolyte, or it may be recycled anolyte that has been removed from flow passageway 418 and externally processed.
Reading from left to right, flow passageway 418 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 452 in end clamping plate 412, and apertures 496, 492, 462, 489, 462, and 492. The anodic product circulation chamber 103 of CCFs 450 which physically join to flow passageway 418 is originally fed with anolyte liquid from flow passageway 417 up through aperture 480 and its corresponding gasket support piece. Anodic gaseous product is generated in product circulation chamber 103 and flows into aperture 493 to enter flow passageway 416. Surplus reacted liquid anolyte additionally flows into aperture 493, however then passes through channel 483 into adjacent aperture 492 (as shown in
Reading from right to left, flow passageway 419 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 457 in end clamping plate 434, and apertures 495, 478, 463, 480, 463, 480. The cathodic product circulation chamber 103 of CCF 450, indicated by the negative sign, which physically joins to flow passageway 419 is fed with catholyte liquid through aperture 480 and its corresponding gasket support piece. Catholyte reactant liquid is initially fed into flow passageway 419 through port 457 in end clamping plate 434. The catholyte liquid input into flow passageway 419 may be virgin electrolyte, water, or recycled catholyte that has been removed from flow passageway 420 and externally processed.
Reading from right to left, flow passageway 420 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 451 in end clamping plate 434, and apertures 496, 489, 464, and 492. The cathodic product circulation chamber 103 of CCF 450 that physically joins to flow passageway 420 is originally fed with catholyte liquid from flow passageway 419 up through aperture 480 and its corresponding gasket support piece. Cathodic gaseous product is generated in product circulation chamber 103 and flows into aperture 493 to enter flow passageway 421. Surplus reacted liquid catholyte additionally flows into aperture 493, however then passes through channel 483 into adjacent aperture 492 (as shown in
Reading from right to left, flow passageway 421 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 448 in end clamping plate 434, and apertures 494, 488, 465, 493. The CCF 450 which physically joins to flow passageway 421 is cathodically polarized as indicated by the negative sign in
The unipolar filter press electrolyser apparatus 510 comprises two unipolar filter press cells; the first unipolar filter press cell is provided with six flow passageways 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521. The second unipolar filter press cell is provided also with six flow passageways, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, and 527. The products and reactants of the first and second unipolar filter press cells are physically separated and do not mix within any of end clamping plates 512 and 534. The current generated by the power input provided at electrically conductive tabs 64 of the single CCFs travels across the chambers of double CCF 550, as will be described later in
Moving from left to right, flow passageway 516 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 549 in first end clamping plate 512, and apertures 494, 488, 460, 593 in double CCF 550. The side of CCF 550 in which is joined to flow passageway 516 is anodically polarized as indicated by the positive sign in
Reading from left to right, flow passageway 517 is created by the channel-forming combination of a tubular port in first end clamping plate 512 (obscured by first end gasket 414), and apertures 495, 478, 461 (obscured by electroactive structure), and 580 in the anodically polarized side of CCF 550. The anodic product circulation chamber 103 of double CCF 550 is fed with anolyte liquid through aperture 580 and its corresponding gasket support piece. Anolyte reactant liquid is initially fed into flow passageway 517 through obscured tubular port in first end clamping plate 512. The anolyte liquid input into flow passageway 517 may be virgin electrolyte, or it may be recycled anolyte that has been removed from flow passageway 518 or 526 and externally processed.
Reading from left to right, flow passageway 518 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 555 in first end clamping plate 512, and apertures 496, 489, 462, 592. The anodic product circulation chamber 103 of CCFs 550 which physically joins to flow passageway 518 is originally fed with anolyte liquid from flow passageway 517 up through aperture 580 and its corresponding gasket support piece. Anodic gaseous product is generated in product circulation chamber 103 and flows into aperture 593 to enter flow passageway 516. Surplus reacted liquid anolyte additionally flows into aperture 593, however then passes through channel 583 into adjacent aperture 592 (as shown in
Reading from right to left, flow passageway 519 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 553 in first end clamping plate 534, obscured aperture 495 in end gasket 414, and apertures 480, 463, 578, 463, and 480. The cathodic product circulation chambers 103 of cathodic single CCFs 450 are fed with catholyte liquid through apertures 480 and their corresponding gasket support pieces. Catholyte reactant liquid is initially fed into flow passageway 519 through port 553 in first end clamping plate 534. The catholyte liquid input into flow passageway 519 may be water, or it may be recycled catholyte that has been removed from flow passageway 520 or 524 and externally processed.
Reading from right to left, flow passageway 520 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 554 in first end clamping plate 534, and apertures 496, 492, 464, 589, 464, 492. The cathodic product circulation chamber 103 of single CCFs 450 that physically join to flow passageway 520 is originally fed with catholyte liquid from flow passageway 519 up through aperture 480 and its corresponding gasket support piece. Cathodic gaseous product is generated in product circulation chamber 103 and flows into aperture 493 to enter flow passageway 521. Surplus reacted liquid catholyte additionally flows into aperture 493, however then passes through channel 483 into adjacent aperture 492 (as shown in
Reading from right to left flow passageway 521 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 552 in first end clamping plate 534, and apertures 494, 493, 465, 588, 465, and 493. The cathodically polarized CCFs 450 feed gaseous cathodic product through a gasket support piece 56 and into aperture 493 which then feeds into flow passageway 521. The product and residual catholyte (if any) is removed at port 552.
Reading from right to left, flow passageway 522 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 548 in second end clamping plate 534, and apertures 494, 488, 465, and 573. The cathodically polarized portion of double CCF 550 feeds gaseous cathodic product from its cathodic circulation chamber 103 up through a gasket support piece 56 into aperture 573 which then feeds into flow passageway 522. The gaseous cathode product and any residual catholyte (if any) is removed at port 548.
Reading from right to left, flow passageway 523 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 557 in second end clamping plate 534, and apertures 495, 478, 463, and 560. The cathodic product circulation chamber 103 of the cathodic portion of double CCF 550 is fed with catholyte liquid through aperture 560 and the corresponding gasket support piece. Catholyte reactant liquid is initially fed into flow passageway 523 through port 557 in second end clamping plate 534. The catholyte liquid input into flow passageway 523 may be water, or it may be recycled catholyte that has been removed from flow passageway 520 or 524 and externally processed.
Reading from right to left, flow passageway 524 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 551 in second end clamping plate 534, and apertures 496, 489, 464, and 572. The cathodic product circulation chamber 103 of double CCF 550 that physically joins to flow passageway 524 is originally fed with catholyte liquid from flow passageway 523 up through aperture 560 and its corresponding gasket support piece. Cathodic gaseous product is generated in product circulation chamber 103 and flows into aperture 573 to enter flow passageway 522. Surplus reacted liquid catholyte additionally flows into aperture 573, however then passes through channel 563 into adjacent aperture 572 (as shown in
Reading from left to right, flow passageway 525 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 556 in second end clamping plate 512, and apertures 495, 480, 461, 558, 461, 480. The anodic product circulation chambers 103 of anodic single CCFs 450 are fed with anolyte liquid through apertures 480 and their corresponding gasket support pieces. Anolyte reactant liquid is initially fed into flow passageway 525 through port 556 in second end clamping plate 512. The anolyte liquid input into flow passageway 525 may be virgin electrolyte or it may be recycled anolyte that has been removed from flow passageway 526 or 518 and externally processed.
Reading from left to right, flow passageway 526 is created by the channel-forming combination of port 546 in second end clamping plate 512, and apertures 496, 492, 462, 569, 462, and 492. The anodic product circulation chamber 103 of single CCFs 450 which physically join to flow passageway 526 is originally fed with anolyte liquid from flow passageway 525 up through aperture 480 and its corresponding gasket support piece. Anodic gaseous product is generated in product circulation chamber 103 and flows into aperture 493 to enter flow passageway 527. Surplus reacted liquid anolyte additionally flows into aperture 493, however then passes through channel 483 into adjacent aperture 492 (as shown in
Reading left to right, flow passageway 527 is created by the channel forming combination of port 547 in second end clamping plate 512, and apertures 494, 493, 460, 568, 460, 493. The single CCFs 450 which are joined to flow passageway 527 are anodically polarized. flow passageway 527 is fed with anodic product (a gaseous product in the case of the electrolysis of water or chlorine electrolysis) arising from the circulation chamber 103 of single CCFs 450, through a gasket support piece 56 into aperture 493 which feeds into flow passageway 526. This anodic product gas and residual anolyte liquid (if any) is removed from flow passageway 527 for further processing through tubular port 547 in second end clamping plate 512.
The embodiments of
The embodiments of
In other embodiments of CCFs with additional transfer passageways (i.e. greater than the 4 transfer passageways per unipolar electrochemical cell press shown in
For example, one embodiment comprises a single CCF similar to
Similarly, another exemplary embodiment comprises a double CCF similar to
It is noted that any embodiments of any of the conductive features presently described (conductive struts, spears, thin conductive struts, arcuate conductive struts, etc.) may be combined within the circulation chamber of one CCF. For example, one CCF (either single or double) may be provided with both spears and a conductive stmt, or multiple conductive struts and one spear. Any other combination of the conductive features presently described may be further employed. Further, any such embodiments may include: any form of one or more through-channels within said conductive features to allow the passage of fluids, said conductive features may be reduced in thickness as compared to depth 103A at any position on the feature to allow the passage of fluids, said conductive feature may be angled upwards or downwards or adjusted otherwise at any beneficial orientation or shape for hydrodynamic flow, or provided in an embodiment with any combination of the above. The ability to achieve low-incremental cost customization of features to suit the conditions of the environment of the CCF is a key aspect of the present disclosure.
Additionally, CCFs employed within a given filter press need not be identical. For example, a given filter press stack of CCFs may include CCF embodiments provided with no features in their circulation chamber, spears, or conductive struts, or combinations thereof, all present within the same stack. Further, the shape of the CCF frame may be adjusted such that corners of the external frame and/or apertures therein are rounded, or otherwise adjusted in shape.
Beyond the preferred applications of alkaline water electrolysis and chlorine electrolysis, there are many other possible electrochemical processes for which a unipolar filter press electrochemical device based on the various CCF embodiments disclosed herein could be employed.
While the present CCFs can be used to create an electrochemical device based on entirely CCF-type current carriers and frames, as discussed throughout the present disclosure, a CCF may also be adapted to suit other electrochemical devices which require replacement parts.
Combined Single-Double CCF System Expanded to Scale
The assembly of
Additionally, as discussed previously, the CCFs that are positioned adjacent to end assemblies are provided in a monopolar configuration with one inner electroactive structure (as shown in
Thus it can be seen that the single and double CCF embodiments presently disclosed are very useful and advantageous for being able to scale the resulting unipolar filter press cell blocks.
This description is exemplary and should not be interpreted as limiting the invention or its applications. Specific parts or part numbers mentioned in the description may be substituted by functional equivalents.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CA2021/050979 | 7/15/2021 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63053264 | Jul 2020 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16994125 | Aug 2020 | US |
| Child | 18016651 | US |
