Patent Grant
11863226
This application is based on and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0112470, filed on Aug. 25, 2021, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
The inventive concept relates to an electronic device, and more particularly, to a communication device and an operating method thereof.
Wireless communication networks provide the ability for users, or devices, to transfer data between communication devices such as mobile phones, computers, and the like. The communications devices include a receiver to process an input signal from other devices.
Receivers perform communication using frequency division duplexing (FDD), which can cause a degradation in a signal to noise ratio (SNR) due to interferences such as transmitter (TX) leakage and an out-of-band blocker. The TX leakage and the out-of-band blocker are 3rd intercept point (IP3) indicators and can degrade the SNR of the receivers.
As such, the power supplied to the receiver can be increased to improve the IP3 indicators. But, when an increased amount of power is supplied to the out-of-band blocker, the efficiency decreases. Therefore, there is a need in the art for an improved efficiency of a receiver.
The inventive concept provides a communication device that detects an out-of-band blocker to improve linearity and an operating method thereof.
According to an aspect of the inventive concept, there is provided a communication device including an antenna, a transmission processor configured to output a second transmission input signal with the same average power as average power of a first transmission input signal and a second amplitude that is greater than a first amplitude of the first transmission input signal, a radio frequency (RF) chain configured to output an RF output signal that is to be transmitted through the antenna, based on a transmission input signal provided from the transmission processor, and to output a reception input signal based on a signal received through the antenna, and a reception processor configured to check an out-of-band blocker by detecting a peaked frequency spectrum based on the reception input signal and to adjust a reception characteristic parameter of the RF chain based on an amplitude of the peaked frequency spectrum.
According to another aspect of the inventive concept, there is provided a communication device including an antenna, a modem configured to output a transmission input signal and to process a reception input signal, and an RF chain configured to output an RF output signal that is to be transmitted through the antenna, based on the transmission input signal and to output a reception input signal based on a signal received through the antenna, wherein the modem is configured to calculate an SNR based on the reception input signal, to change the first transmission input signal to the second transmission input signal based on whether the SNR is less than a reference SNR, and to detect a peaked frequency spectrum based on the reception input signal and to adjust a reception characteristic parameter of the RF chain based on an amplitude of the peaked frequency spectrum.
According to another aspect of the inventive concept, there is provided an operating method of a communication device including an antenna, an RF chain, and a modem, the operating method including checking a degradation in an SNR based on a reception input signal generated by the RF chain, changing a first transmission input signal to a second transmission input signal in response to the degradation in the SNR being checked, performing a Fourier transform on the reception input signal to detect a peaked frequency spectrum that is greater than or equal to at least one reference amplitude, thereby detecting an out-of-band blocker, and adjusting a reception characteristic parameter of the RF chain based on an amplitude of the peaked frequency spectrum, wherein the second transmission input signal has the same average power as average power of the first transmission input signal and a second amplitude that is greater than a first amplitude of the first transmission input signal.
According to another aspect of the inventive concept there is provided a method comprising checking a degradation in an SNR of a reception input signal generated by an RF chain; changing a first transmission input signal to a second transmission input signal based on the degradation, wherein the second transmission input signal has a same average power as the first transmission input signal and an amplitude that is greater than the first transmission input signal; determining that a peaked frequency spectrum of noise in the reception input signal is greater than or equal to at least one reference amplitude; and adjusting a reception characteristic parameter of the RF chain based on the peaked frequency spectrum.
Embodiments of the inventive concept will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
The present disclosure relates generally to an electronic device, and more particularly, to a communication device and an operating including a reception processor. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a reception processor to detect a frequency spectrum an out-of-band blocker and may adjust the reception characteristics of a radio frequency chain.
Receivers that communicate based frequency division duplexing (FFD) often ensure some level of signal to noise ratio (SNR) declination due to interference. For example, TX leakage and an out-of-band blockers may be are IP3 indicators that cause interference. As the power (current) of the receivers increases, feedback in the system can improve the IP3 indicators. Alternatively, when the amount of power increases for the out-of-band blocker, the efficiency of power consumption of the receiver decreases.
Therefore, the present disclosure provides a communication device and an operating method including an antenna, a transmission processor, a radio frequency chain, and a reception processor. The transmission processor outputs a second transmission input signal with the same average power as the average power of a first transmission input signal and a second amplitude greater than a first amplitude of the first transmission input signal. The RF chain outputs an RF output signal to be transmitted through the antenna, based on a transmission input signal, and outputs a reception input signal based on a signal received through the antenna. The reception processor checks an out-of-band blocker by detecting a peaked frequency spectrum based on the reception input signal and to adjust a reception characteristic parameter of the RF chain based on an amplitude of the peaked frequency spectrum.
Hereinafter, embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Embodiments of the inventive concept are provided so that the disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concept of the inventive concept to one of ordinary skill in the art. The inventive concept may have various modified embodiments, and preferred embodiments are illustrated in the drawings and are described in the detailed description of the inventive concept. However, the inventive concept within specific embodiments is not limited and it should be understood that the inventive concept covers all the modifications, equivalents, and replacements within the idea and technical scope of the inventive concept. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. Herein, “first” and “second” are merely used for differentiating the terms, and the inventive concept is not limited thereto.
Referring to
In an embodiment, the communication device 100 may perform communication based on a frequency division duplexing (FDD) scheme. However, the inventive concept is not limited thereto.
In an embodiment, the communication device 100 may further include a radio frequency (RF) chain 120 and a modem 130. The RF chain 120 may amplify a signal generated by the modem 130, or may remove noise of the signal. Additionally, or alternatively, the RF chain 120 may output the amplified or noise-removed signal to the antenna 110. The amplified or noise-removed signal may be transmitted to the outside through the antenna 110. A signal to be transmitted to the outside through the antenna 110 may be referred to as an RF output signal.
The RF chain 120 may amplify a signal received from the outside through the antenna 110 or may remove noise of the received signal. Additionally, or alternatively, the RF chain 120 may output the amplified or noise-removed signal to the modem 130. A signal provided to the modem 130 may be referred to as a reception input signal.
The RF chain 120 may be implemented with a plurality of circuits, to perform the operations described above. The number of RF chains 120 may be one or more. When each of the number of antennas 110 and the number of RF chains 120 is in plurality, the number of RF chains 120 may be less than the number of antennas 110. In this case, the communication device 100 may select an antenna corresponding to the number of RF chains.
The modem 130 may process a transmission/reception signal of a baseband. For example, the modem 130 may generate a baseband signal for a transmission signal path of the RF chain 120 and may process the baseband signal received through a reception signal path of the RF chain 120.
In an embodiment, the modem 130 may include a transmission processor 131 that outputs the transmission input signal, and a reception processor 132 that processes the reception input signal.
In an embodiment, the transmission processor 131 may output a first transmission input signal while the communication device 100 is performing a communication operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmission processor 131 may output a second transmission input signal in a period where the communication device 100 prepares for a communication operation. Average power of the first transmission input signal may be the same as average power of the second transmission input signal. Average power may be calculated as an integral value of a frequency in a frequency spectrum of the first transmission input signal. An amplitude of the first transmission input signal may be lower than an amplitude of the second transmission input signal. For example, a frequency spectrum of the second transmission input signal may have a relatively narrow bandwidth and a relatively large amplitude compared to a frequency spectrum of the first transmission input signal. A period where a communication operation is prepared may be a period where the communication device 100 does not communicate with another communication device and stands by. Alternatively, a period where a communication operation is prepared may be a period where a communication characteristic between the communication device 100 and another communication device is set, and for example, may be a period corresponding to a length of a cyclic prefix (CP). Accordingly, a communication state may be maintained. Therefore, a degradation in communication quality may be prevented.
In another embodiment, when a degradation in a signal to noise ratio (SNR) occurs, the second transmission input signal may be output. Even in this case, the transmission processor 131 may output the second transmission input signal at a period where the communication device 100 prepares for a communication operation.
SNR degradation may be a state where an SNR used in a current communication operation is lower than a criterion used by the communication device 100. SNR degradation may occur due to various causes such as multiple path propagation, the weather (particularly, cloudy weather), and an obstacle (or a shadow of an obstacle) adversely affecting propagation.
In an embodiment, the reception processor 132 may check SNR degradation. For example, the reception processor 132 may calculate an SNR based on the reception input signal received from the RF chain 120 and may compare the calculated SNR with a predetermined reference SNR. When the calculated SNR is less than the reference SNR, the reception processor 132 may determine that SNR degradation occurs. At this time, the reception processor 132 may provide the transmission processor 131 with a comparison result signal representing a comparison result between the calculated SNR and the reference SNR. When an SNR is greater than or equal to the reference SNR, the transmission processor 131 may output the first transmission input signal to the RF chain 120. Alternatively, when the SNR is less than or equal to the reference SNR, the transmission processor 131 may output the second transmission input signal to the RF chain 120. The second transmission input signal, as described above, may be output at a period where a communication operation is prepared.
In another embodiment, the reception processor 132 may calculate an SNR based on the reception input signal. The comparing with a frequency spectrum of the first transmission input signal may then compare the calculated SNR with the reference SNR. When the calculated SNR is less than the reference SNR, the reception processor 132 may provide the transmission processor 131 with a flag signal representing the occurrence of SNR degradation. The transmission processor 131 may change the first transmission input signal to the second transmission input signal in response to the flag signal. The second transmission input signal, as described above, may be output at a period where a communication operation is prepared.
In an embodiment, while the second transmission input signal output, the reception input signal may be provided to the reception processor 132. The reception processor 132 may detect a peaked frequency spectrum based on the reception input signal to check an out-of-band blocker. The peaked frequency spectrum may be a frequency spectrum of noise in the reception input signal. The noise in the reception input signal may include, for example, an out-of-band blocker and a leaked transmission input signal. The out-of-band blocker may be noise outside a band of a desired reception frequency. Herein, the leaked transmission input signal may be referred to as a leakage transmission input signal. The reception processor 132 may adjust a reception characteristic parameter of the RF chain 120 based on an amplitude of the peaked frequency spectrum. The reception characteristic parameter of the RF chain 120 may be a parameter set for satisfying a linearity. An indicator for determining linearity may be, for example, a third order intercept point (IP3).
Referring to
A basic unit of a resource in a time-frequency domain may be a resource element (RE) 212 and may be represented as an OFDM symbol index and a subcarrier index. A resource block (RB) 208 may be defined as Nsymb (202) number of continuous OFDM symbols in the time domain TM and NRB (210) number of continuous subcarriers in the frequency domain FREQ. Therefore, one RB 208 may be configured with (Nsymb*NRB) number of REs 212, and a size of the RB 208 may correspond to the number of REs 212.
As a plurality of numerologies are supported in communication based on an NR network, a length of each of a subcarrier spacing (SCS) and a slot 206 may vary, and the number of slots configuring one sub-frame 205 of 1 ms may be determined by a numerology of a wireless communication system. For example, referring to
Additionally, or alternatively, a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and a downlink channel including a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and the like may be transmitted from a base station to a terminal in a wireless communication system.
In an embodiment, the first transmission input signal may include a first RB, and the second transmission input signal may include a second RB. A size of the first RB may be greater than that of the second RB. Referring to
In another embodiment, the first transmission input signal may include the first RB, and the second transmission input signal may be a continuous wave with a single frequency.
Referring to
The RF chain 320 may include a transmission/reception duplexer 321, a transmitter 322, a receiver 323, and an oscillation circuit module 324. The transmission/reception duplexer 321 may provide a signal, received through the antenna 310, as an RF input signal RFIN to the receiver 323. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmission/reception duplexer 321 may provide the antenna 310 with an RF output signal RFOUT received from the transmitter 322.
The transmitter 322 may process a transmission input signal TXIN received from the transmission processor 330 to generate the RF output signal RFOUT. The receiver 323 may process the RF input signal RFIN to generate a reception input signal RXIN and may provide the reception input signal RXIN to the digital filter 340.
The oscillation circuit module 324 may generate a reference clock with a frequency for sampling the reception input signal RXIN and the RF input signal RFIN. Additionally, or alternatively, the oscillation circuit module 324 may provide the reference clock to each of the transmitter 322 and the receiver 323. For example, the oscillation circuit module 324 may provide the transmitter 322 with a transmission reference clock TXLO for sampling the transmission input signal TXIN and may provide the receiver 323 with a reception reference clock RXLO for sampling the RF input signal RFIN.
A center frequency of the RF input signal RFIN may be greater than a center frequency of the reception input signal RXIN. Additionally, or alternatively, the center frequency of the reception input signal RXIN may be included in a baseband. Therefore, the reception input signal RXIN may be a signal obtained through down-conversion of the RF input signal RFIN by the receiver 323.
The transmission processor 330 may output the transmission input signal TXIN to the transmitter 322. The transmission input signal TXIN may be the first transmission input signal or the second transmission input signal described above with reference to
The digital filter 340 may filter the reception input signal RXIN to provide a filtered reception input signal FRXIN to the reception processor 350.
The reception processor 350 may calculate an SNR based on the filtered reception input signal FRXIN. Additionally, or alternatively, the reception processor 350 may check the occurrence or not of SNR degradation. This is as described above with reference to
The reception processor 350 may detect a peaked frequency spectrum based on the filtered reception input signal FRXIN when the RF input signal RFIN is received by the receiver 323 while the second transmission input signal is being output to the RF chain 32. For example, the reception processor 350 may perform a Fourier transform on the filtered reception input signal FRXIN. The Fourier transform may include a fast Fourier transform (FFT). When the FFT is performed, a frequency spectrum of the filtered reception input signal FRXIN and a frequency spectrum of noise may be generated. The reception processor 350 may detect, as a peaked frequency spectrum, a frequency spectrum corresponding to a predetermined condition among frequency spectrums. This will be described below with reference to
The reception processor 350 may adjust a reception characteristic parameter based on an amplitude of the detected peaked frequency spectrum. For example, the reception processor 350 may provide the receiver 323 with a parameter control signal PAC that controls the reception characteristic parameter, based on the amplitude of the peaked frequency spectrum. Here, the reception characteristic parameter may be, for example, a parameter of the receiver 323. For example, the reception characteristic parameter may include a current used by the receiver 323, a gain of the receiver 323, and a filter characteristic of the receiver 323.
In another embodiment, a circuit implemented independently from the reception processor 350 may detect the peaked frequency spectrum described above and an operation of adjusting the reception characteristic parameter.
Referring to
Referring to
In an embodiment, the transmitter 430 may include a plurality of transmission blocks. The plurality of transmission blocks are dependently connected (cascaded) to one another. Referring to
In an embodiment, the receiver 450 may include a dependently connected (cascaded) plurality of reception blocks. Referring to
The reception processor 470 may adjust a reception characteristic parameter of at least one of the low noise amplifier 451, the reception mixer 452, the reception analog filter 453, and the analog-to-digital converter 454.
The oscillation circuit module 480 may include a phase locked loop circuit 481 and an oscillator 482.
Although not shown, the communication device 400 may further include an external low noise amplifier.
According to the above description, an out-of-band blocker may be detected even without a front-end to digital path and digital blocks. Therefore, operation performance may be improved and the manufacturing cost may be reduced.
Referring to
Referring to
Each of the first to third blocks BLK1 to BLK3 may have at least one characteristic parameter. For example, when each of the first to third blocks BLK1 to BLK3 is a reception block, the first block BLK1 may have a first current C1, a first gain G1, and a first feedback factor IP3_1. In this case, a reception characteristic parameter of the first block BLK1 may have at least one of the first current C1, the first gain G1, and the first feedback factor IP3_1. Likewise, the second block BLK2 may have a second current C2, a second gain G2, and a second feedback factor IP3_2, and the third block BLK3 may have a third current C3, a third gain G3, and a third feedback factor IP3_3. Here, a current of a block may be a current used by a corresponding block, or may be a current consumed by a corresponding block. For example, the first current C1 may be a current used by the first block BLK1.
The first to third blocks BLK1 to BLK3 may be cascaded. Therefore, total IP3 may be calculated as an indicator representing linearity as expressed in the following Equation 1.
In this case, IP3_total may denote total IP3.
Additionally, or alternatively, the reception processor 470 may adjust characteristic parameters of the first to third blocks BLK1 to BLK3. For example, when the characteristic parameters of the first to third blocks BLK1 to BLK3 are changed, the total IP3 may be calculated as expressed in the following Equation 2.
Referring to
A transmission frequency spectrum TXFS may be a frequency spectrum of a transmission input signal TXIN. The transmission frequency spectrum TXFS may have a transmission bandwidth TX BAND and a transmission amplitude TXP.
A blocker frequency spectrum OOBFS may be a blocker frequency spectrum obtained by performing an FFT on a frequency spectrum of an out-of-band blocker OOB. The out-of-band blocker OOB may be intermittently input by the receiver 450 unlike the leakage transmission input signal TXL. Additionally, or alternatively, the out-of-band blocker OOB may be a continuous wave with a single frequency. The blocker frequency spectrum OOBFS may have a blocker frequency OOBF, which is a single frequency, and a blocker amplitude OOBP.
A reception frequency spectrum RXFS may be a frequency spectrum of an RF input signal RFIN amplified by the low noise amplifier 451. The reception frequency spectrum RXFS may have a reception bandwidth RX BAND and a reception amplitude RXP.
The out-of-band blocker OOB and the leakage transmission input signal TXL based on the transmission input signal TXIN may be input to the receiver 450. Therefore, the transmission frequency spectrum TXFS and the blocker frequency spectrum OOBFS may be reflected in the reception frequency spectrum RXFS as in-channel noise. In this case, a noise frequency spectrum NFS with a bandwidth such as the reception bandwidth RX BAND of the reception frequency bandwidth RXFS may be generated. Based on the noise frequency spectrum NFS, the transmission amplitude RXP may increase by a noise amplitude NP.
Referring to
The down noise frequency spectrum DCNFS and the down reception frequency spectrum DCRXFS may be included in a reception analog baseband RX ABB. Additionally, or alternatively, the down blocker frequency spectrum DCOOBFS may be further included in the reception analog baseband RX ABB.
The down leakage transmission frequency spectrum DCTXLFS may be filtered by the reception analog filter 453. Additionally, or alternatively, the down blocker frequency spectrum DCOOBFS may be filtered by the reception analog filter 453. For example, referring to
When a bandwidth of the down noise frequency spectrum DCNFS is the same as a bandwidth of the down reception frequency spectrum DCRXFS, an amplitude of the down noise frequency spectrum DCNFS may be relatively low. Therefore, detecting the down noise frequency spectrum DCNFS may be difficult. To more easily detect the down noise frequency spectrum DCNFS, the down noise frequency spectrum DCNFS with a relatively narrow bandwidth and a relatively large amplitude may be used.
Referring to
The second transmission input signal, as described above, may have average power of the first transmission input signal and may have a second amplitude greater than a first amplitude of the first transmission input signal. Accordingly, a communication state may be maintained. Therefore, communication quality may not be reduced.
In an embodiment, the second transmission input signal may include a second resource block. In this case, a size of the second resource block may be less than that of the first resource block of the first transmission input signal.
In an embodiment, the reception processor 470 may perform an FFT on the reception input signal RXIN. Referring to
In an embodiment, the reception processor 470 may detect, as a peaked frequency spectrum, a frequency spectrum, greater than or equal to at least one predetermined reference amplitude, among frequency spectrums generated as a result of an FFT. The reference amplitude, as illustrated in
In another embodiment, the reception processor 470 may compare an amplitude of the first peaked frequency spectrum PFS 1 with the at least one predetermined reference amplitude.
When the first peaked frequency spectrum PFS 1 is detected, the reception processor 470 may adjust a reception characteristic parameter. Alternatively, the reception processor 470 may adjust the reception characteristic parameter based on a comparison result between an amplitude of the first peaked frequency spectrum PFS 1 and the single reference amplitude TH.
The reception processor 470 may repeatedly adjust the reception characteristic parameter until the amplitude of the first peaked frequency spectrum PFS 1 is less than the single reference amplitude TH.
Accordingly, an out-of-band blocker that is intermittently input may be easily detected. Therefore, linearity may be improved. Additionally, or alternatively, when the second transmission input signal has a continuous wave with a single frequency, a shape of the down noise frequency spectrum DCNFS may be sharply modified.
Referring to
A shape of the down noise frequency spectrum DCNFS may be changed to a shape of a second peaked frequency spectrum PFS 2. The second peaked frequency spectrum PFS 2 may have a single transmission frequency CWTXF and an amplitude. An amplitude of the second peaked frequency spectrum PFS 2 may be greater than that of the first peaked frequency spectrum PFS 1.
The reception processor 470 may detect the second peaked frequency spectrum PFS 2 greater than or equal to the single reference amplitude TH, among the frequency spectrums PFS 1, DCRXFS, DCOOBFS, DCTXLFS' generated as the result of the FFT. Alternatively, the reception processor 470 may compare an amplitude of the second peaked frequency spectrum PFS 2 with the single reference amplitude TH.
Accordingly, an out-of-band blocker that is intermittently input may be more easily detected. Therefore, linearity may be improved. Additionally, or alternatively, in a case where an amplitude of a peaked frequency spectrum and the single reference amplitude TH are used for adjusting an out-of-band blocker and a reception characteristic parameter, an amplitude of the peaked frequency spectrum may not be accurately seen.
Referring to
The peaked frequency spectrum PFS illustrated in
In an embodiment, the reception processor 470 may compare the amplitude of the peaked frequency spectrum PFS with the first and second reference amplitudes TH 1 and TH 2 to detect the amplitude of the peaked frequency spectrum PFS and may adjust the amount of adjustment of a reception characteristic parameter based on the detected amplitude. Referring to
According to the above description, because the amount of adjustment of a reception characteristic parameter is set based on an amplitude of a peaked frequency spectrum, an operation load (or a working load) may be reduced, and moreover, linearity may be more improved.
Referring to
In operation S200, the communication device 100 changes a transmission input signal. For example, the transmission processor 131 may change a first transmission input signal to a second transmission input signal in response to SNR degradation being checked. The second transmission input signal may have the same average power as that of the first transmission input signal and may have a second amplitude greater than a first amplitude of the first transmission input signal. In an embodiment, the first transmission input signal may include a first resource block and may include a second resource block with a size less than that of the first resource block. In another embodiment, the first transmission input signal may include the first resource block, and the second transmission input signal may be a continuous wave.
In operation S300, the communication device 100 detects an out-of-band blocker. For example, the reception processor 132 may detect a peaked frequency spectrum based on a reception input signal to detect an out-of-band blocker. The peaked frequency spectrum may be greater than or equal to at least one predetermined reference amplitude (for example, the first reference amplitude TH 1 illustrated in
In operation S400, the communication device 400 adjusts the reception characteristic parameter. For example, the reception processor 132 may adjust a reception characteristic parameter of the RF chain 120 based on an amplitude of the peaked frequency spectrum.
Referring to
The RFIC 1260 may be connected to an antenna Ant and may receive a signal from the outside or may transmit a signal to the outside by using a wireless communication network. The ASIP 1230 may be an integrated circuit that is customized for certain utility, supports a dedicated instruction set for a certain application, and may execute an instruction included in the instruction set. The memory 1250 may be a non-transitory storage device, may communicate with the ASIP 1230, and may store a plurality of instructions executed by the ASIP 1230. For example, as a non-transitory example, the memory 1250 may include an arbitrary-type memory accessible by the ASIP 1230 like random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), tape, a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, and a combination thereof.
The main processor 1270 may execute a plurality of instructions to control the base station 1200. For example, the main processor 1270 may control the ASIC 1210 and the ASIP 1230 and may process data received over the wireless communication network. The main memory 1290, a non-transitory storage device, may communicate with the main processor 1270 and may store the plurality of instructions executed by the main processor 1270. For example, as a non-transitory example, the main memory 1290 may include an arbitrary-type memory accessible by the main processor 1270 like RAM, ROM, tape, a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, and a combination thereof.
Referring to
The processor 1410 may be referred to as a processing unit, and for example, may include at least one core for executing an arbitrary instruction set (for example, Intel Architecture-32 (IA-32), 64-bit extension IA-32, x86-64, PowerPC, Sparc, MIPS, ARM, IA-64, etc.) like a micro-processor, an application processor (AP), a digital signal processor (DSP), and a graphics processing unit (GPU). For example, the processor 1410 may access the memory 1420 through the bus 1470 and may execute instructions stored in RAM or ROM.
The memory 1420 may include dynamic RAM (DRAM) and a volatile memory (e.g., RAM), or may include flash memory and a non-volatile memory (e.g., ROM). The input/output devices 1430 may include an input device such as a keyboard or a pointing device and may include an output device such as a printer. The storage device 1440 may store data to be processed by the processor 1410, or may store data obtained through processing by the processor 1410. For example, the processor 1410 may process data stored in the storage device 1440 to generate data and may store the generated data in the storage device 1440.
The network interface 1450 may provide access corresponding to a network outside the computing system 1400. For example, the network may include a plurality of computing systems and a plurality of communication links, and the communication links may include wired links, optical links, wireless links, or arbitrary links of a different type.
The modem 1460 may perform wireless communication or wired communication with an external device. For example, the modem 1460 may perform Ethernet communication, near field communication (NFC), radio frequency identification (RFID) communication, mobile communication, memory card communication, and universal serial bus (USB) communication, but is not limited thereto.
While the inventive concept has been particularly shown and described with reference to embodiments thereof, it will be understood that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the following claims.
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