Patent Application
20170311420
The invention relates to a new type of 2-way communication module. These modules are particularly applicable, but in no way limited, to the 2-way communication with light engines, light fittings or luminaires connected to a power supply, particularly where that connection is by means of plug-in type connectors. These new 2-way communication modules enable a light engine, light fitting or luminaire to be controlled remotely as well as enabling various types of data gathered by the luminaire to be relayed back to a central repository, including a ‘cloud’ repository.
There is an increasing demand from users to have control over electrical equipment and for that control to be exercised remotely, rather than just from a fixed switch or dimmer control, such as a wall switch/dimmer. This remote control requirement is particularly applicable to the control of lighting units or luminaires in and around the home and in and around the workplace. In the case of luminaires, these remote control requirements can include, by way of example only, an on/off function including a timed or motion sensor controlled on/off function, a dimming function, changing the colour temperature of the light or changing the colour of the light emitted and touch sensor control. This list of examples is not intended to be exhaustive but rather serves to illustrate the wide range of functionalities than might be controlled by remote operation. Further examples are listed later in the description.
In addition to the requirement to control light fittings/luminaires remotely, luminaires are becoming more intelligent in that they are now capable of collecting data both about the environment around the luminaire and about the performance of an individual light engine/luminaire itself. Furthermore, this intelligence and information gathering capability is increasing rapidly with each new generation of luminaires. There is therefore a need to relay various types of data from a light fitting/luminaire back to a data repository for the purpose of analytics, reporting and reactive functions.
Many of the bulbs, lamps and luminaires now on sale include LED light sources. As LEDs enter mainstream lighting applications consumers expect their operation to mimic traditional lighting units such as incandescent bulbs and fluorescent tubes. Dimming of LEDs presents a challenge because of the unique power demands of LED chips. An LED emits light when the forward voltage is greater than a threshold governed by the semiconductor material used in the LED.
A number of systems already exist for dimming LED light sources. In addition to dimming by means of an Integrated Circuit in the light engine, analogue dimming of an LED is possible. This involves reducing the forward voltage applied to the LED, leads to a noticeable change in the colour of the light. By contrast, digital dimming generally produces almost no change in the colour of the emitted light. One method of digital dimming relies on keeping the forward voltage constant and rapidly cycling the LED on and off. Altering the duty cycle, which is the ratio of the pulse duration to the signal period, changes the brightness of the light emitted. Digital dimming can be achieved by combining an LED driver with a suitable logic chip generating the duty cycle, or it can be achieved in integrated circuits having both functions in one package.
A number of systems already exist by which remote control can be achieved. For example technical standards for Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI)® have been developed for network-based systems that control lighting in building automation. Typically a DALI® network consists of a controller and one or more lighting devices (e.g. electrical ballasts and dimmers) each of which have a built in DALI® interface. The controller can monitor and control each light by means of a bi-directional data exchange. Data is transferred between the controller and the devices by means of an asynchronous, half-duplex serial protocol over a two-wire data bus. It will be appreciated that this requires specialist cabling and special DALI® compatible control components within or associated with each luminaire to be controlled. This is both expensive to install, requires a skilled electrician and/or controls engineer to perform the installation, and is very difficult to retro-fit into an existing lighting installation where no such control system was ever envisaged.
In a further example, digital dimming technology can be installed in a home or in an office using an RE (radio) control system such as those supplied by Rako Controls Limited of Knight Road, Rochester, Kent, ME2 2AH. However, planning a lighting project including this type of dimming technology can be confusing, especially with the vast array of lamp types and fittings now available. Typically a special wall-mounted control panel is required and a radio controlled dimmer unit, which is physically quite large in size, has to be wired in series with each luminaire, or group of luminaires to be controlled. This is both an expensive solution and inevitably requires a skilled electrician and/or controls engineer to perform the installation.
A further example of a known control system is the EYENUT® system supplied by Harvard Engineering PLC of Tyler Close, Normanton, Wakefield, West Yorkshire, WF6 1RL which uses the ZigBee protocol and components. This type of system requires an EYENUT enabled driver and/or dimmer to be connected to every luminaire in the system. These are controlled by one or more EYENUT Gateway devices, with each Gateway device being connected by Ethernet cabling to an EYENUT hub which in turn is connected to a web interface.
As with the other systems described above, a skilled electrician and/or controls engineer is required to perform any installation. Plus there are considerable costs involved.
These are just three examples of known wireless protocols that have application in the lighting field and further protocols are described below.
By way of further prior art, WO2013142292 discloses the application of a Digital Control Ready (DCR) lighting fixture disposed in one location and coupled to a Digital Light Agent (DLA) disposed in a second location to control the light output of the DCR light fitting. A DCR-enabled lighting fixture therefore responds to digital control signals from a separate digital light agent (DLA) instead of analogue dimming signals.
None of the arrangements described above can be easily adapted to retrofitting to an existing lighting installation, including adapting an existing installation so that it can be controlled by smart home systems utilising for example, the ZigBee® Alliance wireless protocols. Nor do these arrangements allow for the reporting and relaying of data to and from a light fitting/luminaire in a two-way communication process.
It is the object of the present invention to overcome or at least mitigate some of the problems with the prior art outlined above, and to provide a cost effective 2-way communication module that also provides a remote control function, and that is easy to install both in new installations and as a retrofit, without any need for additional wiring or rewiring, and without the installation process requiring any tools or the services of a skilled electrician/controls engineer.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an electronic 2-way communication module according to Claim 1. Thus there is provided an electronic 2-way communication module suitable for 2-way communication with a luminaire and adapted to be installed in series into the power supply to the luminaire, wherein the electronic 2-way communication module includes: a housing assembly, live and neutral power input terminals, live and neutral power output terminals, a power supply unit, a dimmer unit controller, a wireless communication interface adapted to receive data/operating instructions and to relay data to a remote repository, and a wired connection between the electronic 2-way communication module and the luminaire adapted for the 2-way transmission of data between the module and the luminaire and vice versa.
This electronic 2-way communication module provides for the first time the ability not only to control a luminaire remotely but also to transmit data wirelessly from a luminaire to a remote repository, using a module that is simply wired in series with a cable supplying power to the luminaire.
According to an aspect, the wired connection between the electronic 2-way communication module and the luminaire includes power line communication technology. Power line communication technology and protocols are well known and require that both the communication module and the luminaire include the appropriate electronic components and chip sets to make a particular power line communication protocol function. This is, in most cases, a simpler arrangement than installing a separate data cable between the electronic communication module and a luminaire in addition to the existing power cable connection.
The housing assembly may house all the components of the electronic 2-way communication module, other than the wired connection between the electronic 2-way communication module and the luminaire and this provides within a single housing assembly all the components necessary for a user to achieve remote control of an electrical item, such as a luminaire or a fan, as well as relaying data from that electrical item to a remote repository.
It is contemplated that the module includes power input terminals and power output terminals and these terminals are integral to the housing assembly. This enables the module to be of the ‘plug-and-play’ type.
In an embodiment, the housing assembly includes input and output terminals complementary to the corresponding features of the luminaire, such that the electronic communication module can be installed in between the two parts of an existing connector block for fast and easy installation of the electronic communication 1 module into the connector block of the luminaire, and in-line with the power supply to the luminaire. This is an important feature of the present because it means that certain remote control functionality, such as on/off and dimmer control, can be provided without the need to employ a skilled electrician and/or a controls engineer. By simply inserting the specially designed and compatible communication module in line within an existing plug-in type two part electrical connector block the desired remote control functionality can be introduced to any number of luminaires that become individually addressable.
In a further embodiment, the housing assembly further includes a lock and release mechanism complementary to a lock and release mechanism of the plug-in type two part electrical connector block of the luminaire. This ensures a firm and secure connection of the electronic communication module into the connector block of the luminaire.
In an embodiment, the luminaire includes an on-board dimmer unit, the dimmer unit controller in the electronic communication module controlling the on-board dimmer unit in the luminaire.
In a further embodiment, the communication module further includes a dimmer unit, which may be of the TRIAC dimmer type. This provides an electronic communication module that can be used with luminaires that have no dimmer function built in to the circuitry inside the luminaire but which are dimmable, and provides individual remote luminaire dimmer functionality. This provides significantly greater control than simply replacing a wall light switch with a wall mounted dimmer switch, which by its very nature dims all the luminaires connected to that dimmer switch.
In an embodiment, the electronic communication module further includes a power transfer and AC communication unit.
In an embodiment, the electronic communication module further includes a real time clock.
In an embodiment, the electronic communication module further includes a memory module.
The memory module may be adapted to store information regarding the functioning of the luminaire selected from the group of information including the number of times the luminaire has been turned on/off, the total duration the luminaire has been illuminated, the duration that has elapsed from the initiation of the luminaire, the lumen output of an LED light engine associated with the luminaire when not dimmed, the operating temperature of an LED light engine associated with the luminaire.
The electronic communication module may further include a touch sensor interface as a user interface to detect user actions.
In an embodiment, the electronic communication module further includes a status display unit.
The dimmer control unit may be of the TRIAC dimmer type. This enables, for the first time, a ‘plug-and-play’ electronic control unit that provides dimming control function to any luminaire that includes a dimmable lamp or bulb, be it an incandescent, halogen or LED bulb/lamp.
According to a further embodiment of the present invention there is provided an electronic communication module as described herein in combination with a luminaire/lamp comprising a programmable IC incorporating a dimming function, the dimmer unit controller in the electronic communication module controlling the on-board dimmer unit in the luminaire.
The programmable IC associated with the lamp/luminaire may include one or more of the functionalities selected from the group of functions including switch mode power supply control (bucking and fly-back topologies), on chip temperature measurements, capacitive touch and proximity sensing, ambient light sensing for automatic night/day activation/deactivation, bi-directional optical data transfer, power line communications, timer function (auto off, etc), accepting commands (e.g. dimming) from a normal wall dimmer switch, lumen maintenance, temperature management, color temperature adjustment, RGB control, HV LED control (i.e. no transformer/inductor required), PIR motion detection (external PIR required), and smoke detection (external smoke detector required).
According to an aspect, communication between the electronic communication module and the luminaire/lamp is by way of power line communication.
Electronic 2-way communication modules according to this disclosure can be used in combination with a wide variety of electrical items. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided an electronic 2-way communication module suitable for 2-way communication with an electrical item and adapted to be installed in series into the power supply to the electrical item, wherein the electronic 2-way communication module includes a housing assembly, live and neutral power terminals, live and neutral power terminals, a power supply unit, a dimmer unit controller, a wireless communication interface adapted to receive data/operating instructions and to relay data to a remote repository, and a wired connection between the electronic 2-way communication module and the electrical item adapted for the 2-way transmission of data between the module and the electrical item and vice versa. Where power line communication is used to transmit data between the module and the electrical item, the electrical item includes the necessary hardware and software to make this two way transmission possible.
A more particular description will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments thereof and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, exemplary embodiments will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
Various features, aspects, and advantages of the embodiments will become more apparent from the following detailed description, along with the accompanying figures in which like numerals represent like components throughout the figures and text. The various described features are not necessarily drawn to scale, but are drawn to emphasize specific features relevant to some embodiments.
The present disclosure provides a new type of electronic 2-way communication module that can be inserted in series in the power supply cable to a luminaire, either as an inline module/connector block or, as a plug-in connector block that can be inserted into known types of plug-in type two part electrical connector blocks. Such connector blocks are well known in the electrical trade and a wide variety are already commercially available. Three examples that have particular application in the lighting sector are the FASTFIX® Rapid Install System supplied by Aurora Limited, the CLICK® system supplied by Scolmore International Limited of Scolmore Park, Landsberg, Lichfield Road Industrial Estate, Tamworth, Staffordshire, United Kingdom, B79 7XB, and the Wieland® connectors supplied by Wieland Electric GmbH of Brennerstraβe 10-14, 96052 Bamberg, Germany.
These versatile lock and release connectors allow for the safe installation and subsequent replacement of a variety of light fittings or luminaires or other electrical items such as fans. The terms “light fitting” and “luminaire” are considered to have the same meaning and will be used interchangeably in the context of this description. Similarly the terms “lamp” and “bulb” are considered to have the same meaning, namely a device for giving out light that fits into some type of holder.
The term luminaire has a broad meaning in this context and is to be understood to encompasses similar terms such as light fixture, light fitting and lamp. The term lamp is to be understood to encompass similar terms such as light bulb, light or LED light engine. An LED light engine is a combination of one or more LED modules together with the associated electronic control gear or LED driver. An LED module contains one or more LEDs, together with further components, but excludes the control gear.
In practice when installing a luminaire the mains wiring is connected to the primary section of a connector and the necessary testing is then carried out. The appropriate luminaire is connected to the secondary section of the connector, if not already supplied in this fashion by the manufacturer. The installation is completed by plugging the primary and secondary connectors together, ensuring that they are locked in combination, and finally positioning the luminaire in its desired position. Both 3 pole and 4 pole connectors of this type are available.
It will be appreciated that as well as providing a safe and secure mains supply to the luminaire, these connectors allow quick and easy replacement of a luminaire simply by the user operating the quick release locking/unlocking system and pulling the connector apart. No live wires or connections are ever exposed and no tools are required to perform this operation. Nor is there any need for a qualified electrician. So long as the new luminaire comes with a secondary connector already attached it can simply be plugged in to the primary connector, again with no tools required.
As well as illustrating certain embodiments of the present invention,
Versatile as these connectors are for making mains or low voltage power connections, they do not include any control or communication functionality, and certainly no remote control or remote data reporting functionality. Currently that type of control is usually provided by a wall switch, a specialised control panel or remote communication module as part of a sophisticated controls package using a dedicated communication protocol. In the case of LED luminaires these often require special dimming drivers with remote control built in, or remote control built in to each LED luminaire. ZigBee® and DALI® as discussed above are just two of the communication protocols that currently find favour, but there are many others (see below).
An example of an electronic 2-way communication module according to the present invention is also illustrated schematically in
Although separate power 8 and control 9 cables are shown for clarity purposes in
The various examples of communication module 1, 2 and 3 shown in
It is an important advantage of the electronic 2-way communication modules of the present invention, and the IC in the LED unit that they communicate with, that if a new wireless protocol is adopted or additional functionality is required, the old electronic module can be removed and a new electronic 2-way communication module can simply be inserted in its place. This is a very easy change to make and no tools or professional technical expert are required when a quick release two part electrical connector version is used.
It is a further advantage that whichever type of wireless protocol is used to communicate with the electronic communication module, the control signals from that electronic communication module to the luminaire/lamp, and any data/information sent back from the luminaire/lamp to the communication module, are communicated using the same protocol. Thus the luminaire/lamp is able to respond appropriately to these control signals regardless of which wireless technology is used to instruct the electronic communication module. Various suitable protocols for these control signals are known, such as X10 and PWM, and others are under development. It is intended that the present invention can operate using any suitable communications protocol.
A variety of dimming modules or technologies have already been developed for LED light engines and recently these have been miniaturised into integrated circuits (IC) or microchips such that they can be incorporated onto the PCB on which the LED light engine is mounted, or they can be incorporated elsewhere within an LED luminaire or lamp. The present invention in these embodiments makes use of LEDs which contain this IC “on board” dimmer technology.
Where the luminaire does not contain a built in dimmer module that can be controlled by signals from the electronic communication module, but the LED luminaire circuitry is nevertheless configured such that the luminaire is dimmable, then an in-line wireless dimmer, such as module 1 as shown in
This type of dimmer unit is compatible with so-called ‘dimmable luminaires’, including dimmable LED luminaires that have the capability to translate signals from a TRIAC type dimmer into the rapid pulsing used to control LED light levels. It will however be appreciated that other types of analogue and digital dimmer units could be used within a communication module according to the present invention in order to achieve the desired dimming function. Dimming units are continually being developed and this invention is intended to include known and yet to be developed dimming units and dimming technologies, including digital AC dimmers and TRIAC dimmer emulators.
A further example of an electronic 2-way communication module 100 according to the present invention is illustrated schematically in
In the embodiment shown in
An important feature of this invention is that regardless of the nature of the wireless technology/protocol used to receive wireless information at the electronic communication module, the output control signals sent out by the electronic communication module to the IC in the LED lamp/luminaire are always of the same format or protocol. This means that if for example a different wireless protocol is used at a later date, or additional functionality is required, then the user simply needs to remove the old communication module and install the appropriate new electronic communication module. The system is therefore future proof in this regard.
In an embodiments, such as the ones shown in
The present invention is particularly versatile in that other remote control functionality can be incorporated into these electronic communication modules. For example, LEDs are available in which the colour temperature of the emitted light can be varied. LEDs are also available in which the colour of the light emitted can be varied. Examples of this known functionality are available from Super Bright LEDs Inc., St Louis, Mo., USA. However, as with other prior art technology, any lighting system incorporating this technology has to be designed and specified before installation, and requires expensive and bulky control units to be installed by skilled electricians or control engineers. A further disadvantage is that these known control units can each only handle a limited number of lamps or luminaires.
In contrast, by using an electronic communication module according to the present invention, a communication module including the appropriate signal generating function is simply wired in series with or inserted between the connector blocks associated with each lamp/luminaire that needs to be controlled remotely. In the latter case no tools, specialist technician or specialist knowledge are required.
In addition, the communication between the electronic communication module and the integrated circuit associated with the luminaire is by power line communication along the power cable connecting the electronic communication module to the LED luminaire or lamp. This power line communication technology is well known and a variety of different power line communication technologies and protocols are available to select from, as determined by the appropriate expert. This means that an electronic communication module according to the present invention can communicate with any LED device which has the corresponding power line communication function built in to its integrated circuitry.
The functionality of the IC module in the LED luminaire or lamp and the interaction between that IC and the electronic communication module is clearly an important feature of the present invention. An IC option is a Microcontroller ASIC (MASIC) which provides a cost effective but programmable (ROM) platform for intelligent LED lights. Such a chip can perform a plurality of functions, such switch mode power supply control (bucking and fly-back topologies), on chip temperature measurements, capacitive touch and proximity sensing, ambient light sensing for automatic night/day activation/deactivation, bi-directional optical data transfer, power line communications, timer function (auto off, etc), accepting commands (e.g. dimming) from a normal wall dimmer switch, dimming functions without external dimmer, lumen maintenance, temperature management, colour temperature adjustment, RGB control, HV LED control (i.e. no transformer/inductor required), PIR motion detection, and Other sensor data collection, management, storage and data transfer, including smoke detection data. This list of functions in not exhaustive but rather serves to illustrate the wide range and variety of functions that can be incorporated into en electronic communication module/IC combination.
Each of the functions above can be expanded into for specific applications. For example, the MASIC device can be provided with the necessary analogue elements to interface directly to a photo diode or phototransistor (3c-5C) US. By adding this single component the following functions and features becomes possible: Measurement of ambient light. This enables automatic activation of an LED lamp/luminaire when it gets dark and switching it off when it is light. It also very elegantly allows for data transfers and hence configuration from smart phones, tablets, laptops etc without any further costs. This can be via the screen or via the flashlight mechanism on the phones etc.
The result of this functionality means that a standard LED lamp/luminaire with a 3c extra component can be bought by a consumer and then the consumer can configure the lamp/luminaire using their smart phone or tablet to select an auto off period, or to make it automatically switch on at night, at a light level they choose and for a selected period only. These functions were always desirable but previously a supplier had to stock every function in a separate product. Now they are available in one LED lamp/luminaire and the user simply selects the functions they want by running an app on their phone, tablet, laptop, PC or other device, gaining incredible functionality and flexibility.
A further example relates to colour temperature. Some applications desire warm white for ambience, and others cold white for energy and attention etc. Now a single lamp/luminaire can offer all temperature ranges from say 3000K to 5000K in whatever steps the manufacturer wants to offer. Once again these colours are selectable with the user's smart phone/table/laptop app. In this case additional colour LED's must be incorporated into the LED light engine.
Optionally the LED device may be programmed to cycle through the colours, offering colder colour during working ours and becoming warmer as the night wears on to help the body with normal sleeping patterns.
One further important aspect is the functionality this technology makes possible with regards to networks, home/building automation and power management. Currently it is extremely costly to install a home automation system for lighting and even more difficult to maintain such a system as the user's needs change and more devices are added to the system over time. Anything that is changed requires input from a professional technical expert.
In the past the lamps/luminaires were not part of the network, but were simply a dumb load. And each lamp/luminaire had to be individually wired to a network node in order to be individually controllable. This was very costly in a new build and usually required complete rewiring of an existing building or home. There was also a problem of how to link a new or extra lamp/luminaire into the network. How and with what do you program it?
Using the described system, all these problems disappear because each lamp/luminaire fitted with an electronic 2-way communication module is individually addressable. The user simply runs the home automation app on a chosen computing device, selects the position to install the lamp on the Graphical User Interface (GUI) and then configures the lamp via the optical data transfer interface. Now the lamp has an address or handle in the network and can be addressed to perform individual functions even though it is on the same power line with several other lamps.
Essentially a user can set all this up by himself (or his teenage child), without having to involve a professional expert, and when getting home at night can for example activate several lights in the house by selecting a single icon on the smart phone. By way of example, if the user arrives home late at night he/she may activate the porch light for 30 minutes, the stairs light for 30 minutes and the bedroom light until it is switched off.
In summary, the combination of an electronic 2-way communication module fitted in line with the LED lamp/luminaire power supply in combination with an intelligent, programmable ‘chip on board’ in the LED lamp/luminaire provides many levels of sophisticated control for the user. These range from simple dimming functions to creating and augmenting a complex building control and automation system. As mentioned above, the IC can measure temperature (no added components), motion detection (extra PIR only required), smoke (sensor added) and feed this information back into the network over the power line or wired data connection to the electronic 2-way communication module and from there wirelessly to a remote data repository.
As indicated above, other remote control functionality that can be incorporated into these modules includes, but is not limited to Touch sensor/proximity sensor input(s), as for example described in US2012/0056490 (Frederick Bruwer) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,249,089B1 (Azoteq Pty Ltd), motion sensors to turn the luminaires on and off or alter the brightness of a luminaire in response to the detection of movement in a space, time input(s) from a real time clock to turn the luminaire on and off on a timed basis, light input(s) from one or more light sensors to turn the luminaire on/off in response to the ambient light level.
These functionalities are known per se in the lighting field and the technology can be easily incorporated into the appropriately programmable microprocessor chip.
With regards to suitable user interfaces to interact with and instruct an electronic 2-way communication module, a wide variety of options are available. These include Apps for iPhones® or other smart phones, Apps for iPads® or other tablet devices, programs for a PC, and dedicated remote control units including wall mounted remote control units. Apps of various description and functionality are now ubiquitous and once again the technology necessary to develop such Apps and devices is either known or within the skill of a competent software designer.
It will be appreciated that if no plug-in type two part electrical connector block is in place in an existing installation, or a luminaire/light fitting is supplied without a plug-in type two part electrical connector block, then one can simply be installed, in order that an electronic communication module according to embodiments of the present disclosure can be used.
Alternatively and as shown in
In summary the electronic 2-way communication module is connected in-line between the luminaire and the power supply. For installations in which the luminaire includes a dimmer that is able to communicate with the electronic communication module via PLC protocol, communication between the electronic communication module and the luminaire is via the power cable, and a signal cable is not required. Power-line communication (PLC) is a protocol in which data is carried on a conductor that is also used simultaneously for AC electric power transmission.
A signal cable is also not required where the electronic communication module communicates with the dimmer using a near field protocol, such as Bluetooth®.
For installations in which a dimmer unit is located in the luminaire/lamp then the dimmer unit must be able to communicate with the electronic communication module. This communication between the electronic module and the luminaire dimmer unit could be by power line communication via the power cable, or via an additional communications cable as described above. Various communication protocols are known and available for this purpose including X10 and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). Pulse-width modulation is a modulation technique that controls power supplied to electrical devices.
It will be appreciated that improved protocols for such communication are constantly in development and may become available in the future, and which can be applied to this approach for remotely controlling a luminaire by using a corresponding communication interface, and/or by using a corresponding protocol for providing information to the luminaire from the dimmer unit controller and vice versa.
It will also be understood that luminaires and lamps are not the only devices that can be controlled using this system. For example, the fan speed of a fan could be controlled using an electronic 2-way communication module according to the present disclosure.
The components of the apparatus illustrated are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, but rather, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used on or in conjunction with other embodiments to yield yet a further embodiment. It is intended that the apparatus include such modifications and variations. Further, steps described in the method may be utilized independently and separately from other steps described herein.
While the apparatus and method have been described with reference to specific embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope contemplated. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings found herein without departing from the essential scope thereof.
In this specification and the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms that have the following meanings. The singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Furthermore, references to “one embodiment”, “some embodiments”, “an embodiment” and the like are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification and claims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term such as “about” is not to be limited to the precise value specified. In some instances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the value. Terms such as “first,” “second,” “upper,” “lower” etc. are used to identify one element from another, and unless otherwise specified are not meant to refer to a particular order or number of elements.
As used herein, the terms “may” and “may be” indicate a possibility of an occurrence within a set of circumstances; a possession of a specified property, characteristic or function; and/or qualify another verb by expressing one or more of an ability, capability, or possibility associated with the qualified verb. Accordingly, usage of “may” and “may be” indicates that a modified term is apparently appropriate, capable, or suitable for an indicated capacity, function, or usage, while taking into account that in some circumstances the modified term may sometimes not be appropriate, capable, or suitable. For example, in some circumstances an event or capacity can be expected, while in other circumstances the event or capacity cannot occur—this distinction is captured by the terms “may” and “may be.”
As used in the claims, the word “comprises” and its grammatical variants logically also subtend and include phrases of varying and differing extent such as for example, but not limited thereto, “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of.” Where necessary, ranges have been supplied, and those ranges are inclusive of all sub-ranges therebetween. It is to be expected that variations in these ranges will suggest themselves to a practitioner having ordinary skill in the art and, where not already dedicated to the public, the appended claims should cover those variations.
Advances in science and technology may make equivalents and substitutions possible that are not now contemplated by reason of the imprecision of language; these variations should be covered by the appended claims. This written description uses examples to disclose the method, machine and computer-readable medium, including the best mode, and also to enable any person of ordinary skill in the art to practice these, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope thereof is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1405570.1 | Mar 2014 | GB | national |
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/128,849 filed Sep. 23, 2016, which claims priority to International Application No. PCT/IB2015/052294 filed Mar. 27, 2015, which claims priority to Application No. GB1405570.1 filed Mar. 27, 2014, each of which is incorporated by referenced herein in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15128849 | Sep 2016 | US |
| Child | 15638856 | US |
