Combustion system

Information

  • Patent Grant
  • 6308701
  • Patent Number
    6,308,701
  • Date Filed
    Monday, April 10, 2000
    24 years ago
  • Date Issued
    Tuesday, October 30, 2001
    23 years ago
Abstract
A combustion system includes a primary combustion chamber divided into left and right sides by fuel-retaining standards defining a canyon or void extending into a secondary combustion chamber is provided. The combustion system includes an automatic air setting mechanism for controlling an air delivery system in the combustion system comprises. The automatic air setting mechanism includes a control for controlling an air passage of the air delivery system and a lock for locking the control. A sensor is also provided which senses the temperature of the combustion chamber so that when the temperature reaches a predetermined value the locking mechanism releases the control.
Description




BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION




1. Field of the Invention




The present invention generally relates to a combustion system for improved combustion of solid fuels and, more particularly, to a combustion system which prevents smothering and quenching of the solid fuels during burning while providing improved performance, such as, amongst others, reducing air borne pollutants.




2. Background Description




Residential and commercial solid fuel combustion in the United States and around the world increased sharply after the oil embargoes of the 1970s. This was partly due to the decrease in oil and gas supplies at that time making it quite difficult to obtain these fuels and the simultaneous extreme price increases in such fuels. However, with the steady increase of residential and commercial solid fuel combustion came a steady increase in environmental pollutants, such as copious amounts of particulate matter. This increase in environmental pollutants was especially true with the increased usage of residential coal and wood burning combustion systems (e.g., wood burning stoves).




Due to the increase in environmental pollutants, states began to regulate wood burning stove emissions. Moreover, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also began to regulate the emissions of wood burning stoves, and in 1988 all newly built wood burning stoves had to comply with strict EPA regulations. The EPA regulations require airtight wood burning stoves sold after 1988 to pass an emissions certification test where dimensional lumber (e.g., two by fours and four by fours) with enforced 1.5 inch spacing is burned and particulate matter (PM) emissions are measured. Once a wood burning stove passes the EPA standards, it is certified and allowed to be sold within the United States.




However, after many years of field measurements, the field performance of the EPA certified wood burning stoves leaves much room for improvement. Consumer misuse and/or inattention to proper operation, physical degradation of critical components and lack of maintenance, amongst other reasons, cause emissions to be greater than they need be. The poor field performance of many wood burning stoves is further attributed to the fact that the wood burning stoves are designed to burn clean when burning the wood of the certification test, but are generally not as effective when burning cordwood or other solid fuels at a wider range of moisture contents.




SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION




It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a combustion system that reduces emissions of air borne pollutants and other organic volatiles relative to emissions from current systems.




It is a further object of the present invention to prevent quenching of the burning fuel in the combustion system.




It is still a further object of the present invention to prevent smothering of the burning fuel in the combustion system.




It is also a further object of the present invention to provide a tuned air delivery in order to properly maintain air/fuel mixtures during burning of solid fuel in the combustion system.




It is another object of the present invention to provide an automatic air control system in the combustion system to improve rekindling of loaded fuel and thereby reduce air borne pollutants and other organic volatiles from discharging from the combustion system after stove reloading.




It is also another object of the present invention to provide an improved loading door that prevents smoke spillage and reduces cool air flow during solid fuel reloading in the combustion chamber.




It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an improved loading door that maintains proper air/fuel ratios within the combustion system during refueling.




It is still another object of the present invention to provide a combustion system that outperforms the EPA certification limit during field operations.




The present invention provides a combustion system comprising a primary combustion chamber divided into left and right sides by fuel-retaining standards. The fuel-retaining standards retain the solid fuel on either side of the primary combustion chamber and define a canyon (or void/space) that serves as or extends into a secondary combustion chamber, in preferred embodiments. The fuel-retaining standards create an unimpeded flow path for combustion gases from the primary combustion chamber to the secondary combustion chamber, while at the same time retaining the solid fuel on either side of the fuel-retaining standards. Thus, the canyon permits flames to travel unimpeded from the bottom of the primary combustion chamber to the top of the secondary combustion chamber.




An air delivery system generally depicted as a lower air tube is positioned within the canyon and preferably at the lower portion of the fuel-retaining standards. The lower air tube provides primary and secondary flows, where the primary flow is ejected through holes which are positioned to directly contact the solid fuel on either side of the fuel-retaining standards. The lower air tube also supplies a lower velocity secondary air ejected from holes and enables secondary combustion of the flaming combustion gases and CO produced by the primary air. In order to supply a lower velocity secondary air flow, a diffuser is provided proximate to the lower air tube which slows and redirects high velocity air ejected from the holes and causes the slower air to stay mainly within and near the canyon, rather than boring into the solid fuel where it would increase the gasification rate of the solid fuel. The air delivery system may also comprise an upper air tube which is located at the upper portion of the fuel-retaining standards and canyon, and within the secondary combustion chamber. The upper air tube provides additional secondary air and cools the catalyst so that it does not overheat and is regulated by an automatic shutter mechanism which senses temperature above or below the catalyst. Additional air delivery tubes may be located in the canyon to deliver additional primary and/or secondary air to the combustion system. A plenum is also provided which substantially eliminates back puffing.




The secondary combustion chamber includes fuel protecting baffles and a secondary combustion chamber ceiling which includes one or more openings and may extend partially over the entire length of the secondary combustion chamber. The fuel protecting baffles divide the primary combustion chamber from the secondary combustion chamber and further provide a passageway so that the canyon gases may enter into the secondary combustion chamber. The upper air tube may be centered above the opening and the canyon so that the flames and combustion gases split upon entering the secondary combustion chamber and go right and left upon reaching the upper air tube.




A loading door is positioned at the front of the combustion system so that solid fuel, such as wood, can be loaded into the primary combustion chamber. The loading door comprises a hollow frame and a window mounted in the hollow frame. The loading door further comprises holes which draw air into the hollow frame and direct the air into the primary combustion chamber.




A bypass system prevents the loading door of the combustion system from being fully closed unless the bypass is in the completely closed position. An automatic air setting mechanism is provided so that an initial higher air setting is maintained until the solid fuel becomes fully involved in the combustion process.











BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS




The foregoing and other objects, aspects and advantages will be better understood from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention with reference to the drawings, in which:





FIG. 1

is front sectional view of the combustion system of the present invention;





FIG. 2

is a side view of an alternate embodiment showing two firebox sections having fuel on a side of the canyon;





FIG. 3

is a side sectional view of the combustion system of the present invention;





FIG. 4

is a flow pattern of combustion gases of the present invention;





FIG. 5

is a front view of the flow pattern of combustion gases in the secondary combustion chamber of the present invention;





FIG. 6

is a top view of the flow pattern of combustion gases leaving a catalyst;





FIG. 7

is a top view of the flow pattern of the combustion gases leaving the catalyst;





FIG. 8

is a side view of the flow pattern of a non-catalytic version of the combustion system;





FIGS. 9



a


-


9




i


show several diffuser structures used in the combustion system of the present invention;





FIG. 10

is a loading door of the combustion system of the present invention;





FIG. 11

is a sectional view of the loading door along line A—A of

FIG. 10

;





FIG. 12

is a bypass system of the combustion system of the present invention when the loading door is closed;





FIG. 13

is the bypass system of the combustion system of the present invention when the loading door is open;





FIG. 14

is a side sectional view of the catalyst mounting system;





FIG. 15

is a top view of the catalyst mounting system;





FIG. 16

is a side view of an alternative embodiment of the catalyst mounting system;





FIG. 17



a


is a mechanism for giving a temporary high setting of the combustion air;





FIG. 17



b


shows an embodiment of the mechanism for giving a temporary high setting of the combustion air.





FIGS. 18



a


-


18




d


is an alternative loading door of the combustion system of the present invention; and





FIG. 19

is catalyst heater system of the present invention.











DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION




For illustrative purposes only a wood burning stove will be described. However, it is well understood that the combustion system of the present invention can be a coal burning stove or any other combustion system that uses solid fuels, either industrially or commercially or residentially. It is further understood that the dimensions of the combustion system, including length, width, shape and other variables and quantities specified herein may vary with the type of system contemplated. Therefore, numbers and dimensions specified herein are not to be construed as limitations on the scope of the present invention, but are meant to be merely illustrative of one particular application of the present invention.




The Combustion System




Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to

FIG. 1

, there is shown a front sectional view of the combustion system comprising a primary combustion chamber


200


and a secondary combustion chamber


300


located substantially above the primary combustion chamber


200


. In preferred embodiments, the primary combustion chamber


200


is defined by front, rear and side walls


201


, a firebox floor


1


, and fuel protecting baffles


14


.




In further preferred embodiments, the firebox floor


1


is V-shaped so that solid fuel can be directed towards the center of the primary combustion chamber


200


as the fuel is consumed. However, the firebox floor


1


may be a sloped, slanted or flat surface depending on the particular use of the present invention. For example, in one such embodiment, the firebox floor


1


comprises a substantially sloped downward surface starting from the side walls and continuing to a center portion where the floor begins to flatten into a flat surface. In embodiments, the firebox floor


1


includes a gap


2


so that ash can pass into an ash chamber


3


positioned below the firebox floor


1


and allow air to rise or fall through the combustion system.




Fuel-Retaining Standards




As further seen in

FIG. 1

, the primary combustion chamber


200


is divided into left and right sides by fuel-retaining standards


5


. In preferred embodiments, the fuel-retaining standards


5


are rods; however screens, tubes, solid panels, or any other cross sections with various heat transmission capabilities which separate the primary combustion chamber


200


into two regions are contemplated for use by the present invention. It is further understood that the left and right sides may equally be depicted as front and rear sides of the primary combustion chamber


200


. Alternatively, one side (e.g., left, right, front or back) of the combustion system may be bordered by the canyon (FIG.


2


).




The primary purpose of the fuel-retaining standards


5


is to retain the solid fuel (e.g., wood) on either side of the primary combustion chamber


200


and to create a canyon


6


that extends into the secondary combustion chamber


300


. In preferred embodiments, the firebox floor


1


and the fuel-retaining standards


5


direct the burning solid fuel toward a primary air tube and the lower portion of the canyon


6


, while at the same time retaining the non-burning solid fuel on a side of the fuel-retaining standards


5


. This prevents quenching and smothering of the burning solid fuel because it does not allow cooler non-burning solid fuel to impede the upward flow of the combustion gases within the canyon


6


.




To this end, the canyon


6


permits flames to travel unimpeded from the bottom of the primary combustion chamber


200


to the top of the secondary combustion chamber


300


, thereby more efficiently burning the solid fuel. The fuel-retaining standards


5


may also deliver combustion gases from the bottom of primary combustion chamber


200


of the secondary combustion chamber


300


. In embodiments, the fuel-retaining standards


5


may be air cooled and deliver air to different regions of the primary combustion chamber


200


and/or secondary combustion chamber


300


.




In embodiments, the fuel-retaining standards


5


can lean in several directions, for example, outward, inward, or alternatively, vertically, with respect to the side walls


201


of the primary combustion chamber


200


. When the fuel-retaining standards


5


lean outward, the solid fuel within the primary combustion chamber


200


tends to settle consistently with less chance of bridging or hanging up within the primary combustion chamber


200


.




Air Delivery System




Remaining with

FIG. 1

, an air delivery system generally depicted as a lower air tube


4


is positioned within the canyon


6


and preferably at the lower portion of the fuel-retaining standards


5


. The air delivery system may also comprise an upper air tube


18


which is located at the upper portion of the fuel-retaining standards


5


(and canyon


6


) and within the secondary combustion chamber


300


. In preferred embodiments, the lower air tube


4


is positioned above and along the side of the burning fuel (e.g., wood or coal).




Additional air delivery tubes are further contemplated for use by the present invention and may be located in the canyon


6


to deliver additional primary and/or secondary air to the combustion system. An advantage of separate primary and secondary air tubes is that the amounts and locations and relative proportions of primary and secondary air can be independently varied while the nature of the combustion process changes due to increased charcoalization of fresh solid fuel.




Catalyst Over Temperature Control




In addition to providing air/fuel ratio control (as described below), the air provided by upper air tube


18


also cools the catalyst


23


so that it does not overheat (when the catalyst


23


is operated even briefly at overly high temperatures the catalytic activity rapidly and permanently decreases). To prevent overheating of the catalyst


23


, a shutter


20


controls and regulates air flow passing through the upper air tube


18


. The shutter


20


is controlled by a bimetallic coil


21


attached to a mounting rod


22


that protrudes above the catalyst


23


. The bimetallic coil


21


, the mounting rod


22


, and the shutter


20


are kinematically and thermally designed to open the shutter


20


very rapidly as post-catalyst temperature exceeds about 600 degrees C. Also, to further control and distribute the air flow through the upper tube


18


, the upper tube


18


may include various size holes


19


and diameters.




However, for some combustion system designs, separate bimetallic coils may be provided. In these cases, a first bimetallic coil senses pre-catalyst temperature and controls air/fuel ratio to avoid overly fuel-rich operation, and a second bimetallic coil senses postcatalyst temperature and controls air/fuel ratio to prevent catalyst over temperature. If two bimetallic coils are necessary, each coil may operate separate shutters or may be linked to the same shutter, depending on the specific use of the combustion system. The over temperature protection system can also be electronically controlled to ensure which relies on the air/fuel ration and temperature sensing.




In embodiments, the bimetallic coils may be thermocouples which are electronically controlled by a control system of the present invention.




Accordingly, over temperature protection system of the present invention is highly effective because it adds dilution air to the combustion products without adding air to the primary combustion chamber, where more air could increase the burn rate and cause catalyst temperatures to increase.




Sectional View of Alternate Primary Combustion Chamber





FIG. 2

shows the fuel-retaining standards


5


preventing the solid fuel from entering the canyon


6


, while the flame and combustion gases remain within the canyon


6


. Also,

FIG. 2

shows a sloped firebox floor


1


guiding the solid fuel into the canyon


6


. In this embodiment, the combustion chamber is divided into two regions, the left region effectively being the canyon.




The Secondary Combustion Chamber




The secondary combustion chamber


300


is defined by fuel protecting baffles


14


, secondary combustion chamber walls and ceiling


17


and a secondary combustion chamber ceiling


16


. The secondary combustion chamber walls


17


are preferably made of insulating material such as refractory fiberboard.




In preferred embodiments, the secondary combustion chamber ceiling


16


extends partially over the length of the secondary combustion chamber


300


so that combustion gases and other organic material may contact the catalyst


23


. Alternatively, the secondary combustion chamber ceiling


16


includes one or more openings so that the combustion gases and other organic material may flow into the space above the secondary combustion chamber ceiling


16


and again contact the catalyst


23


.




In the embodiment shown, the secondary combustion chamber ceiling


16


extends to the side and rear secondary combustion chamber walls


17


, and stops short of the front secondary combustion chamber walls


17


. An alternative arrangement is for secondary combustion chamber ceiling


16


to extend to the front and side secondary combustion chamber walls


17


, but to stop short of the rear secondary combustion chamber walls


17


. For illustrative purposes only, the secondary combustion chamber


300


has vertical side secondary combustion chamber walls


17


, but curved walls which smooth the combustion gases flow at the sides of the secondary combustion chamber


300


are also contemplated for use by the present invention.




In preferred embodiments, the fuel protecting baffles


14


divide the primary combustion chamber


200


from the secondary combustion chamber


300


and further provide a passageway


15


(e.g., opening) so that flames and gases from the canyon


6


may enter the secondary combustion chamber


300


. The fuel protecting baffles


14


are preferably metal and/or insulating material and further force the combustion gases to leave the primary combustion chamber


200


, via the canyon


6


and opening


15


created by the inner edges of protecting baffles


14


.




In embodiments, the opening


15


is rectangular and the fuel protecting baffles


14


slope upward toward the center of the combustion system. Because of the upward slope of the protecting baffles


14


, if flaming occurs between the solid fuel and the fuel protecting baffles


14


, buoyancy will move the flames and the combustion gases toward the opening


15


and away from the burning solid fuel, thus reducing the gasification rate of the fuel near the fuel protecting baffles


14


. Depending on the design of the standards


5


and the overall size of the combustion system, more or less gasification of the fuel near the protecting baffles


14


may be desirable, and both the angle and conductivity of the fuel protecting baffles


14


may be chosen to achieve optimal conditions. The fuel protecting baffles


14


also prevent combustion gases from reentering the primary combustion chamber


200


.




In embodiments, the secondary combustion chamber


300


includes holes in the secondary combustion chamber ceiling


16


or the secondary combustion chamber walls


17


. These holes allow air to enter the secondary combustion chamber


300


so that combustible gases such as CO and hydrocarbons can be efficiently eliminated.




In preferred embodiments, the upper air tube


18


is centered above the opening


15


and canyon


6


so that the flames and combustion gases split upon entering the secondary combustion chamber and go right and left upon reaching the upper air tube


18


. Further, the air ejected from the upper air tube


18


flows in the same direction as the secondary combustion chamber gases and enhances mixing of the combustion gases and the air. Additional mixing may also take place due to the creation of vortices above the upper air tube


18


(

FIG. 5

) and in the corners of the secondary combustion chamber


300


.




Fuel/Air Ratio Control




Referring now to

FIG. 3

, a side sectional view of the combustion system is shown.

FIG. 3

shows both the lower air tube


4


and the upper air tube


18


containing holes or apertures in order to supply combustion air. By supplying air through the lower air tube


4


and the upper air tube


18


, a proper air/fuel ratio is maintained during burning of the solid fuel within the canyon


6


. Further, in embodiments, the lower air tube


4


provides air streams with various purposes depending on primary combustion chamber


200


size, fuel properties, and intended performance of the combustion system.




In preferred embodiments, the lower air tube


4


provides primary and secondary flows, where the primary flow is ejected through holes


7


which are positioned to directly contact the solid fuel on either side of the fuel-retaining standards


5


. This promotes the formation of both CO and volatile organics from the settling solid fuel (e.g., wood or coal). The lower air tube


4


also supplies lower velocity secondary air ejected from holes


8


. The lower velocity secondary air enables secondary combustion of the flaming combustion gases and CO produced by the primary air ejected from holes


7


and/or other air supplies.




In order to supply a lower velocity secondary air flow, a diffuser


9


supported from the lower air tube


4


is provided. The diffuser


9


redirects high velocity air ejected from the holes


8


, and thus provides low velocity air. The diffuser


9


also directs the low velocity air to stay mainly within and near the canyon


6


, rather than boring into the solid fuel where it would increase the gasification rate of the solid fuel.




Active fuel/air ratio control is achieved by varying the amount of air delivered by the upper air tube


18


through holes


19


. This is accomplished by sensing the temperature of the gases downstream of the secondary combustion chamber


300


and varying the position of a shutter


20


to regulate the flow of air into the upper air tube


18


. In preferred embodiments, the shutter


20


is controlled by a bimetallic coil attached to a mounting rod that protrudes below the catalyst


23


. The rod


22


acts as a fin and transmits heat to the bimetallic coil


21


which senses gas temperature downstream of the catalyst


23


. Although the relationship between temperature and fuel/air ratio is complicated by the thermal mass of the combustion system and the amount of chemical reaction occurring in the catalyst


23


, the correlation between temperature and fuel/air ratios is good enough for fuel/air ratio control in this system.




When the gas temperature is high enough to indicate that there is little excess oxygen in the gas stream, bimetallic coil


21


takes up the slack in linkage rod


25


and shutter


20


begins to open. The opening rate is fast enough to prevent fuel-rich operation which causes increased emissions and reduced efficiency. For non-catalytic combustion systems, the sensor is preferably located to sense the temperature of gases leaving the secondary combustion region.




Plenum




During the operation of a solid fuel combustion system, mixtures of air and fuel gases within the combustion system can accumulate and ignite to produce back puffing. This back puffing causes smoke to be emitted into the living space around the combustion system, via the air inlets.




Referring to

FIG. 3

, a plenum


40


which substantially eliminates the back puffing is provided. The plenum


40


is provided at an end of both the upper air tube


18


and the lower air tube


4


. In preferred embodiments, the upper air tube


18


and the lower air tube


4


are ducted so they draw air from near the top of the plenum


40


. In further embodiments, the plenum


40


is opened at the bottom and is sealed to the combustion system along its side and top edges and includes a width approximately the same size as that of the combustion system and a volume that accommodates the smoke resulting from back puffing. When back puffing does occur, the smoke accumulates in the plenum


40


and is drawn back into the combustion system through both or either of the air tubes


4


and


18


. The plenum


40


also preheats the incoming air and allows reduced clearances between the rear of the combustion system and combustible materials.





FIG. 3

additionally shows a shutter


43


that regulates air flowing through the lower air tube


4


and a bypass system


27


,


30


,


31


. The bypass system works in conjunction with a loading door so that when the loading door is in the open position, combustion gases and other organic materials can bypass the catalyst


23


so that smoke or other pollutants are not released into the indoors.




Gas Flow Paths





FIGS. 4-8

show the combustion gases flow path within several areas of the combustion system.




General Gas Flow Path





FIG. 4

shows the general flow of combustion gases after they leave the primary combustion chamber


200


and enter into the secondary combustion chamber


300


. Specifically, the combustion gases flow into the secondary combustion chamber


300


and around the front edge of the secondary combustion chamber ceiling


16


towards the catalyst


23


. After flowing through the catalyst


23


, the combustion gases, now devoid of most of the particulate matter and other organic pollutants, flow through the flue


26


of the combustion system.




Gas Flow Within the Secondary Chamber





FIG. 5

is a front view of a flow pattern of the combustion gases in the secondary combustion chamber


300


. The combustion gases leave the primary combustion chamber


200


via the canyon


6


and enter the secondary combustion chamber


300


and split into right and left side vortexes by the upper air tube


18


. Air and combustion products leaving the left side of the upper air tube


18


create a counterclockwise vortex near the left secondary combustion chamber wall


17


and small clockwise vortices along the upper and lower edges of the left secondary combustion chamber wall


17


. A symmetrical flow field occurs on the right side of the secondary combustion chamber


300


. The rotating gases at both secondary combustion chamber walls


17


are drawn toward the front of the combustion system and exit the secondary combustion chamber


300


by passing around the front edge or other openings of the of secondary combustion chamber ceiling


16


.




When the fuel protecting baffles


14


are sloped upward toward the combustion system center, they prevent cooler secondary combustion chamber gases (rich in oxygen) from dropping through the opening


15


into the primary combustion chamber


200


where the cooler secondary combustion chamber gases would increase the burn rate beyond that which results from air delivered by the lower air tube


4


and other passages (e.g., window air passages


12


) which are intended to feed into the primary combustion chamber


200


.




Catalytic Gas Flow Path





FIG. 7

is a top view of the flow pattern above the secondary combustion chamber


300


when the secondary combustion chamber gases flow over the secondary combustion chamber ceiling


16


and toward the catalyst


23


. The secondary combustion chamber gases then flow by mixing baffles


32


, where the flow is turned 90 degrees toward the sides of the combustion system, and then turned 180 degrees to flow toward the catalyst


23


.





FIG. 6

shows a top view of a flow pattern of the combustion gases leaving the catalyst


23


. The flow pattern shown in

FIG. 6

utilizes the heat transfer surface of the top of the combustion system.




As seen in

FIG. 6

, the catalyzed gases flow sideways, turn 90 degrees to flow toward the front of the combustion system, and then turn 180 degrees to flow toward the flue


26


. In the absence of the post-catalyst baffles


39


, the flow of the combustion gases would “short circuit” from the catalyst outlet to the flue


26


without taking advantage of the heat transfer surface created by the top of the combustion system.




Non-Catalyst Gas Flow





FIG. 8

shows a side view of a non-catalytic flow pattern of combustion gases where the secondary combustion chamber gases flow directly from the secondary combustion chamber


300


over the secondary combustion chamber ceiling


16


and through the flue


26


.




Diffuser Design





FIGS. 9



a


-


9




i


show several alternative diffuser


9


designs, some of which give upward and some of which give downward velocity components to the lower velocity air flow of the lower air tube


4


. Referring to

FIGS. 9



a


-


9




e,


several baffle designs are shown where the baffles


9


area located at an upper portion of the lower air tube


4


close to or, preferably, within the canyon


6


.

FIGS. 9



f


and


9




g


show the baffle


9


on the underside of the air tube


4


closest to the ash pile. In embodiments


9




a


-


9




e


, the diffuser


9


serves as a shield to prevent ash from clogging the secondary air delivery holes


8


. In

FIG. 1

, the diffuser design of

FIG. 9



g


is shown.




In preferred embodiments, the holes


8


are smaller in cross sectional area than the flow are available between the baffle


9


and the lower air tube


4


. This configuration lowers the velocity of the air exiting through the hole


8


in order to provide the lower velocity secondary air source. The size and number of holes


7


and holes


8


determine the relative amounts of primary and secondary air released by the lower air tube


4


.




Air-Cooled Loading Door





FIG. 10

shows a loading door of the combustion system. In preferred embodiments, the loading door is positioned at the front of the combustion system so that solid fuel, such as wood, can be loaded into the primary combustion chamber


200


.




In embodiments, the loading door comprises a hollow frame


10


and a window


11


mounted in the hollow frame


10


. In preferred embodiments, the loading door is preferably positioned so that the window


11


is positioned perpendicular to the lower air tube


4


such that the solid fuel is placed on either side of the fuel-retaining standards


5


(FIGS.


1


and


2


).




The loading door further comprises air inlet holes


10




b


located preferably at the bottom of the loading door. However, the holes


10




b


can be located at any position on the hollow frame


10


. The holes


10




b


draw air into the hollow frame


10


which directs the air approximately parallel to the firebox-facing side of the window


11


and into the primary combustion chamber


200


. Thus, air flow reduces the accumulation of the condensed materials that would block the light produced by flames in the primary combustion chamber


200


. The holes


10




b


in conjunction with the lower air tube control system also provide another means to adjust the primary combustion chamber


200


air/fuel ratio.

FIG. 10

further shows passages


12


metering and directing air from the top and side edges of the window


11


.





FIG. 11

shows a sectional view of the loading door along line A—A of FIG.


10


. Specifically, the hollow frame


11


comprises a retaining plate


11




b


which forms a rear surface of the hollow frame


10


and extends past the edge of window


11


. The frame


10


may be extruded or casted. A gasket


11




a


runs along the out-facing side of the window


11


and bolts


11




c


hold the retaining plate


11




b


and the window


11


to the hollow frame


10


. High spots or protrusions


10




a


are provided on the retaining plate


11




b


in order to hold the window


11


at a defined distance from the retaining plate


11




b


so that the air may pass through the passages


12


between the high spots


10




a


of retaining plate


11




b


and the window


11


.




The natural dimensional stability of the window


11


and the minimal thermal expansion of the air cooled hollow frame


10


combine to give an inexpensive and reliable method to produce fixed geometry passages


12


that control the air flow. The air-cooled nature of the loading door reduces the temperatures to which the window and door gaskets are exposed to and therefore allows a broader choice of gasket material, for example, silicon rubber. In embodiments, the passages


12


also provide another means for controlling the air/fuel ratio and burn rate within the combustion system. Further, the lower air tubes


4


can also supply air to the hollow door frame


10


in order to control the air/fuel ratio of the combustion system.




The Bypass System




Poor catalytic performance results from the improper use of the bypass system. That is, many operators fail to properly adjust the bypass when the loading door is either in the open or closed position. Typically, the improper use of the bypass allows combustible gases to bypass the catalyst or smoke spillage to occur when the loading door is opened. In either case, high pollutant emissions result from such misuse of the bypass system.





FIGS. 12 and 13

show a bypass system that prevents the loading door of the combustion system from being fully closed unless the bypass hole


31


is completely covered by bypass plate


30


.

FIG. 12

shows a closed bypass hole


31


, where bypass plate


30


is positioned over the bypass hole


31


. The bypass plate


30


is connected to a handle


29


for opening and closing the bypass hole


31


. In preferred embodiments, the bypass system includes an L-shaped link


58


connected to an I-shaped link


57


via a rod


59


.




In the closed position (FIG.


12


), the I-shaped link


57


contacts a corner of the bypass plate


30


and the L-shaped link


58


is positioned away from any portion of the bypass plate


30


. In this position, one leg of the L-shaped link


58


is positioned adjacent to and substantially parallel with the front wall of the door frame


10


so that it does not interfere with the closing of the loading door. Both the I-shaped link


57


and the L-shaped link


58


are pivotally mounted.





FIG. 13

shows the bypass plate


30


positioned along side the bypass hole


31


, when the loading door of the combustion system is in the open position. To achieve this situation, the operator pulls the handle


29


outwards which slides the bypass plate


30


in contact with the L-shaped link


58


so that the horizontal leg of the L-shaped link


58


protrudes from the face of the combustion system. This prevents the loading door from being placed in closed position until the bypass plate


30


is returned to the closed position (FIG.


12


). When the bypass plate


31


is returned to the closed position, the corner of the bypass plate


30


contacts and pivots the I-shaped link


57


into an angled position, preferably 45 degrees. The L-shaped link


58


then pivots to its original position so that it no longer protrudes past the face of the combustion system. Thus, the bypass system prevents the loading door from closing when the bypass


30


is in the open position.




Catalyst Mounting




The catalyst


23


of the present invention is a monolithic combustion system catalyst, where the mounting mechanism avoids canning or conventional gasketing which results in a more efficient use of the catalytic surface. (“Canning” refers to the practice of wrapping a thin flexible insulating blanket around the catalyst and holding the blanket close to the catalyst by tightly wrapping and then securing a layer of sheet metal around the blanket. This procedure masks and renders ineffective roughly 50 square inches of catalytic surface.)





FIG. 14

is a side sectional view of the catalyst mounting system showing a round catalyst


23


held by a side support


24


and a bottom support rod


34


. In embodiments, the catalyst


23


may be a square, an oval, and the like, depending on the particular use of the present invention. In preferred embodiments, the side support


24


is a low density ceramic fiberboard which insulates the catalyst


23


and helps maintain adequate temperature for catalytic activity. The side support


24


further includes a flange that when fitted into a panel


27


forms a seal around the panel


27


. The support rod


34


is fixed to the underside of the panel


27


.

FIG. 15

shows a top view of the catalyst mounting system in which protruding ribs


33


center the catalyst


23


within the side support


24


. The protruding ribs


33


minimize masking of the catalyst surface and maximize space for the combustion gases to flow parallel to the protruding ribs


33


. The masking of the catalyst surface is minimized and the space for the combustion gas flow is maximized by using less protruding ribs


33


. The protrusion distance of protruding ribs


33


from the side support


24


is limited by the need to prevent gases between the catalyst


23


and the side support


24


from being too far from the catalytic surface, resulting in less conversion of pollutants. Thus, the mounting mechanism of the present invention increases the effective amount of catalytic surface and reduces the flow resistance.





FIG. 16

shows an alternate method of mounting the catalyst


23


. In this embodiment, one or more rods


36


hook underneath the catalyst


23


and are supported by a catalyst access cover


37


of insulating material or with insulation


38


attached to the underside. The insulated cover


37


reduces radiative and convective heat losses from the top surface of the catalyst


23


, and helps the catalyst


23


maintain adequate temperatures for catalytic activity.




By using the side support


24


of

FIGS. 13

,


14


and


16


, canning is not required and additional catalyst surface area is available to catalyze the gases. Also, flow resistance is decreased and the mounting structure does not cause significant mechanical stress to the catalyst


23


. Further, the catalyst


23


can be easily removed (for inspection, cleaning, or replacement) without working inside the combustion chamber or unfastening fasteners that are exposed to extreme temperatures and which may be difficult to remove.




Temporary Air Setting for High or Low Fire




In order to maintain efficient and clean combustion system operation during reloading of solid fuels, it is imperative that a high air setting (e.g., air control system) be maintained to prevent quenching and other emission problems. However, it is not uncommon for the operator to improperly adjust and maintain the air settings during the reloading of solid fuels. By not properly adjusting and temporarily maintaining the high air setting, in a case of a catalytic system the catalyst temperature can drop and catalytic activity can cease, resulting in organic materials condensing on the catalyst surface and preventing catalysis until and unless higher temperatures can drive off the condensed organics. In the case of a non-catalytic system, the burn rate drops and the secondary combustion system fails to operate properly. In order to prevent this a catalyst low temperature alarm may be provided.




Referring to

FIG. 17



a


, a temporary air setting mechanism is provided so that the proper air setting is maintained until the solid fuel becomes fully involved in the combustion process. Specifically,

FIG. 17



a


shows a rod


42


attached to a bimetallic coil


42


and a heat setting handle


50


. A rod


44


is hung over an outer end of the bimetallic coil


42


so that when the bimetallic coil


42


pulls the rod


44


upward, the shutter


43


uncovers the end of the lower air tube


4


. This mechanism allows more air to enter into the combustion system and increases the combustion rate and heat output of the combustion system. A stop


45


is positioned above the rod


44


and prevents the bimetallic coil


42


from raising the rod


44


beyond its highest position.




A metal plate link


46


is connected to the second rod


44


at a distance from the stop


45


. The metal plate link


46


also connects to a shutter actuating rod


47


which, in turn, is connected to the shutter


43


, which in preferred embodiments pivots about its left end. The metal plate link


46


includes a hole


48


which aligns with a locking rod


49


when the top end of the rod


44


is against the stop


45


and the shutter


43


is at its maximum open position.




During normal combustion system operation when the locking rod


49


is not engaged and therefore a temporary high setting is not being maintained, the bimetallic coil


42


regulates the heat output of the combustion system by opening and closing the air shutter


43


. At the time of fuel reloading, the heat setting handle


50


is rotated to its full clockwise position (or counterclockwise position depending on the configuration of the system), and the outer end of the bimetallic coil


42


raises the second rod


44


until the end of the second rod


44


contacts the stop


45


. The shutter


43


is now in its maximum open position.




Further clockwise rotation causes a fork


51


to push a collar


52


leftward, thus moving the locking rod


49


into the hole


48


and locking the shutter


43


(and any other air controls linked to it) in its maximum open position. Once the locking rod


49


is engaged in the hole


48


, the heat setting handle


50


is rotated counterclockwise (or clockwise depending on the configuration of the system) to set the bimetallic coil


42


to the position that will give the appropriate heat output after the locking rod


49


is pulled out of the hole


48


. In the preferred embodiment, the heat setting handle


50


is interlocked to the door frame


10


so that the heat setting handle must be fully rotated in order to open the door.




A bimetallic unlocking coil


53


is located proximate to the locking rod


49


and is mounted so that it can sense a temperature that indicates the fuel is adequately engaged in the combustion process. In one embodiment, the bimetallic unlocking coil


53


senses pre-catalyst gas temperature and when this temperature reaches a predetermined value, the fork


54


pushes the collar


55


to the right, thus causing the locking rod


49


to release the link


46


. By using this mechanism, the shutter


43


returns to the thermostatic control (or a fixed air setting if the combustion system is not thermostat-equipped). To reduce the chance that a sudden change in air setting causes a spike of emissions from a temporary fuel-rich condition, a damper can be used to slow the transition from the high air setting to the user-selected thermostatic setting.




A timer may also be provided in order to change the heat output of the stove. Also, an alarm may also be provided to indicate when the stove needs refueling.





FIG. 17



b


shows another embodiment of the mechanism for giving a temporary high setting of the combustion air. In this embodiment, a rod


79


is attached to a bimetallic coil


75


and setting handle


50


. The rod


73


is hung over the moving end of the bimetallic coil


75


which is attached to a shutter


43


so that when the bimetallic coil


75


rotates in response to a sensed temperature change, the rod


73


is moved upward or downward causing the shutter


43


to rotate around pivot mount


81


, thus opening or closing the lower air tube


4


.




A guide bracket


74


is rigidly mounted and attached thereto with a fastener


80


, and is formed flexible bimetallic element


72


. The rod


73


passes through guide hole


76


of bracket


74


, and a collar


77


is mounted to the rod


73


. In this manner, the collar


77


stops upward travel of the rod


73


at the bracket


74


. When the combustion system is relatively cool and is reloaded with fuel, turning the handle


50


clockwise until the collar


77


stops at the bracket


74


, the bimetallic element


72


flexes and then captures the collar


77


. This action locks the shutter


43


in its fully open position. As the combustion system heats up, the bimetallic element


72


bends in the direction of arrow


78


, releasing the collar


77


which allows the rod


73


to drop. This action returns the position control of the shutter


43


to the handle


50


and the bimetallic coil


75


.




It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the position of the bracket


74


on the combustion device, the thermal mass of the components and the dimensions and material of the bimetallic element


72


may be adjusted to produce the desired latching and release characteristics of the system. A further advantage of the embodiment of

FIG. 17



b


is that the temperature sensing and locking features are accomplished using one bimetallic part. Also, mechanical failure of the bimetallic element


72


will result in immediate release of the locking mechanism and return of air control to the handle


50


and the bimetallic coil


75


. If the combustion air inlet remained locked in a full open position it is possible that the combustion system would “over-fire”. This situation is undesirable.




Two embodiments of mechanical systems which provide a temporary high combustion air setting until the combustion system is properly heated have now been described in detail. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that many variations in design will accomplish the same performance. For instance, temperature sensing may be performed electronically or using expansive fluid bulbs, and the locking and releasing actions in response to sensed temperatures or time may employ fluid dashpots, bourdon tubes, electrical solenoids or other electromagnetic devices. These options are well known to those skilled in the art and are contemplated herein.




Alternate Fuel Loading Door




When a batch-fired combustion system or, for example, a wood-fired heater is reloaded, the typical practice is to open the loading door which allows an order of magnitude increase in the air flowing through the combustion system. This large airflow cools the catalysts and other components that rely on high temperatures to reduce emissions. Also, smoke spillage is likely to occur when the loading door is open. Thus, the reloading period is a source of increased emissions through the stack and into the living space.





FIGS. 18



a


-


18




d


show an alternate loading door


60


which prevents increased emissions and smoke spillage. Referring to

FIG. 18



a


, the loading door


60


includes an outer panel


61


and an inner panel


63


. The inner panel


63


is connect to the outer panel


61


by a hinged mechanism


62


and is positioned approximately perpendicular (e.g., 90 degrees) with respect to the outer panel


61


. The inner panel


63


acts as a fuel support panel


63


and the hinged mechanism


62


is preferably a spring or counterweight so that when solid fuel is supported by the inner support panel


63


, the inner support panel


63


no longer maintains a substantially 90 degree angle with respect to the outer panel


61


, but now maintains a larger angle, such as, for example only, 120 degrees or greater. This allows the loaded solid fuel to be dispensed from the loading door


60


into the primary combustion chamber


200


.




Referring to

FIG. 18



b,


the loading door


60


is mounted to the combustion system. In preferred embodiments, the loading door


60


is mounted on either side of the combustion system and is able to accommodate a number of different diameter and length wood logs, or other solid fuel material. For some combustion system designs, spillage control panel


65


is provided to assure that smoke spillage does not occur during loading of the solid material. When the spillage control panel


65


is used, minimal clearance between the spillage control panel


65


and the inner support panel


63


is provided.





FIG. 18



c


shows the loading door


60


in the open position and loaded with solid fuel, and in this particular example, a log. In this position, the inner support panel


63


is substantially flush with the face of the combustion system and the outer panel


61


is at a substantially 90 degree angle with respect to the face of the combustion system.





FIG. 18



d


shows the loading door


60


partially closed and the inner support panel


63


extending past a 90 degree angle with respect to the outer panel


61


so that the solid fuel can be dispensed within the combustion chamber. The inner support panel


63


extends past 90 degrees due in part to the hinged mechanism


62


biasing downward from the weight of the solid fuel (i.e., the weight of the solid fuel overcomes the force of the spring or counterweight that otherwise keeps the inner support panel


63


perpendicular to outer surface


61


). When the solid fuel is dispensed into the combustion system, the inner support panel


63


returns to its original position (e.g., perpendicular to the outer panel


63


)




When the combustion chamber is full and the operator attempts to load further solid fuel within the combustion chamber, the solid fuel remains in the closed loading door


60


until the fuel in the combustion chamber burns so that the fuel support panel


63


can dispense the solid fuel into the combustion chamber. Also, by using the alternate loading door


60


of

FIGS. 18



a


-


18




d,


the bypass system is no longer required for reloading because (i) cool air is no longer introduced into the combustion system and (ii) smoke spillage into the living space no longer occurs.




Alternate Electronic Control System




An alternate electronic control system for stove adjustments is contemplated for this and other solid fuel heaters. In order to allow more precision in fuel/air ratio control, catalyst over temperature control, stove thermostatic setting, and control of a temporary higher air setting after reloads, an electronic logic device sensing temperatures and changing air shutter positions based on these temperatures is of value. Bimetallic coils as discussed previously for these control systems have been found to work however the location, linkage, and stove design can constrain the design flexibility. These mechanical actuating devices are sensitive to system thermal mass, external air flows around the bimetallic coils, and are limited in travel and methods of linkage to actuating arms. The electronic controller may be located in any convenient location as it receives electrical inputs from temperature and/or air/fuel sensing devices and then can electrically control servo motors, solenoids or other electrically activated actuators which in turn actuate the appropriate air shutters or air metering devices. Time response and sensitivity to temperature fluctuations are vastly improved with electronic control relative to purely mechanical control. The control system nay be powered by battery, thermal generators, or by available line current or combinations of the three.




Fuel/air ratio control is achieved by electronically sensing the temperature of the combustion gas stream leaving the primary combustion chamber


200


. As the temperature increases, the logic device, through servo activation, increases the air flow to the secondary air tube located above the primary combustion chamber


200


. Alternatively, fuel/air ratio may be sensed directly using an automotive type fuel/air sensor which provides an electronic signal directly proportional to the fuel/air ratio of the gas stream. Air flow through the secondary air tube is increased or decreased based on this signal. For catalyst over-temperature control, the temperature downstream of the catalyst


23


is sensed and diluting air supplied to the secondary air tube and upstream of the catalyst


23


may be increased to maintain the catalyst temperature below a preprogrammed temperature.




To maintain a temporary higher air setting after stove reloading and until new fuel is well lit, the logical controller senses door and/or bypass opening with a proximity sensor or a micro-switch attached to the door. After sensing a door opening the primary air setting would be adjusted by servo motor to its high setting until the temperature of the gas stream downstream of the primary combustion chamber


200


is high enough to indicate adequate ignition of the new fuel. An operator activated button is also contemplated which would allow the stove operator to set a temporary higher air setting without opening the stove loading door or bypass.




Electronic thermostatic control of stove heat output is also incorporated in the control system An electronic temperature sensing device would adjust primary air flow settings in order to maintain a user selected stove temperature and heat output.




PreCatalyst Temperature Control




In some instances, particularly at very low fuel burning rates, the gas stream temperature approaching the catalytic combustor can become too low, resulting in a quenching of the catalyst


23


. If the gas stream is too cool catalytic activity may cease. With this in mind, a control system which maintains the catalyst approach stream above a critical temperature (about 200 degrees C.) is contemplated for use with the present invention. Sensing this approach stream temperature, a bimetallic coil or electronic control circuit would be linked to the primary air control shutter and increase the air flow to increase the burn rate and thereby increase the temperature of the gas stream flowing toward the catalyst. In this way catalytic activity is assured and pollutant emissions are minimized. No primary air control is needed unless the temperature of the approach stream is below the critical temperature.




Electrically Related Catalyst




Electrical heating of a catalyst substrate is another means of ensuring catalytic activity, particularly at very low burn rates when the gas stream is relatively cool. Other catalyst heating systems have been used (primarily in the automotive industry); however most attempt to heat the mass of the catalytic substrate or generate heat by using electrically conductive catalytic substrates. In a wood stove, enough chemical energy exists in the gas stream so that once lit, a catalyst can sustain sufficient catalytic temperatures and no additional electrical input is needed. With this realized, only the inlet surface of the catalyst needs to be heated. Only the surface (and not the core) requires heating to initiate catalytic combustion which then propagates through the length of the catalyst.





FIG. 19

shows the catalyst heating system for a solid fuel heater. The inlet surface of the catalyst substrate is heated by a resistance heating element


51


(similar to an electric stove top burner which has been found to work well) which is located just prior to the catalyst


23


. In this way the catalyst surface is heated radiantly and the gas stream flowing around the resistance element is heated convectively. An insulating panel below the heating element


51


serves to reflect radiant heat from the opposing side of the heating element back toward the catalyst


23


thereby reducing electrical energy input to the system. The inlet surface and gas stream need only to be heated enough to initiate sustained catalytic activity.




The control system energizes the resistive heating element


51


only under conditions when electrical energy input is necessary, thus reducing electrical consumption. Controls comprise two thermally activated switches (switch


1


and switch


2


) which are wired in series or alternatively, a logic circuit provided with temperature sensing inputs and a high voltage output energizing the heating element. In order for the heating element to energize, two conditions must be met: 1) the stove must be in operation as indicated by temperature sensing inside the primary combustion chamber and 2) the catalyst temperature must be below a pre-determined point (about 350 degrees C.) as determined by temperature measurement of the catalyst substrate or the temperature of the gas stream leaving the catalyst.




The control system employing two temperature switches is shown in FIG.


19


. When the stove is in operation temperature switch


1


senses a higher than ambient temperature indicating a fire is present and closes. If the catalyst temperature is above the temperature switch


2


setpoint, switch


2


remains open and the heating element is not energized. If the temperature at switch


2


is below the setpoint, switch


2


closes and completes the circuit to energize the heating element thereby ensuring catalytic activity. Once the catalyst is sufficiently heated, switch


2


opens and de-energizes the circuit. Similarly it the fire goes out, the switch


1


would open and de-energize the heating element.




While the invention has been described in terms of a single preferred embodiment, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.



Claims
  • 1. An automatic air setting mechanism for controlling an air delivery system comprises:a shutter being placed proximate to the air delivery system; a first rod including a first end having a bimetallic coil and a second end having a heat setting handle; a first fork being positioned between the heat setting handle and the bimetallic coil; a second rod being provided over an outer end of the bimetallic coil so that when the bimetallic coil pulls the second rod upward, the shutter uncovers an end of the air delivery system; a stop being positioned above the second rod and preventing the bimetallic coil from raising the second rod beyond a highest position; a metal plate link connecting to the second rod at a distance from the stop, the metal plate link including a hole; a shutter actuating rod connecting the metal plate link and the shutter; a locking rod communicating with the metal plate link hole when a top end of the second rod is stopped against the stop and the shutter is at a maximum open position; a first collar being positioned on the locking rod and substantially close to the fork; a second collar being positioned on the locking rod and away from the first collar; a bimetallic unlocking coil being positioned proximate to the second collar, the bimetallic unlocking coil sensing at least one of (i) a temperature indicating the fuel is engaged in the combustion process and (ii) a pre-catalyst gas temperature; and a second fork connecting to the bimetallic unlocking coil and positioned proximate to the second collar; wherein rotation of the heat setting handle causes the fork to push the collar thus moving the locking rod into the hole and locking the shutter in the maximum open position, wherein after the locking rod is engaged in the hole, the heat setting handle is rotated in an opposite direction setting the bimetallic coil to a position that provides a predetermined heat output after the locking rod is pulled out of the hole, wherein after the bimetallic unlocking coil senses a predetermined temperature, the second fork pushes the second collar causing the locking rod to release the link so that the air delivery system maintains the predetermined heat output.
  • 2. An automatic air setting mechanism for controlling an air delivery system in a combustion system comprises:controlling means for controlling an air passage of the air delivery system; locking means for locking the controlling means when the controlling means is at a maximum position; sensing means for sensing a temperature of a combustion chamber so that when the temperature reaches a predetermined value the locking means releases the controlling means.
  • 3. The automatic air setting mechanism of claim 2, further comprising preventing means for preventing the controlling means from exceeding the maximum position prior to the locking means locking the controlling means.
  • 4. The automatic air setting mechanism of claim 2, further comprising regulating means for regulating the controlling means when the controlling means is at a position other than the maximum position.
  • 5. The automatic air setting mechanism of claim 2, further comprising setting means for setting the controlling means when the locking means releases the controlling means.
  • 6. The automatic air setting mechanism of claim 5, wherein the setting means is manually operated and includes a thermostatic adjustment means for automatically controlling the controlling means in response to temperature changes.
  • 7. The automatic air setting mechanism of claim 2, wherein the locking means and sensing means are formed from a single bimetallic element.
  • 8. The automatic air setting mechanism of claim 2, wherein mechanical failure of the sensing means causes release of the locking means.
Parent Case Info

The present application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/129,125 filed on Aug. 4, 1998 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,067,979

US Referenced Citations (6)
Number Name Date Kind
828411 Kirby Aug 1906
1131106 Beam Mar 1915
4207860 Schrock Jun 1980
4409956 Barnett Oct 1983
4582045 Doran et al. Apr 1986
6067979 Jaasma et al. May 2000
Continuation in Parts (1)
Number Date Country
Parent 09/129125 Aug 1998 US
Child 09/546603 US