Combined wavelength router and switch apparatus for use in a wavelength division multiplexed optical communication system

Abstract

A combined wavelength router and switch apparatus for use in an optical communication system is disclosed. The apparatus includes arrays of optical signal demultiplexers, wavelength division switches, space division switches and multiplexers, arranged in a manner that can increase the connectivity of an optical system using wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signals. In several embodiments, time-multiplexed wavelength division switches and time-multiplexed space division switches may be used to increase further the degree of connectivity of the system or to reduce the number of wavelength division switches and space division switches required. Additional arrays of wavelength division switches or time-multiplexed wavelength division switches may be included to allow carrier frequencies to be shifted to meet the channel ordering requirements of the optical system.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to optical communication systems, and, in particular, to a combined wavelength router and switch apparatus which can increase the degree of connectivity in a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical communication system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

All-optical networks are emerging as the next generation of broadband networks for both wide area and local area networks. Despite the enormous bandwidth that optical channels can provide, however, their capacity may be limited by a number of factors. The capacity of optical networks based upon wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and wavelength routing, for example, is limited by the tuning range of the optical lasers. Although wavelength reuse of the available optical bandwidth can increase the capacity of such networks, it remains desirable to increase the degree of connectivity in such networks so as to exploit as much of the available optical bandwidth as possible. In particular, it is desirable to allow an optical signal using an arbitrary carrier frequency and being transmitted along one transmission line to be switched to a different carrier frequency and transmitted along another optical transmission line.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention discloses a combined wavelength router and switch apparatus ("router/switch") for use in an optical communication system. The wavelength router/switch includes arrays of optical signal demultiplexers, wavelength division switches, space division switches and multiplexers, arranged in a manner that can increase the connectivity of an optical system using wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signals.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the wavelength router/switch includes an array of N optical signal wavelength-domain or wavelength-sensitive demultiplexers each of which includes an input and a set of F output ports. Optical signals may be carried, for example, along optical links. The wavelength router/switch also includes an array of N optical signal wavelength division switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of the sets of F output ports and each of which includes a set of F' output ports. The wavelength division switches preferably shift the frequency or wavelength of optical carrier signals while maintaining the data modulation of the original signals. The router/switch of the present invention also preferably includes an array of F' optical signal space division switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of the set of F' output ports from each of the N optical signal wavelength division switches, and each of which includes a set of N' output ports. Finally, the router/switch preferably includes an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of the set of N' output ports from each of the F' optical signal space division switches, and each of which includes an output.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a second array of optical signal wavelength division switches may be added to allow carrier frequencies to be shifted to meet the channel ordering requirements of an optical fiber system.

In yet additional embodiments, the present invention may be extended to situations where information is carried by a combination of wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) and time division multiplexed (TDM) signals. By replacing the arrays of wavelength division switches with time-multiplexed wavelength division switches and by replacing the arrays of space division switches with time-multiplexed space division switches, the number of required space division switches and wavelength division switches may be reduced and the degree of connectivity of the wavelength router/switch may be increased even further.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent by reference to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing one embodiment of a wavelength router/switch according to the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a more detailed block diagram of one suitable embodiment of one of the wavelength division switches in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a second embodiment of a wavelength router/switch according to the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing yet a further embodiment of a wavelength router/switch according to the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a functional representation of a time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switch for use in the wavelength router/switch of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a functional representation of a time-multiplexed space division (TMS) switch for use in the wavelength router/switch of FIG. 4.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing yet a further embodiment of a wavelength router/switch according to the principles of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing one embodiment of a combined wavelength router and switch ("router/switch") 100 according to the principles of the present invention. FIG. 1 shows an array of N optical links, 101.sub.1 through 101.sub.N, each of which may carry a plurality of optical carrier frequencies which may be modulated by a data signal. In a preferred use of the invention, the plurality of optical carrier frequencies are equi-spaced. The plurality of optical carrier frequencies corresponds to a plurality of optical carrier wavelengths. Each of the optical links, such as the link 101.sub.1, thus may carry a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal, also known as a frequency division multiplexed (FDM) signal. The number of optical carrier frequencies, and corresponding wavelengths, may be designated F, and the set of optical carrier frequencies may be designated by f.sub.1, f.sub.2, . . . f.sub.F.

Each of the links 101.sub.1 through 101.sub.N is coupled optically to a respective one of an array of N optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexers, 105.sub.1 through 105.sub.N. The optical link 101.sub.1, for example, is coupled to the wavelength-domain demultiplexer 105.sub.1. Each of the demultiplexers, 105.sub.1 through 105.sub.N, preferably splits the WDM signal received at its input into the respective frequency components of the WDM signal and includes F output ports. The demultiplexer 105.sub.1, for example, includes F output ports, 107.sub.1 through 107.sub.F, each of which may receive one of the modulated frequency, or wavelength, carrier signals included in the WDM signal provided at the input to the demultiplexer 105.sub.1.

The wavelength router/switch 100 also has an array of N optical signal wavelength division switches or frequency changers, 111.sub.1 through 111.sub.N, corresponding to the array of demultiplexers, 105.sub.1 through 105.sub.N. Each of the F output ports of each of the demultiplexers, 105.sub.1 through 105.sub.N, is coupled optically and serves as an input to a corresponding one of the wavelength switches, 111.sub.1 through 111.sub.N. In particular, each of the wavelength switches, 111.sub.1 through 111.sub.N, is coupled optically to a respective set of F outputs from one of the demultiplexers 105.sub.1 through 105.sub.N. Thus, for example, the outputs 107.sub.1 through 107.sub.F from the demultiplexer 105.sub.1 are coupled optically and serve as inputs to the wavelength switch 111.sub.1 , as shown in FIG. 1. Each of the wavelength switches, 111.sub.1 through 111.sub.N, shifts the frequency or wavelength of the carrier signals it receives while maintaining the data modulation of the original signals. Furthermore, each of the wavelength switches, 111.sub.1 through 111.sub.N, which includes F' outputs, may then provide modulated wavelength-shifted or frequency-shifted carrier signals at its F' outputs. Thus, for example, the wavelength switch 111.sub.1 includes F' output ports, 113.sub.1 through 113.sub.F, where F' may be different from F. In one embodiment, the wavelength-shifted carrier signals at the outputs 113.sub.1 through 113.sub.F', for example, may simply be a permutation of the original set of F carrier wavelengths received from the outputs 107.sub.1 through 107.sub.F of the demultiplexer 105.sub.1. In general, however, the F' possible wavelength-shifted carrier signals at the outputs 113.sub.1 through 113.sub.F', for example, may comprise a set of frequencies, f'.sub.1, f'.sub.2 . . . f'.sub.F', different from the original set of carrier frequencies.

The wavelength router/switch 100 further includes an array of F' optical signal space division switches, 117.sub.1 through 117.sub.F'. Each of the space division switches, 117.sub.1 through 117.sub.F', preferably is coupled optically to a respective one of the F' output ports from each of the N wavelength switches, 111.sub.1 through 111.sub.N. More specifically, the outputs from the wavelength switches, 111.sub.1 through 111.sub.N, that use a common one of the F' carrier frequencies or carrier wavelengths, preferably are coupled to the same one of the space switches, 117.sub.1 through 117.sub.F'. Each of the space division switches, 117.sub.1 through 117.sub.F', then preferably routes each of the input signals it receives to a respective one of N' output ports. The space switch 117.sub.1, for example, would route each optical signal it receives to a respective one of N' output ports, 119.sub.1 through 119.sub.N'.

Each of the N' output ports from each of the space switches, 117.sub.1 through 117.sub.F', is coupled optically to one of an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, 125.sub.1 through 125.sub.N'. In particular, each of the multiplexers, 125.sub.1 through 125.sub.N', is coupled to a respective one of the N' output ports from each of the space switches, 117.sub.1 through 117.sub.F'. Each of the optical multiplexers, 125.sub.1 through 125.sub.N', may thus receive an optical signal from each of the space switches, 117.sub.1 through 117.sub.F'. The output of each of the multiplexers, 125.sub.1 through 125.sub.N', would be a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal which may be transmitted along a respective optical link, such as link 127.sub.1 coupled to the multiplexer 125.sub.1 through optical link 127.sub.N' coupled to the multiplexer 125.sub.N'.

Each of the space switches, 117.sub.1 through 117.sub.F', may comprise, for example, a plurality of lithium niobate, LiNbO.sub.3, spatial switching elements interconnected as a multi-stage network. Each of the multiplexers, 125.sub.1 through 125.sub.N', may be implemented, for example, by using optical star couplers. Alternatively, they may be implemented by using a wavelength-domain multiplexer, which may be accomplished by inverting a wavelength-domain demultiplexer, such as the demultiplexer 105.sub.1. The different components of the wavelength router/switch 100 may be optically coupled, for example, by optical fibers or any other suitable optical link.

One advantage of the present invention is that the degree of connectivity of the wavelength router/switch 100 is increased, relative to a simple waveguide grating router or a spatial switch alone. The degree of connectivity of the wavelength router/switch 100 may be expressed as (N.times.N'.times.F.times.F'), where N and N' represent the number of input links, 101.sub.1 through 101.sub.N, and output links, 127.sub.1 through 127.sub.N', respectively, and where F and F' represent the respective numbers of optical carrier frequencies or wavelengths, as indicated above. It should be noted, however, that the maximum number of simultaneous connections is given by the smaller of (N.times.F) and (N'.times.F').

FIG. 2 is a more detailed block diagram of one suitable embodiment of one of the wavelength switches, 111.sub.1 through 111.sub.N, such as the wavelength switch 111.sub.1. Each of the F outputs, 107.sub.1 through 107.sub.F, from the demultiplexer 105.sub.1 preferably is coupled optically and serves as an input to a respective one of an array of F wavelength converters, 201.sub.1 through 201.sub.F. Wavelength converters are also known in the art as frequency translators or wavelength shifters. The output port 107.sub.1, at which the f.sub.1 component of the WDM signal from the link 101.sub.1 appears, may be coupled, for example, to the wavelength converter 201.sub.1 as shown in FIG. 2. Similarly, the output port 107.sub.F, at which the f.sub.F component of the WDM signal from the link 101.sub.1 appears, may be coupled, for example, to the wavelength converter 201.sub.F. Several designs for achieving optical signal frequency translation are known in the art and are suitable for use in the present invention. One wavelength conversion technique which may be used in the present invention is described in the article "High Performance Optical Wavelength Shifter," Electronics Letters, Vol. 28, No. 18, August 1992, pp. 1714-1715, by Glance et al., which is incorporated by reference herein.

The outputs from the F wavelength converters, 201.sub.1 through 201.sub.F, are then coupled optically to a wavelength router 202 arranged such that the set of F' possible carrier frequencies at the outputs 113.sub.1 through 113.sub.F, appear in a specified order and at specified output ports. The router 202 may comprise, for example, a combiner 203, such as an optical star coupler, the output of which is coupled to a grating-based optical demultiplexer 205.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a second embodiment of an optical signal wavelength router/switch 300 according to the principles of the present invention. This second embodiment is similar to the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1, with the addition of a second array of optical signal wavelength division switches connected between the array of space switches and the array of optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers. The addition of the second array of wavelength switches may be necessary to meet the channel carrier-frequency ordering requirements of the optical system.

Specifically, with reference to FIG. 3, the wavelength router/switch 300 may include an array of optical links, 301.sub.1 through 301.sub.N, each of which may carry a WDM signal and which is connected to a respective one of an array of N optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexers, 305.sub.1 through 305.sub.N. Each of the demultiplexers, 305.sub.1 through 305.sub.N, preferably splits the WDM signal received at its input into the respective frequency or wavelength components of the WDM signal and includes F output ports. Thus, for example, the demultiplexer 305.sub.1 includes the output ports, 307.sub.1 through 307.sub.F.

The wavelength router/switch of FIG. 3 also includes an array of N optical signal wavelength division switches, 311.sub.1 through 311.sub.N, corresponding to the array of demultiplexers, 305.sub.1 through 305.sub.N. The output ports of each of the demultiplexers, 305.sub.1 through 305.sub.N, are coupled optically and serve as inputs to a corresponding one of the wavelength switches, 311.sub.1 through 311.sub.N. For this purpose, each of the wavelength switches, 311.sub.1 through 311.sub.N, is coupled to a respective set of F outputs from one of the demultiplexers, 305.sub.1 through 305.sub.N. Thus, for example, the output ports, 307.sub.1 through 307.sub.F, of the demultiplexer 305.sub.1 are coupled to the wavelength switch 311.sub.1 as shown in FIG. 3. Each of the wavelength switches, 311.sub.1 through 311.sub.N, may be implemented in the same manner as the wavelength switch 111.sub.1 shown in FIG. 2 with H replacing F'. Each of the wavelength switches, 311.sub.1 through 311.sub.N, thus includes H output ports. The wavelength switch 311.sub.1, for example, includes H output ports, 313.sub.1 through 313.sub.H, each of which corresponds to one of H shifted wavelengths or frequencies.

The wavelength router/switch of FIG. 3 further includes an array of H space division switches, 317.sub.1 through 317.sub.H. Each of the space switches, 317.sub.1 through 317.sub.H, preferably is coupled optically to a respective one of the outputs from each of the wavelength switches, 311.sub.1 through 311.sub.N. More specifically, the outputs from the wavelength switches, 311.sub.1 through 311.sub.N, that are using a common one of the H carrier frequencies or carrier wavelengths, preferably are coupled to the same one of the space division switches, 317.sub.1 through 317.sub.H. Each of the space division switches, 317.sub.1 through 317.sub.H, may comprise, for example, a plurality of LiNbO.sub.3 spatial switching elements interconnected as a multi-stage network.

Each of the space division switches, 317.sub.1 through 317.sub.H, preferably routes each of the input signals it receives to a respective one of N' output ports. The space switch 317.sub.1, for example, routes each optical signal it receives to a respective one of N' output ports, 319.sub.1 through 319.sub.N'. Each of the N' output ports from each of the space switches, 317.sub.1 through 317.sub.H, preferably is coupled optically to one of a second array of N' optical signal wavelength division switches, 321.sub.1 through 321.sub.N'. In particular, each of the wavelength switches, 321.sub.1 through 321.sub.N', is coupled to a respective one of the N' output ports from each of the space switches, 317.sub.1 through 317.sub.H. Thus, each of the wavelength switches, 321.sub.1 through 321.sub.N', may receive an optical signal from each of the H space switches, 317.sub.1 through 317.sub.H.

Each of the wavelength switches, 321.sub.1 through 321.sub.N', shifts the frequency or wavelength of the carrier signals it receives to one of F' possible wavelengths while maintaining the data modulation of the original signals. Each of the wavelength switches, 321.sub.1 through 321.sub.N', includes F' output ports and may be implemented in a manner similar to the wavelength switch 111.sub.1 in FIG. 2, with F replaced by H. The wavelength switch 321.sub.1, for example, includes F' output ports, 323.sub.1 through 323.sub.F'. Each of F, F' and H may be different from one another. It should be noted, however, that it is desirable to choose a large H to avoid blocking. In particular, the wavelength router/switch 300 is nonblocking if H is equal to or greater than (F+F'-1).

Each of the F' outputs from any one of the wavelength switches, 321.sub.1 through 321.sub.N', is coupled optically to the same respective one of an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, 325.sub.1 through 325.sub.N'. Thus, for example, the output ports, 323.sub.1 through 323.sub.F', of the wavelength switch 321.sub.1 are coupled to the multiplexer 325.sub.1, so that the multiplexer may receive an optical signal in each of the F' carrier frequencies. The output of each of the multiplexers, 325.sub.1 through 325.sub.N', would be a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal and may be transmitted along a respective optical link, such as link 327.sub.1 connected to the output of the multiplexer 325.sub.1 through link 327.sub.N' connected to the multiplexer 325.sub.N'. As indicated above, the addition of the second array of wavelength switches allows the carrier frequencies or wavelengths to be shifted to meet the channel ordering requirements of the output links.

Although the above embodiments are described with reference to the use of WDM signals, the present invention may also be extended to situations where information is carried by a combination of wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) and time division multiplexed (TDM) signals. If, for example, the signals that are carried on the input links, 101.sub.1 through 101.sub.N or 301.sub.1 through 301.sub.N, are WDM signals which are time-slotted, then the degree of connectivity increases to (N.times.N'.times.F.times.F'.times.T), where T is a positive integer and represents the number of different time slots.

The number of required space division switches and wavelength division switches can be reduced by using optical signal time-multiplexed space division (TMS) switches, in which the connection patterns can be changed for different time slots, and by using optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches, in which a wavelength switch can tune to different frequencies or wavelengths during different time slots. As shown in FIG. 4, for example, an array of (F.times.F') TMW switches, 411.sub.1 through 411.sub.N, may replace the array of wavelength switches, 111.sub.1 through 111.sub.N, in FIG. 1, and an array of (N.times.N') TMS switches, 417.sub.1 through 417.sub.F', may replace the array of space division switches, 117.sub.1 through 117.sub.F', in FIG. 1.

With further reference to FIG. 4, an array of optical links, 401.sub.1 through 401.sub.N, each of which is suitable for carrying optical signals that are mutliplexed in time as well as in wavelength ("WDM/TDM" signal), is coupled optically to a respective array of N optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexers, 405.sub.1 through 405.sub.N. The optical link 401.sub.1, for example, is coupled to the wavelength-domain demultiplexer 405.sub.1. Each of the demultiplexers, 405.sub.1 through 405.sub.N, preferably splits the WDM/TDM signal received at its input into the respective frequency or wavelength components of the WDM/TDM signal and includes F output ports. The demultiplexer 405.sub.1, for example, includes F output ports, 407.sub.1 through 407.sub.F.

The wavelength router/switch of FIG. 4 also includes an array of N optical signal TMW switches, 411.sub.1 through 411.sub.N, corresponding to the array of demultiplexers, 405.sub.1 through 405.sub.N. The outputs of each of the demultiplexers, 405.sub.1 through 405.sub.N, are coupled optically and serve as inputs to one of the corresponding wavelength switches, 411.sub.1 through 411.sub.N. Specifically, each of the wavelength switches, 411.sub.1 through 411.sub.N, is coupled to a respective set of F outputs from one of the demultiplexers, 405.sub.1 through 405.sub.N. Thus, for example, the output ports 407.sub.1 through 407.sub.F of the demultiplexer 405.sub.1 are coupled and may serve as inputs to the wavelength switch 411.sub.1 as shown in FIG. 4.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a functional representation of an optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switch, such as the TMW switch 411.sub.1, for use in the wavelength router/switch of FIG. 4. If the optical signal on the link 401.sub.1 of FIG. 4, for example, is multiplexed in time as well as wavelength ("WDM/TDM signal"), then the signals appearing at the output ports, 407.sub.1 through 407.sub.F, of the wavelength-domain demultiplexer 405.sub.1 are TDM signals, each time-slot using, for example, a different one of the F carrier frequencies or wavelengths. These TDM signals are shown at the far left-hand side of FIG. 5 and are coupled to a respective array of F optical signal time-domain demultiplexers, 501.sub.1 through 501.sub.F. Each of the time-domain demultiplexers, 501.sub.1 through 501.sub.F, includes T output ports. The demultiplexer 501.sub.1, for example, includes T output ports, 502.sub.1 through 502.sub.T. The signals at the T output ports correspond to the signals using a specified one of the F carrier frequencies and appearing in the T time slots, where the set of time slots may be designated t.sub.1, t.sub.2, . . . t.sub.r. Thus, for example, a signal using the frequency f.sub.1 in the time slot t.sub.1 would appear at the output port 502.sub.1, and a signal using the frequency f.sub.1 in the time slot t.sub.T would appear at the output port 502.sub.T. It should be understood that the output ports 502.sub.1 through 502.sub.T may be implemented as a single time-shared port.

The TMW switch of FIG. 5 also includes an array of T optical signal wavelength division switches, 503.sub.1 through 503.sub.T. Each of the wavelength switches, 503.sub.1 through 503.sub.T, would then receive each of the signals occurring in a particular time slot. For this purpose, each of the wavelength switches, 503.sub.1 through 503.sub.T, is coupled optically to a respective one of the T outputs from each of the F time-domain demultiplexers, 501.sub.1 through 501.sub.F. Furthermore, each of the wavelength switches, 503.sub.1 through 503.sub.T, is functionally equivalent to the wavelength switch 111.sub.1 shown in FIG. 2, and shifts the frequency or wavelength of the carrier signals to one of the F' possible wavelength-shifted carrier signals, f'.sub.1, f'.sub.2, . . . f'.sub.F'. As before, the data modulation of the original signals is maintained. Thus, for example, as shown in FIG. 5, the wavelength switch 503.sub.1 includes F' output ports, 504.sub.1 through 504.sub.F'. A signal using the frequency f'.sub.1 in the time slot t.sub.1 would appear, for example, at the output port 504.sub.1, and a signal using the frequency f'.sub.F' in the time slot t.sub.1 would appear at the output port 504.sub.F'. Again, it should be understood that the wavelength division switches, 503.sub.1 through 503.sub.T may be implemented as a single time-shared switch whose connection patterns can be changed for different time slots.

Each of the F' output ports of one of the wavelength switches, 503.sub.1 through 503.sub.T, is coupled to a respective one of F' optical signal time-domain multiplexers, 505.sub.1 through 505.sub.F'. Each of the time-domain multiplexers, 505.sub.1 through 505.sub.F', may thus receive optical signals using a specified carrier frequency or wavelength in each of the T time slots. The output of each of the multiplexers, 505.sub.1 through 505.sub.F', would be a time division multiplexed (TDM) signal using a specified carrier frequency or wavelength and appears at a corresponding one of F' output ports, 413.sub.1 through 413.sub.F'. The optical signal appearing at the output port 413.sub.1, for example, would be a TDM signal using the frequency f'.sub.1.

As discussed above, FIG. 5 is a functional representation of one of the TMW switches 411.sub.1 through 411.sub.N. The switch shown in FIG. 5, however, may also be a suitable embodiment of each of the switches 411.sub.1 through 411.sub.N. Each of the wavelength switches, 503.sub.1 through 503.sub.T, may then be implemented by the wavelength switch 111.sub.1 as shown in FIG. 2. Although such an embodiment would not reduce the number of wavelength division switches required, it would allow time division multiplexed signals to be used in the system, as described above.

As shown in FIG. 4, the array of TMS switches, 417.sub.1 through 417.sub.F', may be coupled to the output ports of the array of TMW switches, 411.sub.1 through 411.sub.N, in a manner analogous to the manner in which the array of space switches, 117.sub.1 through 117.sub.F', is coupled to the output ports of the array of wavelength switches, 111.sub.1 through 111.sub.N in FIG. 1. Specifically, each of the TMS switches, 417.sub.1 through 417.sub.F', preferably is coupled to a respective one of the F' outputs from each of the TMW switches, 411.sub.1 through 411.sub.N. The outputs from the TMW switches, 411.sub.1 through 411.sub.N, that are using a common one of the F' carrier frequencies or carrier wavelengths, preferably are coupled to the same one of the TMS switches, 417.sub.1 through 417.sub.F'.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a functional representation of an optical signal time-multiplexed space division (TMS) switch, such as the TMS switch 417.sub.1, for use in the wavelength router/switch of FIG. 4. As explained above, the TMS switch 417.sub.1 may receive a TDM signal from each of the TMW switches, 411.sub.1 through 411.sub.N, where the TDM signals received by the TMS switch 417.sub.1 are each using the same frequency carrier, for example, f'.sub.1. The TMS switch 417.sub.1 includes an array of N optical signal time-domain demultiplexers, 601.sub.1 through 601.sub.N, each of which may receive as its input one of the TDM signals received by the TMS switch 417.sub.1. Each of the time-domain demultiplexers, 601.sub.1 through 601.sub.N, preferably splits the TDM signal it receives into T signals, corresponding to the signals in each of the T time slots, and includes T output ports. The demultiplexer 601.sub.1, for example, includes T output ports, 602.sub.1 through 602.sub.T. It should be understood, however, that the ports 602.sub.1 through 602.sub.T may be implemented as a single time-shared port.

The TMS switch 417.sub.1 also includes T optical signal space division switches, 603.sub.1 through 603.sub.T, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of the outputs from each of the demultiplexers, 601.sub.1 through 601.sub.N, so as preferably to receive the signals using the specified carrier frequency and occurring in a specified time slot. Thus, for example, the space division switch 603.sub.1 would receive the signals using the carrier frequency f'.sub.1 and occurring during the time slot t.sub.1. Similarly, the space switch 603.sub.T, for example, may receive the signals using the carrier frequency f'.sub.1 and occurring during the time slot t.sub.T. Again, it should be understood that the space switches 603.sub.1 through 603.sub.T may be implemented as a single space division switch whose connection patterns change for different time slots.

Each of the space division switches, 603.sub.1 through 603.sub.T, includes N' output ports. The space switch 603.sub.1, for example, includes N' output ports, 604.sub.1 through 604.sub.N'. Finally, the TMS switch 417.sub.1 includes an array of N optical signal time-domain multiplexers, 605.sub.1 through 605.sub.N'. Each of the outputs from the space switches, 603.sub.1 through 603.sub.T, is coupled optically to one of the multiplexers, 605.sub.1 through 605.sub.N'. In particular, each of the multiplexers, 605.sub.1 through 605.sub.N', is coupled to a respective one of the N' outputs from each of the space switches, 603.sub.1 through 603.sub.T. Thus, each of the time-domain multiplexers, 605.sub.1 through 605.sub.N', may receive an optical signal using a specified carrier frequency from each of the space switches, 603.sub.1 through 603.sub.T. The output of each of the multiplexers, 605.sub.1 through 605.sub.N', would be a time division multiplexed (TDM) signal using the carrier frequency f'.sub.1 and appears at a corresponding one of N' output ports, 419.sub.1 through 419.sub.N'.

As discussed above, FIG. 6 is a functional representation of one of the TMW switches 417.sub.1 through 417.sub.F'. The switch shown in FIG. 6, however, may also be a suitable embodiment of each of the switches 417.sub.1 through 417.sub.F'. Each of the space division switches, 603.sub.1 through 603.sub.T, may then comprise, for example, a plurality of LiNbO.sub.3, spatial switching elements interconnected as a multi-stage network. Similarly, each of the time-domain demultiplexers, 601.sub.1 through 601.sub.N, may be implemented, for example, by a (1.times.T) LiNbO.sub.3 switch, and each of the time-domain multiplexers, 605.sub.1 through 605.sub.N, may be implemented, for example, by using an inverse of one of the demultiplexers 601.sub.1 through 601.sub.N. Although such an embodiment would not reduce the number of space division switches required, it would allow time division multiplexed signals to be used in the system, as described above.

With respect to FIG. 4, each of the output ports from each of the TMS switches, 417.sub.1 through 417.sub.F', is coupled optically to one of an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, 425.sub.1 through 425.sub.N'. In particular, each of the multiplexers, 425.sub.1 through 425.sub.N', is coupled to a respective one of the N' output ports from each of the TMS switches, 417.sub.1 through 417.sub.F', as shown in FIG. 4. Each of the optical multiplexers, 425.sub.1 through 425.sub.N', may thus receive an optical signal from each of the TMS switches, 417.sub.1 through 417.sub.F'. As further shown in FIG. 4, the output of each of the multiplexers, 425.sub.1 through 425.sub.N', would be a WDM/TDM signal which may be transmitted along a corresponding one of N' optical links, 427.sub.1 through 427.sub.N'. The different components of the wavelength router/switch of FIG. 4 may be optically coupled, for example, by optical fibers or by any other suitable optical links.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing yet a further embodiment of an optical signal wavelength router/switch according to the principles of the present invention. This embodiment is similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, with the addition of a second array of TMW switches connected between the array of TMS switches and the array of optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers. The addition of the second array of TMW switches may be necessary to meet the channel ordering requirements of the optical system.

Specifically, with reference to FIG. 7, the wavelength router/switch may include an array of optical links, 701.sub.1 through 701.sub.N, each of which may suitably carry a WDM/TDM signal and which is coupled optically to a respective one of an array of N optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexers, 705.sub.1 through 705.sub.N. The optical link 701.sub.1, for example, is coupled to the wavelength-domain demultiplexer 705.sub.1. Each of the demultiplexers, 705.sub.1 through 705.sub.N, preferably splits the WDM/TDM signal received at its input into the respective frequency or wavelength components of the WDM/TDM signal and includes F output ports. The demultiplexer 705.sub.1, for example, includes F output ports, 707.sub.1 through 707.sub.F, each of which corresponds to one of F demultiplexed carrier frequencies.

The wavelength router/switch of FIG. 7 also includes an array of N optical signal TMW switches, 711.sub.1 through 711.sub.N, corresponding to the array of demultiplexers, 705.sub.1 through 705.sub.N. The outputs of each of the demultiplexers, 705.sub.1 through 705.sub.N, are coupled optically and serve as inputs to a corresponding one of N TMW switches, 711.sub.1 through 711.sub.N. For this purpose, each of the TMW switches, 711.sub.1 through 711.sub.N, is coupled to a respective set of F outputs from one of the demultiplexers, 705.sub.1 through 705.sub.N. Thus, for example, the outputs ports, 707.sub.1 through 707.sub.F, of the demultiplexer 705.sub.1 are coupled to the TMW switch 711.sub.1 as shown in FIG. 7. Each of the TMW switches, 711.sub.1 through 711.sub.N, is functionally equivalent to and may be implemented in the same manner as the TMW switch 411.sub.1 shown in FIG. 5 with H replacing F'. Each of the TMW switches, 711.sub.1 through 711.sub.N, thus has H output ports. The TMW switch 711.sub.1, for example, includes H output ports, 713.sub.1 through 713.sub.H, each of which corresponds to one of H shifted carrier frequencies.

The wavelength router/switch of FIG. 7 further includes an array of H TMS switches, 717.sub.1 through 717.sub.H. Each of the TMS switches, 717.sub.1 through 717.sub.H, preferably is coupled optically to a respective one of the outputs from each of the TMW switches, 711.sub.1 through 711.sub.N. More specifically, the outputs from the TMW switches, 711.sub.1 through 711.sub.N, that are using a common one of the H carrier frequencies or carrier wavelengths, preferably are coupled to the same one of the TMS switches, 717.sub.1 through 717.sub.H. Each of the TMS switches, 717.sub.1 through 717.sub.H, may be implemented in the same manner as the TMS switch 417.sub.1 shown in FIG. 6. Then each of the TMS switches, 717.sub.1 through 717.sub.H, would preferably route each of the input signals it receives to a respective one of N' output ports. The TMS switch 717.sub.1, for example, routes each optical signal it receives to a respective one of N' output ports, 719.sub.1 through 719.sub.N'.

Each of the N' output ports from each of the TMS switches, 717.sub.1 through 717.sub.H, preferably is coupled optically to one of a second array of TMW switches, 721.sub.1 through 721.sub.N'. In particular, each of the wavelength switches, 721.sub.1 through 721.sub.N', is coupled to a respective one of the N' outputs from each of the TMS switches, 717.sub.1 through 717.sub.H. Thus, each of the TMW switches, 721.sub.1 through 721.sub.N', may receive an optical signal from each of the TMS switches, 717.sub.1 through 717.sub.H.

Each of the TMW switches, 721.sub.1 through 721.sub.N', may be implemented in the same manner as the TMW switch 411.sub.1 shown in FIG. 5, with F replaced by H. The TMW switch 721.sub.1, for example, includes F' output ports, 723.sub.1 through 723.sub.F', each of which corresponds to one of F' shifted carrier frequencies. Each of the F' outputs from any one of the TMW switches, 721.sub.1 through 721.sub.N', preferably is coupled optically to the same respective one of an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, 725.sub.1 through 725.sub.N'. Thus, for example, the output ports 723.sub.1 through 723.sub.F', are coupled to the multiplexer 725.sub.1. Each of the multiplexers, 725.sub.1 through 725.sub.N', may receive a TDM signal in each of the F' carrier frequencies. The output of each of the multiplexers, 725.sub.1 through 725.sub.N', would be a WDM/TDM signal and may be transmitted along a corresponding one of N' optical links, 727.sub.1 through 727.sub.N'. As indicated above, the addition of the second array of TMW switches, 721.sub.1 through 721.sub.N', allows the carrier frequencies to be shifted or switched to meet the channel ordering requirements of the optical system.

The respective arrays of space switches in FIGS. 1, 3, and 6 may be replaced by single space division switches whose crosspoint settings are selected separately for different wavelengths. In addition, time division switches or time slot interchangers may be included in the system to provide a further increase in connectivity and an improvement in switch performance. Furthermore, although the general situation has been discussed in which the various wavelength, space, TMW and TMS switches may be asymmetric, it should be understood that symmetric switches, which have the same number of outputs as inputs, may also be used.

It will be appreciated that, although the present invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, other arrangements within the spirit and scope of the present invention will be readily apparent to persons of ordinary skill in the art. The present invention is, therefore, limited only by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus comprising;

an array of N optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexers each of which includes an input and a set of F output ports;

an array of N optical signal wavelength division switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said sets of F output ports and each of which includes a set of F' output ports, wherein each of the optical signal wavelength division switches in said array of N optical signal wavelength division switches comprises:

(i) an array of F optical signal wavelength converters each of which includes an output,

(ii) an optical signal combiner coupled optically to the output of each of said F optical signal wavelength converters, and

(iii) an optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexer coupled optically to said optical signal combiner;

an array of F' optical signal space division switches, each of which is coupled optically to respective one of said F' output ports from each of said N optical signal wavelength division switches, and each of which includes a set of N' output ports; and

an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of N' output ports from each of said F' optical signal space division switches, and each of which includes an output.

2. A combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus comprising:

an array of N optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexers each of which includes an input and a set of F output ports;

an array of N optical signal wavelength division switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said sets of F output ports and each of which includes a set of F' output ports;

an array of F' optical signal space division switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said F' output ports from each of said N optical signal wavelength division switches, and each of which includes a set of N' output ports; and

an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of N' output ports from each of said F' optical signal space division switches, and each of which includes an output, wherein,

F' is greater than F and N' is greater than N.

3. The combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus of claim 1 wherein each of the optical signal space division switches in said F' optical signal space division switches comprises a plurality of lithium niobate spatial switching elements.

4. The combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus of claim 1 wherein said array of F' optical signal space division switches comprises a single space division switch whose crosspoint settings are selected separately for different wavelengths.

5. The combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus of claim 1 wherein each of said N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers comprises an optical signal star coupler.

6. A combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus comprising:

an array of N optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexers each of which includes an input and a set of F output ports;

an array of N optical signal wavelength division switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said sets of F output ports and each of which includes a set of H output ports;

an array of H optical signal space division switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said H output ports from each of said N optical signal wavelength division switches, and each of which includes a set of N' output ports;

an array of N' optical signal wavelength division switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of N' output ports from each of said H optical signal space division switches, and each of which includes a set of F' output ports; and

an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of F' output ports, each of which includes an output, wherein,

H is equal to or greater than (F+F'-1).

7. The combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus of claim 6 wherein each of the optical signal space division switches in said array of H optical signal space division switches comprises a plurality of lithium niobate spatial switching elements.

8. The combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus of claim 6 wherein said array of H optical signal space division switches comprises a single space division switch whose crosspoint settings are selected separately for different wavelengths.

9. The combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus of claim 6 wherein each of the optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers in said array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers comprises an optical signal star coupler.

10. A combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus comprising:

an array of N optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexers each of which includes an input and a set of F output ports;

an array of N optical signal wavelength division switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said sets of F output ports and each of which includes a set of H output ports, wherein each of the optical signal wavelength division switches in said array of N optical signal wavelength division switches comprises:

(i) an array of F optical signal wavelength converters each of which includes an output,

(ii) an optical signal combiner coupled optically to the output of each of said F optical signal wavelength converters, and

(iii) an optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexer coupled optically to said optical signal combiner;

an array of H optical signal space division switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said H output ports from each of said N optical signal wavelength division switches, and each of which includes a set of N' output ports;

an array of N' optical signal wavelength division switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of N' output ports from each of said H optical signal space division switches, and each of which includes a set of F' output ports; and

an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of F' output ports, each of which includes an output.

11. A combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus comprising:

an array of N optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexers each of which includes an input and a set of F output ports;

an array of N optical signal wavelength division switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said sets of F output ports and each of which includes a set of H output ports;

an array of H optical signal space division switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said H output ports from each of said N optical signal wavelength division switches, and each of which includes a set of N' output ports;

an array of N' optical signal wavelength division switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of N' output ports from each of said H optical signal space division switches, and each of which includes a set of F' output ports, wherein each of the optical signal wavelength division switches in said array of N' optical signal wavelength division switches comprises:

(i) an array of H optical signal wavelength converters each of which includes an output,

(ii) an optical signal combiner coupled optically to the output of each of said H optical signal wavelength converters, and

(iii) an optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexer coupled optically to said optical signal combiner; and

an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of F' output ports, and each of which includes an output.

12. A combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus comprising:

an array of N optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexers each of which demultiplexers includes an input and a set of F output ports;

an array of N optical signal time-multiplexed (TMW) switches, each of which TMW switches is coupled optically to a respective one of said sets of F output ports and each of which includes a set of F' output ports;

an array of F' optical signal space time-multiplexed space division (TMS) switches, each of which TMS switches is coupled optically to a respective one of said F' output ports from each of said N optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches, and each of which includes a set of N' output ports; and

an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of N' output ports from each of said F' optical signal time-multiplexed space division (TMS) switches, and each of which includes an output, wherein,

F' is greater than F and N' is greater than N.

13. The combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus of claim 12 wherein each of the optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers in said array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers comprises an optical signal star coupler.

14. A combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus comprising:

an array of N optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexers each of which includes an input and a set of F output ports;

an array of N optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches, each of which TMW switches is coupled optically to a respective one of the sets of F output ports and each of which includes a set of F' output ports, wherein each of the optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches in said array of N optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division switches comprises:

(i) an array of F optical signal time-domain demultiplexers each of which includes a set of T output ports,

(ii) an array of T optical signal wavelength division switches each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of T output ports from each of said F optical signal time-domain demultiplexers, and each of which includes a set of F' output ports, and

(iii) an array of F' optical signal time-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of F output ports from each of said T optical signal wavelength division switches, and each of which includes an output;

an array of F' optical signal time-multiplexed space division (TMS) switches, each of which TMS switches is coupled optically to a respective one of the F' output ports from each of the N TMW switches, and each of which includes a set of N' output ports; and

an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of N' output ports from each of said F' TMS switches, and each of which includes an output.

15. The combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus of claim 14 wherein each of the optical signal wavelength division switches in said array of T optical signal wavelength division switches comprises:

an array of F optical signal wavelength converters each of which includes an output;

an optical signal combiner coupled optically to the output of each of said F optical signal wavelength converters; and

an optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexer coupled optically to said optical signal combiner.

16. A combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus comprising:

an array of N optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexers each of which includes an input and a set of F output ports;

an array of N optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches, each of which TMW switches is coupled optically to a respective one of the sets of F output ports and each of which includes a set of F' output ports;

an array of F' optical signal time-multiplexed space division (TMS) switches, each of which TMS switches is coupled optically to a respective one of the F' output ports from each of the N TMW switches, and each of which includes a set of N' output ports, wherein each of the optical signal time-multiplexed space division (TMS) switches in said array of F optical signal time-multiplexed space division (TMS) switches comprises:

(i) an array of N optical signal time-domain demultiplexers each of which includes a set of T output ports,

(ii) an array of T optical signal space division switches each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of T output ports from each of said N optical signal time-domain demultiplexers, and each of which includes a set of N' output ports, and

(iii) an array of N' optical signal time-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of N' output ports from each of said T optical signal space division switches, and each of which includes an output; and

an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of N' output ports from each of said F' TMS switches, and each of which includes an output.

17. The combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus of claim 16 wherein each of the optical signal space division switches in said array of T optical signal space division switches comprises a plurality of lithium niobate spatial switching elements.

18. The combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus of claim 16 wherein said array of T optical signal space division switches comprises a single space division switch whose crosspoint settings are selected separately for different wavelengths.

19. A combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus comprising:

an array of N optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexers each of which includes an input and a set of F output ports;

an array of N optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said sets of F output ports and each of which includes a set of H output ports;

an array of H optical signal time-multiplexed space division (TMS) switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said H output ports from each of said N optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches, and each of which includes a set of N' output ports;

an array of N' optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of N' output ports from each of said H optical signal time-multiplexed space division (TMS) switches, and each of which includes a set of F' output ports; and

an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of F' output ports, each of which includes an output, wherein,

H is equal to or greater than (F+F'-1).

20. The combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus of claim 19 wherein each of said N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers comprises an optical signal star coupler.

21. A combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus comprising:

an array of N optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexers each of which includes an input and a set of F output ports;

an array of N optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said sets of F output ports and each of which includes a set of H output ports, wherein each of the optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches in said array of N optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches comprises:

(i) an array of F optical signal time-domain demultiplexers each of which includes a set of T output ports,

(ii) an array of T optical signal wavelength division switches each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of T output ports from each of said F optical signal time-domain demultiplexers, and each of which includes a set of H output ports, and

(iii) an array of H optical signal time-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of H output ports from each of said T optical signal wavelength division switches, and each of which includes an output;

an array of H optical signal time-multiplexed space division (TMS) switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said H output ports from each of said N optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches, and each of which includes a set of N' output ports;

an array of N' optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of N' output ports from each of said H optical signal time-multiplexed space division switches, and each of which includes a set of F' output ports; and

an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of F' output ports, each of which includes an output.

22. The combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus of claim 21 wherein each of the optical signal wavelength division switches in said array of T optical signal wavelength division switches comprises:

an array of F optical signal wavelength converters each of which includes an output;

an optical signal combiner coupled optically to the output of each of said F optical signal wavelength converters; and

an optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexer coupled to said optical signal combiner.

23. A combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus comprising:

an array of N optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexers each of which includes an input and a set of F output ports;

an array of N optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said sets of F output ports and each of which includes a set of H output ports;

an array of H optical signal time-multiplexed space division (TMS) switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said H output ports from each of said N optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches, and each of which includes a set of N' output ports;

an array of N' optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of N' output ports from each of said H optical signal time-multiplexed space division switches, and each of which includes a set of F' output ports, wherein each of the optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches in said array of N' optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches comprises:

(i) an array of H optical signal time-domain demultiplexers each of which includes a set of T output ports,

(ii) an array of T optical signal wavelength division switches each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of T output ports from each of said H optical signal time-domain demultiplexers, and each of which includes a set of F' output ports, and

(iii) an array of F' optical signal time-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of F' output ports from each of said T optical signal wavelength division switches, and each of which includes an output;

an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of F' output ports, each of which includes an output.

24. The combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus of claim 23 wherein each of the optical signal wavelength division switches in said array of T optical signal wavelength division switches comprises:

an array of H optical signal wavelength converters each of which includes an output;

an optical signal combiner coupled optically to the output of each of said H optical signal wavelength converters; and

an optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexer coupled to said optical signal combiner.

25. A combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus comprising:

an array of N optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexers each of which includes an input and a set of F output ports:

an array of N optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said sets of F output ports and each of which includes a set of H output ports;

an array of H optical signal time-multiplexed space division (TMS) switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said H output ports from each of said N optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMW) switches, and each of which includes a set of N' output ports, wherein each of the optical signal time multiplexed space division (TMS) switches in said array of H optical signal time-multiplexed space division (TMS) switches comprises:

(i) an array of N optical signal time-domain demultiplexers each of which includes a set of T output ports,

(ii) an array of T optical signal space division switches each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of T output ports from each of said N optical signal time-domain demultiplexers, and each of which includes a set of N' output ports, and

(iii) an array of N' optical signal time-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of N' output ports from each of said T optical signal space division switches, and each of which includes an output;

an array of N' optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division (TMV) switches, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of N' output ports from each of said H optical signal time-multiplexed space division switches, and each of which includes a set of F' output ports;

an array of N' optical signal wavelength-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of F' output ports, each of which includes an output.

26. The combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus of claim 25 wherein each of the optical signal space division switches in said array of T optical signal space division switches comprises a plurality of lithium niobate spatial switching elements.

27. The combined optical signal wavelength router and switch apparatus of claim 25 wherein said array of T optical signal space division switches comprises a single space division switch whose crosspoint settings are selected separately for different wavelengths.

28. An optical signal wavelength division switch comprising:

an array of F optical signal wavelength converters each of which includes an output;

an optical signal combiner coupled optically to the output of each of said F optical signal wavelength converters; and

an optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexer coupled optically to said optical signal combiner, wherein the demultiplexer has a set of F' output ports and wherein F' is greater than F.

29. An optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division switch comprising:

an array of F optical signal time-domain demultiplexers each of which includes a set of T output ports;

an array of T optical signal wavelength division switches each of which is optically coupled to a respective one of said set of T output ports from each of said F optical signal time-domain demultiplexers, and each of which includes a set of F' output ports; and

an array of F' optical signal time-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of F' output ports from each of said T optical signal wavelength division switches, and each of which includes an output, wherein,

F' is greater than F.

30. An optical signal time-multiplexed wavelength division switch comprising:

an array of F optical signal time-domain demultiplexers each of which includes a set of T output ports;

an array of T optical signal wavelength division switches each of which is optically coupled to a respective one of said set of T output ports from each of said F optical signal time-domain demultiplexers, and each of which includes a set of F' output ports, wherein each of the optical signal wavelength division switches in the array further comprise:

(i) an array of F optical signal wavelength converters each of which includes an output,

(ii) an optical signal combiner coupled optically to the output of each of said F optical signal wavelength converters, and

(iii) an optical signal wavelength-domain demultiplexer coupled optically to said optical signal combiner; and

an array of F' optical signal time-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of F' output ports from each of said T optical signal wavelength division switches, and each of which includes an output.

31. An optical signal time-multiplexed space division switch comprising:

an array of N optical signal time-domain demultiplexers each of which includes a set of T output ports;

an array of T optical signal space switches each of which is optically coupled to a respective one of said set of T output ports from each of said N optical signal time-domain demultiplexers, and each of which includes a set of N' output ports; and

an array of N' optical signal time-domain multiplexers, each of which is coupled optically to a respective one of said set of N' output ports from each of said T optical signal space division switches, and each of which includes an output, wherein,

N' is greater than N.