Patent Grant
9512793
This disclosure is related to aftertreatment of NOx emissions in internal combustion engines.
The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure. Accordingly, such statements are not intended to constitute an admission of prior art.
Engine operating strategies to manage combustion to increase fuel efficiency include operating at a lean air-fuel ratio (AFR) using localized or stratified charge combustion within the combustion chamber while operating in an unthrottled condition. While temperatures in the combustion chamber can get high enough in pockets of combustion to create significant quantities of NOx, the overall energy output of the combustion chamber, in particular, the heat energy expelled from the engine through the exhaust gas flow can be substantially lower. Such conditions can be challenging to exhaust aftertreatment strategies, as the aftertreatment devices frequently require elevated operating temperatures driven by the exhaust gas flow temperature to operate adequately to treat NOx emissions.
Aftertreatment systems include catalytic devices to generate chemical reactions to treat exhaust gas constituents. Three-way catalytic devices (TWC) are utilized particularly in gasoline applications to treat exhaust gas constituents. Lean NOx adsorbers (NOx trap) utilize catalysts capable of storing some amount of NOx, and engine control technologies have been developed to combine these NOx adsorbers with fuel efficient engine control strategies to improve fuel efficiency and still achieve acceptable levels of NOx emissions. One known strategy includes using a lean NOx adsorber to store NOx emissions during lean operations and then purge and reduce the stored NOx during rich engine operating conditions with a TWC to nitrogen and water. Particulate filters (DPF) trap soot and particulate matter in diesel applications, and the trapped material is periodically purged during high temperature regeneration events.
One known aftertreatment device includes a selective catalytic reduction device (SCR). The SCR device includes catalytic material that promotes the reaction of NOx with a reductant, such as ammonia or urea, to produce nitrogen and water. The reductants may be injected into an exhaust gas feedstream upstream of the SCR device, requiring injection systems, tanks and control schemes. The tanks may require periodic refilling and can freeze in cold climates requiring additional heaters and insulation.
Catalytic materials used in SCR devices have included vanadium (V) and tungsten (W) on titanium (Ti) and base metals including iron (Fe) or copper (Cu) with a zeolite washcoat. Catalytic materials including copper may perform effectively at lower temperatures but have been shown to have poor thermal durability at higher temperatures. Catalytic materials including iron may perform well at higher temperatures but with decreasing reductant storage efficiency at lower temperatures.
For mobile applications, SCR devices generally have an operating temperature range of 150° C. to 600° C. The temperature range may vary depending on the catalyst. This operating temperature range can decrease during or after higher load operations. Temperatures greater than 600° C. may cause reductants to breakthrough and degrade the SCR catalysts, while the effectiveness of NOx processing decreases at temperatures lower than 150° C.
A method for controlling ammonia generation in an exhaust gas feedstream output from an internal combustion engine equipped with an exhaust aftertreatment system including a first aftertreatment device includes executing an ammonia generation cycle to generate ammonia on the first aftertreatment device. A desired air-fuel ratio output from the engine and entering the exhaust aftertreatment system conducive for generating ammonia on the first aftertreatment device is determined. Operation of a selected combination of a plurality of cylinders of the engine is selectively altered to achieve the desired air-fuel ratio entering the exhaust aftertreatment system.
One or more embodiments will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Referring now to the drawings, wherein the showings are for the purpose of illustrating certain exemplary embodiments only and not for the purpose of limiting the same,
In one embodiment the aftertreatment system 70 can be connected to the engine 10 that is coupled to an electro-mechanical hybrid powertrain system. The electro-mechanical hybrid powertrain system can include torque machines configured to transfer tractive power to a driveline of a vehicle.
The exemplary engine 10 is a multi-cylinder direct-injection four-stroke internal combustion engine having reciprocating pistons 14 slidably movable in cylinders which define variable volume combustion chambers 16. The pistons 14 are connected to a rotating crankshaft 12 by which linear reciprocating motion is translated to rotational motion. An air intake system provides intake air to an intake manifold 29 which directs and distributes air into intake runners of the combustion chambers 16. The air intake system includes airflow ductwork and devices for monitoring and controlling the airflow. The air intake devices preferably include a mass airflow sensor 32 for monitoring mass airflow and intake air temperature. A throttle valve 34 preferably includes an electronically controlled device that is used to control airflow to the engine 10 in response to a control signal (ETC) from the control module 5. A pressure sensor 36 in the intake manifold 29 is configured to monitor manifold absolute pressure and barometric pressure. An external flow passage recirculates exhaust gases from engine exhaust to the intake manifold 29, having a flow control valve referred to as an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve 38. The control module 5 is operative to control mass flow of exhaust gas to the intake manifold 29 by controlling opening of the EGR valve 38.
Airflow from the intake manifold 29 into the combustion chamber 16 is controlled by one or more intake valve(s) 20. Exhaust flow out of the combustion chamber 16 is controlled by one or more exhaust valve(s) 18 to an exhaust manifold 39. The engine 10 is equipped with systems to control and adjust openings and closings of the intake and exhaust valves 20 and 18. In one embodiment, the openings and closings of the intake and exhaust valves 20 and 18 can be controlled and adjusted by controlling intake and exhaust variable cam phasing/variable lift control (VCP/VLC) devices 22 and 24 respectively. The intake and exhaust VCP/VLC devices 22 and 24 are configured to control and operate an intake camshaft 21 and an exhaust camshaft 23, respectively. The rotations of the intake and exhaust camshafts 21 and 23 are linked to and indexed to rotation of the crankshaft 12, thus linking openings and closings of the intake and exhaust valves 20 and 18 to positions of the crankshaft 12 and the pistons 14.
The intake VCP/VLC device 22 preferably includes a mechanism configured to switch and control valve lift of the intake valve(s) 20 and variably adjust and control phasing of the intake camshaft 21 for each cylinder in response to a control signal from the control module 5. The exhaust VCP/VLC device 24 preferably includes a controllable mechanism operative to variably switch and control valve lift of the exhaust valve(s) 18 and variably adjust and control phasing of the exhaust camshaft 23 for each cylinder in response to a control signal from the control module 5.
The intake and exhaust VCP/VLC devices 22 and 24 each preferably includes a controllable two-step variable lift control (VLC) mechanism configured to control magnitude of valve lift, or opening, of the intake and exhaust valve(s) 20 and 18, respectively, to one of two discrete steps. The two discrete steps preferably include a low-lift valve open position (about 4-6 mm in one embodiment) preferably for low speed, low load operation, and a high-lift valve open position (about 8-13 mm in one embodiment) preferably for high speed and high load operation. The intake and exhaust VCP/VLC devices 22 and 24 each preferably includes a variable cam phasing (VCP) mechanism to control and adjust phasing (i.e., relative timing) of opening and closing of the intake valve(s) 20 and the exhaust valve(s) 18 respectively. Adjusting the phasing refers to shifting opening times of the intake and exhaust valve(s) 20 and 18 relative to positions of the crankshaft 12 and the piston 14 in the respective cylinder. The VCP mechanisms of the intake and exhaust VCP/VLC devices 22 and 24 each preferably has a range of phasing authority of about 60°-90° of crank rotation, thus permitting the control module 5 to advance or retard opening and closing of one of intake and exhaust valve(s) 20 and 18 relative to position of the piston 14 for each cylinder. The range of phasing authority is defined and limited by the intake and exhaust VCP/VLC devices 22 and 24. The intake and exhaust VCP/VLC devices 22 and 24 include camshaft position sensors to determine rotational positions of the intake and the exhaust camshafts 21 and 23. The VCP/VLC devices 22 and 24 are actuated using one of electro-hydraulic, hydraulic, and electric control force, controlled by the control module 5.
The engine 10 includes a fuel injection system, including a plurality of high-pressure fuel injectors 28 each configured to directly inject a mass of fuel into one of the combustion chambers 16 in response to a signal from the control module 5. The fuel injectors 28 are supplied pressurized fuel from a fuel distribution system.
The engine 10 includes a spark-ignition system by which spark energy can be provided to a spark plug 26 for igniting or assisting in igniting cylinder charges in each of the combustion chambers 16 in response to a signal from the control module 5.
The engine 10 is equipped with various sensing devices for monitoring engine operation, including a crank sensor 42 having output RPM and operative to monitor crankshaft rotational position, i.e., crank angle and speed, in one embodiment a combustion sensor 30 configured to monitor combustion. The combustion sensor 30 includes a sensor device operative to monitor a state of a combustion parameter and is depicted as a cylinder pressure sensor operative to monitor in-cylinder combustion pressure. The output of the combustion sensor 30 and the crank sensor 42 are monitored by the control module 5 which determines combustion phasing, i.e., timing of combustion pressure relative to the crank angle of the crankshaft 12 for each cylinder for each combustion cycle. The combustion sensor 30 can also be monitored by the control module 5 to determine a mean-effective-pressure (IMEP) for each cylinder for each combustion cycle. Preferably, the engine 10 and control module 5 are mechanized to monitor and determine IMEP for each of the engine cylinders during each cylinder firing event. Alternatively, other sensing systems can be used to monitor other combustion parameters within the scope of the disclosure, e.g., ion-sense ignition systems, and non-intrusive cylinder pressure sensors.
The control module 5 executes routines to control actuators to control engine operation, including throttle position, spark timing, fuel injection mass and timing, intake and/or exhaust valve timing and phasing, and exhaust gas recirculation valve position to control flow of recirculated exhaust gases. Valve timing and phasing may include negative valve overlap and lift of exhaust valve reopening (in an exhaust re-breathing strategy). The control module 5 is configured to receive input signals from an operator (e.g., a throttle pedal position and a brake pedal position) to determine an operator torque request and input from the sensors indicating the engine speed and intake air temperature, and coolant temperature and other ambient conditions.
Control module, module, control, controller, control unit, processor and similar terms mean any one or various combinations of one or more of Application Specific Integrated Circuit(s) (ASIC), electronic circuit(s), central processing unit(s) (preferably microprocessor(s)) and associated memory and storage (read only, programmable read only, random access, hard drive, etc.) executing one or more software or firmware programs or routines, combinational logic circuit(s), input/output circuit(s) and devices, appropriate signal conditioning and buffer circuitry, and other components to provide the described functionality. Software, firmware, programs, instructions, routines, code, algorithms and similar terms mean any instruction sets including calibrations and look-up tables. The control module has a set of control routines executed to provide the desired functions. Routines are executed, such as by a central processing unit, and are operable to monitor inputs from sensing devices and other networked control modules, and execute control and diagnostic routines to control operation of actuators. Routines may be executed at regular intervals, for example each 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 100 milliseconds during ongoing engine and vehicle operation.
In operation, the control module 5 monitors inputs from the aforementioned sensors to determine engine operating parameters. The control module 5 is configured to receive input signals from an operator (e.g., via a throttle pedal and a brake pedal) to determine an operator torque request. The control module 5 monitors the sensors indicating the engine speed and intake air temperature, and coolant temperature and other ambient conditions.
The control module 5 executes routines stored therein to control the aforementioned actuators to form the cylinder charge, including controlling throttle position, spark-ignition timing, fuel injection mass and timing, EGR valve position to control flow of recirculated exhaust gases, and intake and/or exhaust valve timing and phasing on engines so equipped. Valve timing and phasing can include negative valve overlap (NVO) and lift of exhaust valve reopening (in an exhaust re-breathing strategy) in one embodiment. The control module 5 can operate to turn the engine 10 on and off during ongoing vehicle operation, and can operate to selectively deactivate a portion of the combustion chambers 16 or a portion of the intake and exhaust valves 20 and 18 through control of fuel and spark and valve deactivation.
The exhaust aftertreatment system 70 is fluidly connected to the exhaust manifold 39 and includes a catalytic device 48 and an ammonia-SCR device 50. The catalytic device 48 is fluidly and serially connected upstream of the ammonia-SCR device 50. Preferably the catalytic device 48 is located in an engine compartment and is close-coupled to the exhaust manifold 39. Preferably the ammonia-SCR device 50 is located in an underfloor location at an extended distance from the catalytic device 48 determined based upon engine and exhaust gas feedstream operating temperatures and other factors. The exhaust aftertreatment system 70 may include other catalytic and/or trap substrates operative to oxidize, adsorb, desorb, reduce, and combust elements of the exhaust gas feedstream as described herein below.
The exhaust aftertreatment system 70 can be equipped with various sensing devices for monitoring the exhaust gas feedstream from the engine 10, including a first NOx sensor 49, a second NOx sensor 52, and an SCR temperature sensor 51 signally connected to the control module 5. The first and second NOx sensors 49 and 52 detect and quantify NOx molecules in the exhaust gas feedstream. The first NOx sensor 49 detects and quantifies NOx molecules in the exhaust gas feedstream exiting the catalytic device 48 and entering the ammonia-SCR device 50. An additional third NOx sensor 60 may be included upstream of the exhaust aftertreatment system 70 to detect and quantify NOx molecules in the exhaust gas feedstream entering the aftertreatment system 70. In one embodiment only the second NOx sensor 52 is included on the aftertreatment system 70.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the exhaust aftertreatment system 70 is equipped with first and second exhaust gas feedstream sensors 71, 73, respectively. The first exhaust gas feedstream sensor 71 can be configured to monitor an AFR in the exhaust gas feedstream at a first location in the exhaust aftertreatment system 70 that includes an AFR in the exhaust gas feedstream upstream of the catalytic device 48. The second exhaust gas feedstream sensor 73 can be configured to monitor an AFR in the exhaust gas feedstream at a second location in the exhaust aftertreatment system 70 that includes an AFR in the exhaust gas feedstream downstream of the catalytic device 48. The first and second exhaust gas feedstream sensors 71, 73, respectively, can each include a wide-range AFR sensor configured to generate a linear signal corresponding to AFR over an AFR range. Alternatively, in one embodiment, the first and second exhaust gas feedstream sensors 71, 73, respectively, can include a switch-type stoichiometric sensor configured to generate an output signal that corresponds to an AFR that is one of rich of stoichiometry and lean of stoichiometry. As will become apparent, the control module can control AFR based upon feedback from the first and second exhaust gas feedstream sensors 71, 73, respectively.
During engine operation, the exemplary engine 10 generates an exhaust gas feedstream containing constituent elements that can be transformed in the aftertreatment system, including unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulate matter (PM), among others. Oxygen (O2) is present in the exhaust gas feedstream after operating the engine 10 lean of stoichiometry. Hydrogen (H2) production can occur in the engine 10 through the combustion process. Combustion in a stoichiometric or rich AFR environment, wherein molecular oxygen is scarce due to oxygen being depleted, tends to produce elevated levels of molecular hydrogen.
The catalytic device 48, e.g., first aftertreatment device, performs a number of catalytic functions for treating an exhaust gas flow. The catalytic device 48 oxidizes hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). The catalytic device 48 is formulated to produce ammonia during stoichiometric and rich engine operation. The formulation may involve using varying catalysts including platinum group metals, e.g., platinum, palladium, and rhodium, with cerium and zirconium oxides for oxygen storage capacity. In one embodiment, the catalytic device 48 is a three-way catalytic converter configured to oxidize hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) and reduce NOx during stoichiometric engine operations.
The ammonia-SCR device 50 reduces NOx into other molecules, including nitrogen and water as described hereinbelow. An exemplary ammonia-SCR device 50 includes a substrate coated with a zeolite washcoat and catalytic material including a catalytically active base metal. The substrate includes a cordierite or metal monolith with a cell density about 62 to 93 cells per square centimeter (400-600 cells per square inch), and a wall thickness about three to seven mils. The cells of the substrate include flow passages through which exhaust gas flows to contact the catalyst to effect storage of ammonia. The substrate is impregnated with the zeolite washcoat. The zeolite washcoat also contains the catalytically active base metals, e.g., iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni). Alternatively, vanadium-based and/or tungsten (W) on titanium (Ti) compositions may be used as catalysts. Copper catalysts have been shown to perform effectively at lower temperatures, e.g., 100° C. to 450° C., but have poor thermal durability. Iron catalysts may perform well at higher temperatures, e.g., 200° C. to 650° C., but with decreasing reductant storage capacity.
The ammonia-SCR device 50 stores ammonia to reduce NOx emissions. The stored ammonia-selectively reacts with NOx in the presence of the catalytic materials to produce nitrogen and water. The following relationships represent the primary reactions with ammonia within the ammonia-SCR device 50.
4NO+4NH3+O2→4N2+6H2O [1]
3NO2+4NH3→3.5N2+6H2O [2]
2NO+2NO2+4NH3→4N2+6H2O [3]
Multiple secondary reactions may concurrently occur and will vary depending on the type of fuel consumed.
It will be appreciated that engine operation can be controlled selectively and periodically to generate an exhaust gas feedstream including unburned hydrocarbons (HC), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen (H2) to produce ammonia in or on a catalytic device, such as the catalytic device 48.
Ammonia may be produced in the catalytic device 48 from a conversion process represented by the following relationship.
NO+CO+1.5H2→NH3+CO2 [4]
One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this conversion requires molecular oxygen to be depleted from the catalytic device 48 before NO will react with the molecular hydrogen. In one embodiment, sufficient conversion occurred at temperatures exceeding 250° C. in the catalytic device 48. Excess oxygen is frequently present when the internal combustion engine is operated in lean operating modes, with a lean AFR or with excess air. Thus, the control module 5 controls the AFR to a stoichiometric AFR or rich AFR to deplete oxygen in the exhaust gas feedstream when ammonia production in the catalytic device 48 is desired.
Further, selection of an AFR within the stoichiometric and rich operating ranges further facilitates ammonia production, for example, by producing nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen (H2) in appropriate ratios. Eq. 4 shows an ideal ratio of 1.5:1 of hydrogen to nitric oxide (H2:NO). However, based upon the environment provided by the ammonia-SCR device 50 and other reactions taking place within the catalytic device 48, a different actual ratio of hydrogen (H2) to nitric oxide (NO) can produce ammonia. For example, a ratio of between 3:1 and 5:1 hydrogen to nitric oxide (H2:NO) is preferred in one embodiment.
Controlling engine operation includes operating the engine 10 rich or at stoichiometry while meeting the operator torque request and without changing engine output power. Operating the exemplary engine 10 rich of stoichiometry can include executing multiple fuel injection pulses during a combustion cycle including injecting a first fuel pulse into the combustion chamber 16 during each compression stroke. The mass of fuel injected during the first fuel pulse is determined based upon an amount sufficient to operate the engine 10 to meet the operator torque request and other load demands. Subsequent fuel pulses can be injected into the combustion chamber 16 during other strokes of the combustion cycle thereby generating an exhaust gas feedstream including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) to produce ammonia in the catalytic device 48. In one embodiment, the subsequent fuel pulses are executed late in a power stroke or early in an exhaust stroke of the combustion cycle thereby minimizing likelihood of combustion in the combustion chamber 16.
It will be appreciated that operating all cylinders of the engine at a fixed AFR that is rich of stoichiometry or stoichiometric can result in increased CO formation on the catalytic device 48. Intermittently operating some cylinders lean of stoichiometry can provide increased levels of O2 to oxidize the CO formed from rich of stoichiometry and stoichiometric AFRs.
Selection of a catalytically active material that enables lower ratios of hydrogen (H2) molecules to nitric oxide (NO) molecules on the catalytic device 48 is preferable, as hydrogen requirements directly relate to an amount of fuel that is consumed by the subsequent fuel pulses to enable ammonia production. Calibration according to test results or modeling sufficient to accurately estimate engine operation, aftertreatment processes, and conversions can be utilized to select a desired AFR to control ammonia production. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that carbon monoxide (CO) presence must also be considered to facilitate the reaction described above.
Ammonia production can be controlled or enabled according to a number of factors affecting ammonia usage within the ammonia-SCR device 50, including estimated ammonia storage, estimated or detected ammonia breakthrough, estimated or detected NOx breakthrough downstream from the ammonia-SCR device 50, and engine operation conducive to ammonia production. Monitoring of these factors can be accomplished through monitoring a number of inputs, including engine operation, exhaust gas properties, and NOx conversion efficiency within the ammonia-SCR device 50. For example, the engine 10 produces higher levels of NOx and hydrogen during engine acceleration. Such periods conducive to ammonia production can be utilized to minimize intrusive operation of ammonia production under engine operating conditions less conducive thereto. Periods of engine operation to produce ammonia will vary depending upon required ammonia production, the particulars of the system employed, and the particular operation of the engine 10.
2H2+O2→2H2O [5]
4HC+5O2→2H2O+4CO2 [6]
2HC+2H2O→2CO+3H2 [7]
CO+½O2→CO2 [8]
2NO+4H2+CO→2NH3+CO2+H2O [9]
4CeO2→O2+2Ce2O3 [10]
CO+H2O→CO2+H2 [11]
It will be appreciated that HC oxidation is facilitated by Equation [6]. Equation [9] facilitates ammonia formation on the first discrete element 85. An oxygen storage capacity reaction is facilitated by Equation [10] on the second discrete element 95, and therefore can be utilized to determine oxygen storage capacity on the second discrete element 95. It will be appreciated that the presence of the oxygen storage capacity on the second discrete element 95 may promote a water-gas shift reaction facilitated by Equation [11] when the engine-out exhaust gas feedstream includes an AFR rich of stoichiometry. The water-gas shift reaction produces hydrogen (H2) as a by-product on the second discrete element 95 which flows within the exhaust gas feedstream downstream of the catalytic device 48.
Further, Equation [11] demonstrates when cylinders operate at AFRs rich of stoichiometry, carbon monoxide can form on the TWC device 48 that can potentially result in carbon monoxide breakthrough. However, when cylinders operate at AFRs lean of stoichiometry, oxygen output from the engine within the exhaust gas feedstream oxidizes with the carbon monoxide on the TWC device as demonstrated by Equation [4]. As will become apparent, operation of any selected combination of cylinders may be selectively altered to intermittently expose the TWC device 48 to both AFRs rich and lean of stoichiometry to reduce carbon monoxide breakthrough while producing ammonia on the TWC device 48. In an exemplary embodiment, selectively altering operation of any selected combination of cylinders includes operating all cylinders of the engine to dither around the desired AFR. In another exemplary embodiment, selectively altering operation of any selected combination of cylinders includes operating each of a selected combination of a plurality of cylinders of the engine at a biased AFR (e.g., rich of stoichiometry AFR) and each of the remaining cylinders at an un-biased AFR (e.g., lean of stoichiometry AFR) resulting in operation at an average AFR of the selected combination of the plurality of cylinders and the remaining cylinders that is equal to the desired AFR. Combining dithering to at least one of a biased AFR and an un-biased AFR is also envisioned
Referring to block 402, the flow chart commences to determine if an ammonia generation cycle is necessary based on monitoring engine operation, the exhaust gas feedstream and the exhaust aftertreatment system 70. The flowchart 400 then proceeds to decision block 406.
Decision block 406 determines if an ammonia generation condition is met. In an exemplary embodiment, the ammonia generation condition is met when storage on the ammonia-SCR device 50 is low and opportunistic driving conditions are present. For instance, the storage on the ammonia-SCR device 50 is low when the ammonia-SCR device has not stored a predetermined amount of ammonia. In another exemplary embodiment, the ammonia generation condition is met only when storage on the ammonia-SCR device 50 is low. From block 404, ammonia depletion on the ammonia-SCR device 50 can be determined based on obtained measurements from at least one of the first and second NOx sensors 49, 52, respectively. In an exemplary embodiment, only the second NOx sensor 52 is utilized to determine if ammonia storage on the ammonia-SCR device 50 is low indicating ammonia depletion. It is understood that ammonia generation is not desirable when ammonia depletion is not present or the ammonia-SCR device 50 is otherwise saturated with ammonia. Saturation of the ammonia-SCR device 50 can be determined by detecting NOx breakthrough and ammonia breakthrough downstream of the ammonia-SCR device 50 using the second NOx sensor 52. Block 404 further obtains measurements from the first and second exhaust gas feedstream sensors 71,73, respectively, for utilization in decision block 410 below.
Further, decision block 406 determines whether opportunistic driving conditions conducive to ammonia generation are present to minimize intrusive operation of ammonia generation under operating conditions less conducive thereto. Opportunistic driving conditions can include periods of engine acceleration, or driving conditions requiring engine operation with a stoichiometric AFR or an AFR rich of stoichiometry. It will be appreciated that an engine operates at increased torque and increased speed during periods of acceleration, wherein the engine frequently requires a transmission from a lean operating mode to a stoichiometric or rich operating mode. A “0” denotes the ammonia generation condition is not met, e.g., at least one of ammonia storage on the ammonia-SCR device 50 is not low and opportunistic driving conditions are not present. Accordingly, the flowchart 400 reverts back to block 402. A “1” indicates that the ammonia generation condition is met, e.g., at least one of storage on the ammonia-SCR device 50 is low and opportunistic driving conditions are present. The flowchart 400 proceeds to block 408.
Referring to block 408, an ammonia generation cycle is executed to generate ammonia on the first aftertreatment device 48, e.g., the catalytic device 48 being a TWC device. Executing the ammonia generation cycle to generate ammonia on the first aftertreatment device is described in further detail with reference to blocks 410 and 412.
Referring to block 410, a desired AFR of the engine to generate an engine-out exhaust gas feedstream conducive for generating ammonia on the first aftertreatment device 48 is determined. The desired AFR of the engine includes one a stoichiometric AFR and a rich of stoichiometric AFR for maximizing ammonia generation on the first aftertreatment device 48. The engine-out exhaust gas feedstream generated by the desired AFR includes nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) that converts to ammonia on the first aftertreatment device 48 utilizing one of Equations [4] and [9]. Operating the engine at one of a stoichiometric AFR and a rich of stoichiometric AFR creates rich zones in the exhaust gas feedstream necessary to deplete the oxygen from the aftertreatment system and subsequently produce ammonia. In an exemplary embodiment, stoichiometric operation of the engine includes an AFR of about 14.6. In an exemplary embodiment, rich operation of the engine includes an AFR ranging from 14.5 to 14.0. In a non-limiting example, the desired AFR can include air-fuel ratios ranging from 14.6 to 14.1 for generating a desired quantity of ammonia on the first aftertreatment device 48.
However, when each of a plurality of cylinders of the engine fixedly operate at one of the stoichiometric AFR and the rich of stoichiometry AFR, carbon monoxide breakthrough can occur on the first aftertreatment device 48, i.e., TWC device, as evidenced by Equation [11]. In order to minimize carbon monoxide breakthrough, one or more of the cylinders of the engine require operation at a lean of stoichiometry AFR or periodic operation at the lean of stoichiometry AFR, to facilitate oxidation of the carbon monoxide formed on the first aftertreatment device 48, as demonstrated by Equation [4].
Referring to block 412, operation of any selected combination of a plurality of cylinders of the engine is selectively altered such that the desired AFR of the engine is achieved. In other words, the plurality of cylinders that includes the selected combination of the plurality of cylinders operate at an average AFR that is equal to the desired AFR.
In an exemplary embodiment, each of a selected combination of the plurality of cylinders may be operated to dither around a median AFR resulting in an average AFR of the engine that is equal to the desired AFR. When the selected combination of the plurality of cylinders includes all cylinders of the engine, the median AFR is equal to the desired AFR. For instance, if the desired AFR is equal to 14.6, all cylinders of the engine will be operated to dither around the AFR of 14.6.
Dithering includes alternating operation of each of the selected combination of the plurality of cylinders between an AFR having a peak amplitude above the median AFR and an AFR having a trough amplitude below the median AFR. A magnitude of the peak amplitude above the median AFR is equal to a magnitude of the trough amplitude below the median AFR. In a non-limiting example when the median AFR is equal to 14.6, the peak amplitude can be equal to an AFR of 14.2 and the trough amplitude can be equal to an AFR of 15.0. The dithering is performed at a fixed frequency. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the operation of the cylinders alternating between the rich AFR, e.g., 14.2, and the lean AFR, e.g., 15.0, ensures an average AFR of 14.6 that is equal to the desired AFR conducive for ammonia generation on the catalytic device 48, wherein the lean AFR generates excess oxygen for facilitating oxidation of carbon monoxide formed on the catalytic device 48 to minimize carbon monoxide breakthrough, as demonstrated by Equation [4]. One skilled in the art will appreciate that operation at AFRs too lean must be avoided to still ensure that oxygen is depleted on the catalytic device 48 so NO may still react with the molecular hydrogen.
In another exemplary embodiment, selectively altering operation of any selected combination of the plurality of cylinders of the engine such that the desired AFR of the engine is achieved includes operating each of a selected combination of the plurality of cylinders at a biased AFR and operating each of the remaining cylinders at an un-biased AFR resulting in operation at an average AFR of the selected combination of the plurality of cylinders and the remaining cylinders that is equal to the desired AFR. In an exemplary embodiment, the biased AFR can include a rich of stoichiometry AFR and the un-biased AFR can include one of a stoichiometric AFR and a lean of stoichiometry AFR. In an exemplary embodiment, the selected combination of the plurality of cylinders includes a majority of the plurality of cylinders. For instance, in a four cylinder engine, three cylinders may be selected to operate at the biased AFR including a rich AFR and the remaining cylinder may operate at the un-biased AFR including a stoichiometric AFR.
In another exemplary embodiment, each of the selected combination of the plurality of cylinders operated at the biased AFR can be configured to dither around the biased AFR ratio. Conversely, each of the remaining cylinders operated at the un-biased AFR can be configured to dither around the un-biased AFR. As will become apparent, selectively altering operation of any selected combination of the plurality of cylinders to dither around a median AFR, operate at a biased AFR or a combination thereof can be based on many factors including, but not limited to, opportunistic driving conditions, desired amount of ammonia generation on the first aftertreatment device 48, desired CO conversion efficiency and fuel economy.
Referring to decision block 414, it is determined whether a condition to terminate ammonia generation is met. In an exemplary embodiment, the condition to terminate ammonia generation is met when at least one of the ammonia-SCR device 50 is saturated with ammonia and when opportunistic driving conditions have ended. In another exemplary embodiment, the condition to terminate ammonia generation is met only when it is determined that the ammonia-SCR device 50 has become saturated with ammonia. In other words, the ammonia-SCR device 50 has become saturated with ammonia when the ammonia-SCR device 50 has stored a predetermined amount of ammonia. When the ammonia-SCR device 50 has become saturated, further generation of ammonia on the catalytic device 48 is no longer desirable. In an exemplary embodiment, ammonia saturation may be estimated based upon a predetermined elapsed time, or by monitoring the exhaust gas feedstream downstream of the ammonia-SCR device 50 to detect ammonia breakthrough, or determined after executing a predetermined number of cylinder events. For instance, ammonia breakthrough may be detected by monitoring a signal output of an ammonia sensor configured to monitor the exhaust gas feedstream of the ammonia-SCR device 50. In another exemplary embodiment, ammonia breakthrough includes monitoring the second NOx sensor 52. For instance, during rich engine operation, an increasing signal output from the second NOx sensor 52 indicates ammonia breakthrough. In another exemplary embodiment, saturation may be estimated using a model sufficient to accurately estimate operation of the combustion cycle, aftertreatment processes, conversions and monitored operation conditions including intake mass airflow, AFR, engine speed, TWC temperature, TWC aging state, ammonia-SCR device temperature and ammonia-SCR device aging state. The model may be calibrated according to test results corresponding to a particular hardware application. In yet another exemplary embodiment, saturation of the ammonia-SCR device 50 can be determined when a predetermined amount of ammonia has been stored on the ammonia-SCR device 50.
Further, if decision block 414 determines opportunistic driving conditions have ended, generating ammonia on the catalytic device 48 may no longer be desirable due to the likelihood of intrusive operation of ammonia generation under operating conditions less conducive thereto. In an exemplary embodiment, opportunistic driving conditions are deemed to have ended when operating conditions are not conducive to ammonia production, e.g., during vehicle decelerations, engine idling, or engine stops. A “0” indicates the condition to terminate ammonia generation has not been met, e.g., at least one of the ammonia-SCR device 50 is not saturated and the opportunistic driving conditions are still present. Accordingly, the flowchart reverts back to block 412. A “1” indicates the condition to terminate ammonia generation is met, e.g., a determination that at least one of the ammonia-SCR devices 50 has become saturated and the opportunistic driving conditions have ended. Accordingly, the flowchart proceeds to block 416.
Referring to block 416, the ammonia generation cycle to generate ammonia on the first aftertreatment device is discontinued or terminated. For instance, the ammonia-SCR device 50 is saturated or opportunistic driving conditions have ended. The flowchart 400 discontinues ammonia generation and transitions engine operation to a normal engine operation. In other words, engine operation is transitioned to operate at a non-ammonia generating condition. For instance, engine operation during the non-ammonia generating condition may include stoichiometric engine operation without ammonia generation. In another instance, engine operation during the non-ammonia generating condition may include lean engine operation. In an exemplary embodiment, lean engine operation includes an AFR of 16.0. In another exemplary embodiment, lean engine operation includes an AFR exceeding 20.0. The catalytic device 48 reduces a portion of the NOx emissions transferring oxygen and nitrogen downstream to the ammonia-SCR device 50. Ammonia stored on the catalyst of the ammonia-SCR device 50 reacts with NOx entering the ammonia-SCR device 50 thereby reducing NOx emissions and producing nitrogen and water. The stored ammonia is depleted as ammonia molecules react with NOx molecules. When the ammonia on the catalyst of the ammonia-SCR device 50 is depleted, NOx emissions pass through the ammonia-SCR device 50 unprocessed. Therefore, a subsequent ammonia generation cycle may be initiated to generate ammonia on the catalyst device.
Referring to
Referring to
The disclosure has described certain preferred embodiments and modifications thereto. Further modifications and alterations may occur to others upon reading and understanding the specification. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment(s) disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this disclosure, but that the disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
This invention was made with U.S. Government support under Agreement No. DE-EE0003379 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The U.S. Government may have certain rights in this invention.
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