Patent Grant
7836698
The present application relates generally to gas turbine engines and more particularly relates to gas turbine engine combustors with staged fuel injectors and swirlers.
Gas turbine engines generally include a compressor for compressing in-coming air. The air is mixed with fuel and ignited in a combustor for generating combustion gases. The combustion gases in turn flow to a turbine. The turbine extracts energy from the gases for driving a shaft. The shaft powers the compressor and generally another load such as an electrical generator.
Exhaust emissions from the combustion gases are a concern and are subject to mandated limits. Certain types of gas turbine engines are designed for low exhaust emissions operation, and in particular, for low NOx (nitrogen oxides) operation, minimal combustion dynamics, and ample auto-ignition and flame holding margins. Low NOx combustors are typically in a form of a number of burner cans circumferentially adjoining each other around the circumference of the engine. Each burner may have a swirler position therein. The swirlers may have a number of circumferentially spaced apart vanes for swirling and mixing the compressed air and fuel as they pass therethrough.
One issue with known gas turbine engines is the need to make the fuel/air mixture as homogenous as possible and the Wobbe index of the fuel/air mixtures as consistent as possible. In the past, the Wobbe index has been controlled with external fuel heating. The issues of the flame holding, auto-ignition margins, and the homogeneous mixing of the fuel and air have been addressed in part by changing the angles on the fuel nozzle swirl vanes and/or by changing the method by which the fuel is introduced to the air or vice versa, i.e., a cross-flow or coaxial flow may be used. The more homogeneous the flow, the more efficient the combustion process may be while producing fewer emissions.
There is a desire, therefore, for a gas turbine engine with improved fuel/air mixing, combustion dynamics, Wobbe control, and flame holding, auto-ignition margin, particularly in the context of low NOx combustion. The improved mixing should be accomplished without loss of engine efficiency.
The present application thus describes a combustor for mixing a flow of compressed air from a compressor and a flow of fuel from a fuel source. The combustor may include a first swirler for mixing the flow of compressed air and the flow of fuel into a first fuel-air flow, a second flow source for providing a second flow downstream of the first swirler, and a second swirler for mixing the first fuel-air flow and the second flow.
The second flow may include a second flow of fuel and the second flow source may include a fuel injector. The second flow may include a second flow of compressed air and the second flow source may include a source of compressed air. The first fuel-air flow may include an equivalence ratio from about zero (0) to about one-half (0.5) (low) or about one (1.0) to 1.3 (high) and may be a non-combustible mixture. The second fuel-air flow exits the second swirler. The second fuel-air flow may include an equivalence ratio from about one-half (0.5) to about one (1) and may be a combustible mixture.
The present application describes a method of mixing a flow of compressed air from a compressor and a flow of fuel from a fuel source. The method may include mixing the flow of compressed air and the flow of fuel into a first fuel-air flow in a first swirler, adding a second flow downstream of the first swirler, and mixing the first fuel-air flow and the second flow in a second swirler.
The second flow may include a second flow of fuel and/or flow of compressed air. The first fuel-air flow may include an equivalence ratio from about zero (0) to about one-half (0.5) (low) or about one (1.0) to 1.3 (high) and may be a non-combustible mixture. The second fuel-air flow exits the second swirler. The second fuel-air flow may include an equivalence ratio from about one-half (0.5) to about one (1) and may be a combustible mixture.
The present application further describes a gas turbine. The gas turbine may include a compressor and a combustor can positioned downstream of the compressor. The combustor can may include a number of swirlers.
The swirlers may include a first swirler and a second swirler with a flow source positioned between the swirlers. The flow source may include a fuel injector and/or a source of compressed air.
These and other features of the present application will be come apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the drawing and the appended claims.
Referring now to the drawing, in which like numerals refer to like elements throughout the view,
A first swirler 180 may be positioned within the combustor can 125 downstream of the fuel injector 160 and the compressor 110. As is described above, the first swirler 180 may include a number of spaced apart vanes for swirling the compressed air flow 150 and the fuel flow 170 so as to promote mixing of the flows 150, 170. The first swirler 180 may be of conventional design. A first fuel-air mixture 190 may exit the first swirler 180. Preferably, the first fuel-air mixture 190 may be below the lower flammability range. For example, the first local fuel-air mixture 190 may have an equivalence ratio of about zero (0) to about one-half (0.5). (This is equivalent to a fuel-air ratio of 0.292 assuming the fuel to be 100% methane.) The first fuel-air mixture 190, however, may be fuel rich (non-combustible), combustible, or fuel lean (non-combustible. A ratio above the flammability index would be about 1.0 to about 1.3. The ratio generally may be controlled by the amount of air produced by the compressor 110.
The combustor can 125 also may have a second flow source 200 positioned downstream of the first swirler 180. The second flow source 200 may inject a second flow 210 into the first fuel-air mixture 190. Depending upon the nature of the first fuel-air mixture 190, the second flow source 200 may be a second fuel injector so as to inject a second fuel flow or the second flow source 200 may be a second source of compressed air so to provide a second compressed air flow. The second source of compressed air may include an auxiliary compressor, process air, or similar sources. Injecting a second compressed air flow may impact the lower heating value of the flows entering the turbine 130. Alternatively, a second fuel injector and a second source of compressed air both may be used.
The combustor can 125 may have a second swirler 220 positioned downstream of the second fuel source 200. The first fuel-air mixture 190 and the second flow 210 may be swirled and mixed within the second swirler 220. The configuration of the second swirler 220 may be similar to the first swirler 180. A second fuel-air mixture 230 may exit the second swirler 220. The second fuel-air mixture 230 will be within the flammability range. The second fuel-air mixture 230 may have an equivalence ratio of about one-half (0.5) to about one (1).
Although the use of two (2) swirlers 180, 220 is shown, any number of swirlers 180, 200 may be used herein. Additional fuel or air injections also may be used.
The second-fuel air mixture 230 may be ignited for generating combustion gases 240. As described above, the energy from the combustion gases 240 is extracted by the turbine 130 for rotating the shaft 140 so as to power the compressor 110 as well as producing output power for driving the generator or other type of external load.
The use of the first and second swirlers 180, 220 thus provides for a more homogenous second fuel-air mixture 230. As a result, the turbine engine 100 may produce overall lower emissions while being more efficient. For example, the turbine engine 100 may produce NOx emissions between about 9 ppm (“parts per million”) and about 25 ppm (corrected to 15% O2) when operating at about 35% simple cycle efficiency over a given period of time. Carbon monoxide and other types of emissions also may be reduced.
It should be apparent that the foregoing relates only to the preferred embodiments of the present application and that numerous changes and modifications may be made herein without departing from the general spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following claims and the equivalents thereof.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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