Patent Grant
8001320
The present invention relates generally to memory devices, and particularly to command interfaces for controlling memory devices.
Several types of memory devices, such as Flash memories, use arrays of analog memory cells for storing data. Each analog memory cell stores a quantity of an analog value, also referred to as a storage value, such as an electrical charge. The storage value represents the information stored in the cell. In Flash memories, for example, each analog memory cell holds a certain amount of electrical charge. The range of possible analog values is typically divided into regions, each region corresponding to one or more data bit values. Data is written to an analog memory cell by writing a nominal analog value that corresponds to the desired bit or bits.
Some memory devices, commonly referred to as Single-Level Cell (SLC) devices, store a single bit of information in each memory cell, i.e., each memory cell can be programmed to assume two possible memory states. Higher-density devices, often referred to as Multi-Level Cell (MLC) devices, store two or more bits per memory cell, i.e., can be programmed to assume more than two possible memory states.
Flash memory devices are described, for example, by Bez et al., in “Introduction to Flash Memory,” Proceedings of the IEEE, volume 91, number 4, April, 2003, pages 489-502, which is incorporated herein by reference. Multi-level Flash cells and devices are described, for example, by Eitan et al., in “Multilevel Flash Cells and their Trade-Offs,” Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), New York, N.Y., pages 169-172, which is incorporated herein by reference. The paper compares several kinds of multilevel Flash cells, such as common ground, DINOR, AND, NOR and NAND cells.
Eitan et al., describe another type of analog memory cell called Nitride Read Only Memory (NROM) in “Can NROM, a 2-bit, Trapping Storage NVM Cell, Give a Real Challenge to Floating Gate Cells?” Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials (SSDM), Tokyo, Japan, Sep. 21-24, 1999, pages 522-524, which is incorporated herein by reference. NROM cells are also described by Maayan et al., in “A 512 Mb NROM Flash Data Storage Memory with 8 MB/s Data Rate”, Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC 2002), San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 3-7, 2002, pages 100-101, which is incorporated herein by reference. Other exemplary types of analog memory cells are Floating Gate (FG) cells, Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM) cells, magnetic RAM (MRAM) cells, Charge Trap Flash (CTF) and phase change RAM (PRAM, also referred to as Phase Change Memory—PCM) cells. FRAM, MRAM and PRAM cells are described, for example, by Kim and Koh in “Future Memory Technology including Emerging New Memories,” Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Microelectronics (MIEL), Nis, Serbia and Montenegro, May 16-19, 2004, volume 1, pages 377-384, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Various command interfaces for controlling memory devices are known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,801,985, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, describes a memory system capable of being configured after fabrication using control parameters stored in non-volatile data storage units. The system includes an array of memory cells, separate from the data storage units. The system also includes control circuitry for controlling memory operations, such as programming the memory cells and reading the memory cells, when the memory system is in a normal mode of operation. The non-volatile data storage units store control parameter data used by the control means for controlling the memory operations, with the control parameters being modifiable when the memory system is placed in an alternative mode of operation as opposed the normal mode of operation. Once the memory has been fabricated and characterized, the control parameters can be selected and loaded into the data storage units.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,851,018, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, describes a method and system for exchanging operation parameters between a data storage device and a storage device controller. A memory device within the data storage device comprises operation parameter registers, which store operation parameters that are indicative of environmental conditions and characteristics of the memory device itself. The operation parameter registers may be readable and writable. To initiate an exchange of operation parameters, the storage device controller sends a command code indicative of an operation parameter exchange command and designates an address in the operation parameter registers to which operation parameters are to be written or from which operation parameters are to be read.
U.S. Patent Application Publications 2006/0256620 and 2007/0047326, whose disclosures are incorporated herein by reference, describe methods for programming a target memory cell of a memory device. The target memory cell is programmed by applying a programming voltage to a word line that includes the target memory cell, determining whether the target memory cell is programmed, and increasing the programming voltage by a step voltage if it is determined that the target memory cell is not programmed. An initial programming voltage and the step voltage are each selectable after fabrication of the memory device.
Embodiments of the present invention provide a method for operating a memory device that includes a plurality of analog memory cells, including:
accepting at an input of the memory device a self-contained command to perform a memory access operation on at least one of the memory cells, the command including an instruction specifying the memory access operation and one or more parameters that are indicative of analog settings to be applied to the at least one of the memory cells when performing the memory access operation; and
executing the self-contained command in the memory device by extracting the parameters, applying the analog settings to the at least one of the memory cells responsively to the extracted parameters, and performing the specified memory access operation in accordance with the instruction on the at least one of the memory cells using the settings.
In some embodiments, the memory access operation includes a read operation for reading data from the at least one of the memory cells, performing the memory access operation includes reading the data by comparing storage values stored in the at least one of the memory cells to one or more read reference levels, and the one or more parameters are indicative of the one or more read reference levels to be used in reading the data. In an embodiment, the read operation specifies reading the data multiple times using multiple respective sets of the read reference levels, and the one or more parameters are indicative of the multiple sets of the read reference levels.
In another embodiment, the memory access operation includes a read operation for reading data from the at least one of the memory cells, the at least one of the memory cells belongs to a given word line of the memory device, performing the memory access operation includes applying one or more pass voltages to word lines other than the given word line, and the one or more parameters are indicative of the one or more pass voltages.
In yet another embodiment, the memory access operation includes a write operation for programming the at least one of the memory cells to store data, the self-contained command further includes the data to be stored, and performing the memory access operation includes writing storage values that represent the data to the at least one memory cell. In an embodiment, performing the memory access operation includes verifying the written storage values with respect to one or more verification reference levels, and the one or more parameters are indicative of the verification reference levels to be used in verifying the written storage values.
In a disclosed embodiment, writing the storage values includes applying to the at least one memory cell an incrementally-increasing sequence of programming pulses that start at an initial magnitude, and the one or more parameters are indicative of the initial magnitude. Additionally or alternatively, writing the storage values includes applying to the at least one memory cell a sequence of programming pulses that incrementally increases by a programming step size, and the one or more parameters are indicative of the programming step size. Further additionally or alternatively, writing the storage values includes applying to the at least one memory cell a sequence of programming pulses having a pulse width, and the one or more parameters are indicative of the pulse width.
In some embodiments, the memory access operation includes an erase operation for erasing the at least one of the memory cells. In an embodiment, erasing the at least one of the memory cells includes verifying erasure of the at least one of the memory cells with respect to one or more erase verification reference levels, and the one or more parameters are indicative of the one or more erase verification reference levels to be used in verifying the erasure. Additionally or alternatively, erasing the at least one of the memory cells includes applying an erasure voltage to the at least one of the memory cells, and the one or more parameters are indicative of the erasure voltage.
In a disclosed embodiment, the one or more parameters are discarded after applying the analog settings. In an embodiment, the one or more parameters are indicative of differences between the analog settings to be applied when performing the memory access operation and respective predefined baseline settings. In another embodiment, the memory device holds multiple predefined sets of the analog settings, the one or more parameters are indicative of one of the predefined sets that is to be applied when performing the memory access operation, and applying the analog settings includes applying the one of the predefined sets.
In yet another embodiment, the memory access operation includes a copy operation for reading data from a first group of the memory cells and writing the data into a second group of the memory cells that is different from the first group. In still another embodiment, the memory cells are arranged in multiple memory planes, and the self-contained command specifies two or more memory access operations to be performed concurrently in respective, different planes of the memory device.
There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method for operating a memory device that includes a plurality of analog memory cells, including:
constructing a self-contained command to perform a memory access operation on at least one of the memory cells, the command including an instruction specifying the memory access operation and one or more parameters that are indicative of analog settings to be applied to the at least one of the memory cells when performing the memory access operation; and
sending the self-contained command to the memory device so as to cause the memory device to execute the command by extracting the parameters, applying the analog settings to the at least one of the memory cells responsively to the extracted parameters and performing the specified memory access operation in accordance with the instruction on the at least one of the memory cells using the settings.
There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a memory device, including:
a plurality of analog memory cells; and
control circuitry, which is coupled to accept a self-contained command for performing a memory access operation on at least one of the memory cells, the command including an instruction specifying the memory access operation and one or more parameters that are indicative of analog settings to be applied to the at least one of the memory cells when performing the memory access operation, and to execute the self-contained command by extracting the parameters, applying the analog settings to the at least one of the memory cells responsively to the extracted parameters, and performing the specified memory access operation in accordance with the instruction on the at least one of the memory cells using the settings.
There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a memory controller, including:
an interface, which is coupled to communicate with a memory device that includes a plurality of analog memory cells; and
a processor, which is coupled to construct a self-contained command for performing a memory access operation on at least one of the memory cells, the command including an instruction specifying the memory access operation and one or more parameters that are indicative of analog settings to be applied to the at least one of the memory cells when performing the memory access operation, and to send the self-contained command to the memory device over the interface so as to cause the memory device to execute the command by extracting the parameters, applying the analog settings to the at least one of the memory cells responsively to the extracted parameters, and performing the specified memory access operation in accordance with the instruction on the at least one of the memory cells using the settings.
The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings in which:
Embodiments of the present invention provide improved methods and systems for controlling and operating memory devices. In some embodiments that are described hereinbelow, a memory device comprises multiple analog memory cells and a control unit, which stores data in the cells and reads data from the cells. A memory controller operates the memory device by sending commands to the control unit of the memory device in accordance with a predefined command interface. Each command instructs the memory to perform a certain memory access operation, such as a read, write or erase operation.
The commands sent from the memory controller to the memory device are self-contained, meaning that each command comprises the different parameters needed for its execution by the memory device. Each self-contained command comprises an op-code that specifies the requested memory access operation, and one or more parameters, which typically indicate analog settings to be applied to the memory cells when performing the operation. In the context of the present patent application and in the claims, the term “analog setting” is used to describe any suitable analog quantity that is applied to a memory cell or to a group of cells in order to perform a memory access operation. Analog settings may comprise, for example, various voltages, currents and pulse widths.
For example, the parameters of a self-contained read command may comprise read reference levels to be used for reading the data. The parameters of a self-contained write command may comprise parameters of an iterative Program and Verify (P&V) process that is used for storing the data, such as programming reference levels (also referred to as verification reference levels), an increment step size of the P&V process and/or an initial programming pulse magnitude. Other types of memory access operations, such as self-contained erase, multi-read and copy operations are also described herein.
The memory device executes the self-contained command by extracting the parameters, applying the analog settings responsively to the extracted parameters, and performing the memory access operation in accordance with the instruction.
Unlike some known methods and systems in which the memory device stores the values of the parameters used in performing memory access operations, the methods and systems described herein enable the memory device to operate without dependence on internal storage of parameter values. The memory device may execute each self-contained command using only the parameters conveyed therein, without a need to cache, track or otherwise maintain parameter values between commands. Operating in this manner simplifies the operation and hardware configuration of the memory device.
System 20 comprises a memory device 24, which stores data in a memory cell array 28. The memory array comprises multiple analog memory cells 32. In the context of the present patent application and in the claims, the term “analog memory cell” is used to describe any memory cell that holds a continuous, analog value of a physical parameter, such as an electrical charge. Array 32 may comprise analog memory cells of any kind, such as, for example, NAND, NOR and CTF Flash cells, PCM, NROM, FRAM, MRAM and DRAM cells.
The charge levels stored in the cells and/or the analog voltages or currents written into and read out of the cells are referred to herein collectively as analog values or storage values. Although the embodiments described herein mainly address threshold voltages, the methods and systems described herein may be used with any other suitable kind of storage values.
System 20 stores data in the analog memory cells by programming the cells to assume respective memory states, which are also referred to as programming levels. The programming levels are selected from a finite set of possible levels, and each level corresponds to a certain nominal storage value. For example, a 2 bit/cell MLC can be programmed to assume one of four possible programming levels by writing one of four possible nominal storage values into the cell.
Memory device 24 comprises a control unit 36, which accepts and executes commands for performing memory access operations on memory cells 32 of array 28. Memory device 24 typically comprises a single-chip device, in which the memory array and the control unit are fabricated on the same semiconductor die. Memory access operations may comprise, for example, storing data in the memory device, reading data from the memory device and erasing a group of memory cells. The commands are formatted in accordance with a command interface, which is described in detail further below.
When storing data in the memory array, the control unit accepts the data for storage, converts the data to storage values that represent the data, and writes the storage values to memory cells 32. The data may be cached in a page buffer before it is written to the cells. In alternative embodiments, the control unit does not perform the conversion, but is provided with voltage samples, i.e., with the storage values for storage in the cells. The control unit typically programs the cells using an iterative Program and Verify (P&V) process, as is known in the art.
When reading data out of array 28, control unit 36 reads storage values from cells 32, converts the storage values into digital samples having a resolution of one or more bits, and outputs the samples. Alternatively, the control unit may output the read storage values without converting them to data. Further alternatively, the control unit may output any other type of information related to the storage values read from the cells.
The storage and retrieval of data in and out of memory device 24 is performed by a memory controller 40. Controller 40 comprises an interface 44 for communicating with unit 36 of memory device 24, and a control processor 48, which processes the data that is written into and read from device 24. The memory controller communicates with the memory device using the command interface that is described below.
In some embodiments, memory controller 40 carries out signal processing functions such as, for example, Error Correction Coding (ECC) of the stored data, estimation and cancellation of distortion in the values read from the memory cells, and/or reading soft values from the memory cells. Such signal processing functions are described, for example, in PCT Published Application WO 2007/132457, entitled “Combined Distortion Estimation and Error Correction Coding for Memory Devices,” filed May 10, 2007, in PCT Published Application WO 2007/132453, entitled “Distortion Estimation and Cancellation in Memory Devices,” filed May 10, 2007, and in PCT Application PCT/IL2007/001315, entitled “Reading Memory Cells using Multiple Thresholds,” filed Oct. 30, 2007, whose disclosures are incorporated herein by reference.
Memory controller 40 communicates with a host 52, for accepting data for storage in the memory device and for outputting data retrieved from the memory device. Controller 40, and in particular processor 48, may be implemented in hardware. Alternatively, controller 40 may comprise a microprocessor that runs suitable software, or a combination of hardware and software elements.
The configuration of
In the exemplary system configuration shown in
Memory cells 32 of array 28 are typically arranged in a grid having multiple rows and columns. Each cell 32 typically comprises a floating gate Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) transistor. A certain amount of electrical charge can be stored in a particular cell by applying appropriate voltage or current levels to the transistor gate, source and drain. The value stored in the cell can be read by measuring the threshold voltage of the cell, which is defined as the minimal voltage that needs to be applied to the gate of the transistor in order to cause the transistor to conduct. The read threshold voltage is indicative of the charge stored in the cell.
In a typical configuration of array 28, the gates of the transistors in each row are connected by word lines, and the sources of the transistors in each column are connected by bit lines. The array is typically divided into multiple pages, i.e., groups of memory cells that are programmed and read simultaneously. Pages are sometimes sub-divided into sectors. In some embodiments, each page comprises an entire row of the array. In alternative embodiments, each row (word line) can be divided into two or more pages. For example, in some devices each row is divided into two pages, one comprising the odd-order cells and the other comprising the even-order cells. In a typical implementation, a two-bit-per-cell memory device may have four pages per row, a three-bit-per-cell memory device may have six pages per row, and a four-bit-per-cell memory device may have eight pages per row.
Erasing of cells is usually carried out in blocks that contain multiple pages. Typical memory devices may comprise several thousand erasure blocks. In a typical two-bit-per-cell MLC device, each erasure block is on the order of 32 word lines, each comprising several thousand cells. Each word line of such a device is often partitioned into four pages (odd/even order cells, least/most significant bit of the cells). Three-bit-per cell devices having 32 word lines per erasure block would have 192 pages per erasure block, and four-bit-per-cell devices would have 256 pages per block. Alternatively, other block sizes and configurations can also be used.
Some memory devices comprise two or more separate memory cell arrays, often referred to as planes. Since each plane has a certain “busy” period between successive write operations, data can be written alternately to the different planes in order to increase programming speed.
Memory controller 40 operates memory device 24 by sending commands, which instruct the memory device to perform different memory access operations. The commands sent by controller 40 are self-contained, meaning that each command is fully-specified and contains the parameters needed for its execution. Thus, the memory device may execute each self-contained command using only the parameters conveyed therein, without a need to cache, track or otherwise maintain parameter values between commands. This sort of operation, without dependence on internal storage of parameter values, considerably simplifies the operation and hardware configuration of the memory device.
Typically, each command comprises an instruction specifying the requested memory access operation, e.g., read, write or erase. Each command further comprises one or more parameters, which are indicative of respective analog settings to be used in performing the requested operation. Different memory access operations are specified in terms of different types of analog settings, which are applied to the cells by control unit 36. Analog settings that are specified by the command parameters may comprise, for example, read reference levels, program verification reference levels, erase verification reference levels, various voltages, currents or pulse widths that are used in the P&V process. Reference levels may be specified as voltages or as currents. Typically, each memory access operation is carried out in response to a single self-contained command, which includes both the instruction and the applicable parameters, and is transferred in a single instruction cycle.
In device 24, control unit 36 receives the command and extracts the parameters from the received command, at a parameter extraction step 68. The control unit thus serves as an input for receiving commands by the memory device. The control unit performs the memory access operation, at an execution step 72. The control unit determines the requested operation type based on the instruction given in the command, applies the appropriate analog settings that were specified by the extracted command parameters to the memory cells in question, and performs the requested memory access operation using the specified settings. Since each command is self-contained, the control unit may then discard the command parameters, at a discarding step 76. Several exemplary commands will now be described in greater detail.
A group of memory cells is typically read by comparing the storage values of the cells to one or more read reference levels. For example, four-level cells are typically read using three read reference levels that differentiate among the four programming levels. The optimal values of the read reference levels may vary over time and/or from one cell group to another.
In some embodiments, memory controller 40 sends the memory device a self-contained read command. The read command typically comprises (1) a read instruction op-code, (2) an address of the memory cells to be read, and (3) a set of one or more read reference levels for use in performing the read operation. For N-bit memory cells, the command may comprise 2N−1 parameters that specify the respective read reference levels. Control unit 36 in the memory device accepts the self-contained read command, extracts the command parameters, sets the appropriate read reference levels as specified by the extracted parameters, and reads the requested group of memory cells using these reference levels. The control unit sends the read data to the memory controller.
Additionally or alternatively to specifying the read reference levels, the parameters of the self-contained read command may specify other types of analog settings. For example, in NAND Flash devices, the memory cells are often arranged in NAND strings. Each NAND string comprises a group of cells that are connected back-to-back in series with one another, with each cell in the string belonging to a different word line. In such devices, when reading a page of memory cells belonging to a certain word line, control unit 36 typically applies a high voltage (referred to as a pass voltage) to the other word lines of the string. In some embodiments, the parameters of the self-contained read command specify the pass voltage (or voltages) to be applied to the unselected word lines when performing the read operation.
As another example of a self-contained command, a group of memory cells is typically programmed by writing storage values to the cells and verifying the written storage values in an iterative Program and Verify (P&V) process. In a typical P&V process, control unit 36 applies an incrementally-increasing sequence of programming pulses to a specified group of cells, usually a page. The cell voltages are read between successive programming iterations and verified against the desired programming levels. The process continues until the cells reach their intended programming levels or until a maximum number of iterations have been performed.
In some embodiments, memory controller 40 sends a self-contained write command to memory device 24. The write commands comprises (1) a write instruction op-code, (2) an address of the memory cells to be programmed, (3) the data to be written to the cells, and (4) a set of parameters indicative of analog settings to be used in the P&V operation. The command parameters may specify, for example, programming reference levels (also referred to as verification reference levels) against which the programmed values are to be verified. Additionally or alternatively, the command parameters may specify other settings of the iterative P&V process, such as an initial voltage magnitude of the first programming iteration, an increment step size (i.e., a voltage difference between successive programming pulses), and/or a pulse width of the programming pulses. In these embodiments, control unit 36 accepts the self-contained write command, extracts the parameters from the command, applies the appropriate analog settings as specified by the extracted parameters, and programs the specified memory cells with the specified data using the settings.
As yet another example, memory cells are typically erased by applying erase voltages (usually high negative voltages) to the cells. In some embodiments, the memory controller may send the memory device a self-contained erase command requesting erasure of a certain group of memory cells. The group typically comprises an erasure block, which includes multiple memory pages. The self-contained erase command comprises (1) an erase instruction op-code, (2) an address of the memory block to be erased, and (3) one or more parameters that indicate analog settings to be used in the erase operation.
The command parameters may specify, for example, the erase voltages that are to be applied to the cells. Additionally or alternatively, the parameters may specify erase verification reference levels, for use in verifying that the cells are erased sufficiently and/or not over-erased. The command parameters may specify different settings for different pages in the erased block. In these embodiments, control unit 36 extracts the parameters from the self-contained erase command, and erases the requested group of cells using the settings specified by the command parameters.
As explained above, control unit 36 may read data from a group of cells by performing multiple read operations on the cells with different read reference levels. The multiple read operations are used, for example, for interference cancellation and/or for producing soft decoding metrics. In some embodiments, memory controller 40 sends the memory device a self-contained “multi-read” command, which requests that a certain group of cells be read using multiple sets of read reference levels. The command specifies the multiple sets of read reference levels to be used. Each self-contained multi-read command comprises (1) a multi-read instruction op-code, (2) an address of the cells to be read, and (3) parameters that specify the multiple sets of read reference levels.
In some embodiments, the parameters of the multi-read command may specify only one set of read reference levels explicitly, and specify the other sets in relative terms with respect to the first set. This representation method conveys the same information regarding the multiple sets of reference levels, but in a more compact form. For example, the command parameters may specify a certain set of read reference levels explicitly, and request that the cells be read K times, such that each reference level set is shifted with respect to the specified set by a given voltage shift. Alternatively, any other suitable method for specifying the multiple sets of read reference levels can also be used.
Another type of command that may be used by the memory controller to the memory device is a self-contained copyback command, which instructs the memory device to read a certain page into its internal page buffer, without sending the read data to the memory controller. A copyback command is usually followed by a write command that instructs the memory device to write the data stored in the page buffer to a different location. The parameters of a self-contained copyback command are typically similar to the parameters of a read command. A copyback command is thus regarded herein as a type of read command.
In some embodiments, the memory controller and memory device may support a self-contained copy command, which instructs the memory device to copy the data stored in a given address to another address. The self-contained copy command typically comprises (1) a copy instruction op-code, (2) an address of the memory cells to be read, (3) a set of parameters for use in reading the data, (4) an address of the memory cells in which the data is to be programmed, and (5) a set of parameters for use in writing the data.
Some memory devices operate multiple page buffers in parallel, in order to increase the reading and/or programming speed. For example, the device may read data from a certain memory page into one of the buffers, and in parallel send the data stored in another buffer to the memory controller. This operation is sometimes referred to as read cache operation. Additionally or alternatively, the device may accept data for storage in a certain page from the memory controller and store it in one buffer, and in parallel write the data already stored in another buffer into another memory page. This operation is sometimes referred to as program cache operation. In some embodiments, the self-contained read and/or write command may support read cache and/or program cache operation. For example, the self-contained read command may instruct the memory device to read a specified page using a specified set of parameters into one buffer, and in parallel to send the previously-read page (which is stored in another buffer) to the memory controller.
In any of the self-contained commands described above, the command parameters may represent the analog settings using different conventions, to achieve different value ranges and resolution levels. For example, a certain parameter may comprise an eight-bit value (00h-FFh) that represents a voltage in the range 0-12.75V at a resolution of 50 mV. An eight-bit parameter may alternatively represent a voltage in the range 0-5.1V in increments of 20 mV. Further alternatively, other suitable representation conventions, increments and ranges can also be used. Command parameters may represent positive voltages or currents, negative voltages or currents, or both. Different parameters may have different ranges, resolutions and/or representation conventions. The mapping between a parameter value and the analog setting it represents may be linear, logarithmic or in accordance with any other suitable mapping.
The command parameters may specify the values of the requested voltages explicitly, in absolute terms. In an alternative embodiment, a certain baseline set of voltage values may be known a-priori to the memory controller and to the memory device. In these embodiments, the parameters of the self-contained command may specify relative shifts of the requested voltage levels with respect to the baseline set. Further alternatively, multiple sets of parameters may be stored a-priori in the memory device, and the parameters may specify an index or other value that selects one of the predetermined parameter sets. When the parameters specify a set of reference levels, the reference level values may be expressed explicitly. Alternatively, one of the reference levels (referred to as a baseline reference level) may be specified in absolute terms, and the other reference levels may be expressed as offsets with respect to the baseline reference level.
In some embodiments, the memory cells comprise multi-level cells, each storing multiple data bits. Data belonging to different memory pages may be stored in different bits of the memory cells. For a given group of cells, each bit is typically read using a different set of read reference levels. For example, in a four level cell, one of the bits is typically read using a single read reference level, and the other bit is read using a separate set of two different read reference levels. Programming of different bits is also usually carried out using different sets of programming reference levels. In these embodiments, the parameters of a self-contained command for accessing (reading or programming) a certain page may specify only the reference levels that are applicable to the particular bit to be read. Alternatively, the self-contained command may comprise parameters that specify the full set of reference levels that are applicable to all of the bits.
As noted above, the self-contained commands typically specify an address of the cells to be accessed. In some memory devices, memory cells in a given word line (row) of the memory cell array may store data of different memory pages, in accordance with a certain mapping of pages to word lines. In some embodiments, the address specified in the self-contained command specifies the physical location of the cells to be accessed (e.g., word line number). In alternative embodiments, the address in the command specifies a logical address (e.g., page number), and the mapping of logical to physical addresses (e.g., page number to word line number) is carried out by the control unit of the memory device.
A signal 80 shows the operation of the IO bus, and demonstrates the general structure of the self-contained read command. The command begins with the memory controller sending a read instruction op-code, in the present example a 00h value, to the memory device. The op-code is followed by five bytes that contain the address of the memory page to be read. The address is followed by n bytes denoted P1 . . . Pn that contain the command parameters. The command ends with a 30h op-code, which instructs the memory device to initiate execution of the command. After executing the read command, the memory device sends the read data to the memory controller over the IO bus in data bytes denoted DN, DN+1 . . . DM.
A signal 84 shows the operation of the CE signal. The CE signal is enabled (pulled low) by the memory controller during the command and during the response from the memory device. In some devices, the CE signal may be undefined during certain periods of time. Signals 88 and 92 show the operation of the CLE and ALE signals, respectively. A high CLE signal indicates that the information on the IO bus comprises a command. A high ALE signal indicates that the information on the IO bus comprises an address. When both CLE and ALE signals are low, the information on the IO bus comprises data. In the example of
A signal 96 shows the operation of the WE signal, which instructs the memory device to read information from the IO bus. A signal 100 shows the operation of the RE signal, which instructs the memory device to place information on the IO bus. A signal 104 shows the operation of the RnB signal, using which the memory device indicates that it is ready to accept a subsequent command.
Although
Although the embodiments described herein mainly refer to self-contained read, write and erase commands, the principles of the present invention can also be used to define various sorts of self-contained commands for performing other types of memory access operations in a memoryless manner. For example, the memory controller and memory device may support a One Time Programming (OTP) command. The OTP command is similar to a write command, with the exception that each page can only be programmed once. A write (or OTP) command to a page that was already programmed using an OTP command will be declined by the memory device. In the present context, an OTP command is regarded as a type of write command.
In some embodiments, a self-contained command may aggregate multiple memory access operations that are to be executed concurrently. For example, when the memory device comprises multiple memory planes, a single self-contained command may specify two or more memory access operations to be executed concurrently, in different planes.
Although the embodiments described herein mainly address writing and reading data in solid-state memory devices, the principles of the present invention can also be used for programming and reading other types of storage devices, such as Hard Disk Drives (HDD).
It will thus be appreciated that the embodiments described above are cited by way of example, and that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and sub-combinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not disclosed in the prior art.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/913,281, filed Apr. 22, 2007, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/917,653, filed May 12, 2007, whose disclosures are incorporated herein by reference.
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