Patent Grant
7511221
The present invention relates to an improved wire and methods of making the same.
One method of transmitting data and other signals is by using twisted pairs. A twisted pair includes at least one pair of insulated conductors twisted about one another to form a two conductor pair. A number of methods known in the art may be employed to arrange and configure the twisted pairs into various high-performance transmission cable arrangements. Once the twisted pairs are configured into the desired “core,” a plastic jacket is typically extruded over them to maintain their configuration and to function as a protective layer. When more than one twisted pair group is bundled together, the combination is referred to as a multi-pair cable.
In cabling arrangements where the conductors within the wires of the twisted pairs are stranded, two different, but interactive sets of twists can be present in the cable configuration. First, there is the twist of the wires that make up the twisted pair. Second, within each individual wire of the twisted pair, there is the twist of the wire strands that form the conductor. Taken in combination, both sets of twists have an interrelated effect on the data signal being transmitted through the twisted pairs.
With multi-pair cables, the signals generated at one end of the cable should ideally arrive at the same time at the opposite end even if they travel along different twisted pair wires. Measured in nanoseconds, the timing difference in signal transmissions between the twisted wire pairs within a cable in response to a generated signal is commonly referred to as “delay skew.” Problems arise when the delay skew of the signal transmitted by one twisted pair and another is too large and the device receiving the signal is not able to properly reassemble the signal. Such a delay skew results in transmission errors or lost data.
Moreover, as the throughput of data is increased in high-speed data communication applications, delay skew problems can become increasingly magnified. Even the delay in properly reassembling a transmitted signal because of signal skew will significantly and adversely affect signal throughput. Thus, as more complex systems with needs for increased data transmission rates are deployed in networks, a need for improved data transmission has developed. Such complex, higher-speed systems require multi-pair cables with stronger signals, and minimized delay skew.
The dielectric constant (DK) of the insulation affects signal throughput and attenuation values of the wire. That is, the signal throughput increases as the DK decreases and attenuation decreases as DK decreases. Together, a lower DK means a stronger signal arrives more quickly and with less distortion. Thus, a wire with a DK that is lower (approaching 1) is always favored over an insulated conductor with a higher DK, e.g. greater than 2.
In twisted pair applications, the DK of the insulation affects the delay skew of the twisted pair. Generally accepted delay skew, according to EIA/TIA 568-A-1, is that both signals should arrive within 45 nanoseconds (ns) of each other, based on 100 meters of cable. A delay skew of this magnitude is problematic when high frequency signals (greater than 100 MHz) are being transmitted. At these frequencies, a delay skew of less than 20 ns is considered superior and has yet to be achieved in practice.
In addition, previously, the only way to affect the delay skew in a particular twisted pair or multi-pair cable was to adjust the lay length or degree of twist of the insulated conductors. This in turn required a redesign of the insulated conductor, including changing the diameter of the conductor and the thickness of the insulation to maintain suitable electrical properties, e.g. impedance and attenuation.
One attempt at an improved insulated conductor included the use of ribs on the exterior surface of the insulation or channels within the insulation but close to the exterior surface of the insulation. The ribbed insulation, however, was unsatisfactory because it was difficult, if not impossible, to make the insulation with exterior surface features. Because of the nature of the insulation material used and the nature of process used, exterior surface features would be indistinct and poorly formed. Instead of ribs with sharp edges, the ribs would end as rounded mounds. The rounded result is an effect of using materials that do not hold their shape well and of using an extrusion die to form the surface features. Immediately after leaving the extrusion die, the insulation material tends to surge and expand. This surging rounds edges and fills in spaces between features.
Insulated conductors with ribbed insulation also produced cabling with poor electrical properties. The spaces between ribs may be contaminated with dirt and water. These contaminants negatively affect the DK of the insulated conductor because the contaminants have DKs that are widely varying and typically much higher then the insulation material. The varying DKs of the contaminants will give the overall insulated conductor a DK that varies along its length, which will in turn negatively affect signal speed. Likewise, contaminants with higher DK will raise the overall DK of the insulation, which also negatively affects signal speed.
Insulated conductors with ribbed and channeled insulation also produced cabling with poor physical properties, which in turn degraded the electrical properties. Because of the limited amount of material near the exterior surface of ribbed and known channeled insulation, such insulated conductors have unsatisfactorily low crush strengths; so low that the insulated conductors may not even be able to be spooled without deforming the ribs and channels of the insulation. From a practical standpoint, this is unacceptable because it makes manufacture, storage and installation of this insulated conductor nearly impossible.
The crushing of the ribs and channels or otherwise physically stressing the insulation, will change the shape of these features. This will negatively influence the DK of insulation. One type of physical stressing that is a necessary part of cabling is twisting a pair of insulated conductors together. This type of torsional stress cannot be avoided. Thus, the very act of making a twisted pair may severely compromise the electrical properly of these insulated conductors.
Another area of concern in the wire and cable field is how the wire performs in a fire. The National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA) set standards for how materials used in residential and commercial building burn. These tests generally measure the amount of smoke given off, the smoke density, rate of flame spread and/or the amount of heat generated by burning the insulated conductor. Successfully completing these tests is an aspect of creating wiring that is considered safe under modern fire codes. As consumers become more aware, successful completion of these tests will also be a selling point.
Known materials for use in the insulation of wires, such as fluoropolymers, have desirable electrical properties such as low DK. But fluoropolymers are comparatively expensive. Other compounds are less expensive but do not minimize DK, and thus delay skew, to same extent as fluoropolymers. Furthermore, non-fluorinated polymers propagate flame and generate smoke to a greater extent than fluoropolymers and thus are less desirable material to use in constructing wires.
Thus, there is a need for a wire that addresses the limitations of the prior art to effectively minimize delay skew and provide high rates of transmission while also being cost effective and clean burning.
The wire of the present invention is designed to have a minimized dielectric constant (DK). A minimized DK has several significant effects on the electrical properties of the wire. Signal throughput is increased while signal attenuation is decreased. In addition, delay skew in twisted pair applications is minimized. The minimized DK is achieved through the utilization of an improved insulated conductor or isolated core as described below.
A wire 10 of the present invention has a conductor 12 surrounded by a primary insulation 14, as shown in
The cross-section of one aspect of the present invention is seen in
The cross-section of another aspect of the present invention is seen in
The channeled insulation protects both the conductor and the signal being transmitted thereon. The composition of the insulation 14, 14′ is important because the DK of the chosen insulation will affect the electrical properties of the overall wire 10. The insulation 14, 14′ is preferably an extruded polymer layer that is formed with a plurality of channels 16, 16′ separated by intervening legs 18, 18′ of insulation. Channels 22 are also preferably formed in the extruded polymer layer.
Any of the conventional polymers used in wire and cable manufacturing may be employed in the insulation 14, 14′, such as, for example, a polyolefin or a fluoropolymer. Some polyolefins that may be used include polyethylene and polypropylene. However, when the cable is to be placed into a service environment where good flame resistance and low smoke generation characteristics are required, it may be desirable to use a fluoropolymer as the insulation for one or more of the conductors included in a twisted pair or cable. While foamed polymers may be used, a solid polymer is preferred because the physical properties are superior and the required blowing agent can be eliminated.
In addition, fluoropolymers are preferred when superior physical properties, such as tensile strength or elongation, are required or when superior electrical properties, such as low DK or attenuation, are required. Furthermore, fluoropolymers increase the crush strength of the insulated conductor, while also providing an insulation that is extremely resistant to invasion by contaminants, including water.
As important as the chemical make up of the insulation 14, 14′ are the structural features of the insulation 14, 14′. The channels 16, 16′ and 22 in the insulation generally have a structure where the length of the channel is longer than the width, depth or diameter of the channel. The channels 16, 16′ and 22 are such that they create a pocket in the insulation that runs from one end of the conductor to the other end of the conductor. The channels 16, 16′ and 22 are preferably parallel to an axis defined by the conductor 12.
Air is preferably used in the channels; however, materials other than air may be utilized. For example, other gases may be used as well as other polymers. The channels 16, 16′ and 22 are distinguished from other insulation types that may contain air. For example, channeled insulation differs from foamed insulation, which has closed-cell air pockets within the insulation. The present invention also differs from other types of insulation that are pinched against the conductor to form air pockets, like beads on a string. Whatever material is selected for inclusion in the channels, it is preferably selected to have a DK that differs from the DK of the surrounding insulation.
Preferably, the legs 18, 18′ of the insulation 14, 14′ abut the outer peripheral surface 19 of the conductor 12. In this way, the outer peripheral surface 19 of the conductor 12 forms one face of the channel, as seen in
A good example of maximizing cross-sectional area and minimizing the occupied area can be seen in
Furthermore, the area that the legs 18, 18′ of the insulation 14 occupy on the outer peripheral surface 19 of the conductor 12 can be minimized by reducing the number of channels 16, 16′ utilized. For example instead of the six channels 16, 16′ illustrated in
Preferably, the area occupied by the legs 18, 18′ on the outer peripheral surface 19 of the conductor 12 is less than about 75% of the total area, with legs that occupy less than about 50% being more preferred. Insulation with legs that occupy about 35% of the area of outer peripheral surface is most preferred, although areas as small as 15% may be suitable. In this way, the area of the outer peripheral surface where the signal can travel through air is maximized. Stated alternatively, by minimizing the area occupied by the legs, the skin effect is maximized.
A good example of increasing strength through channel shape is through the use of an arch. An arch has an inherent strength that improves the crush resistance of the insulated conductor, as discussed in more detail below. Arch shaped channels may also have economic benefits as well. For example, because the insulation is stronger, less insulation may be needed to achieve the desired crush resistance. The channels may have other shapes that are designed to increase the strength of the channels.
The channels 22 also minimize the overall DK of the insulation 14′ by including air in the insulation 14′. Furthermore, the channels 22 can be utilized without compromising the physical integrity of the wire 10.
The cross-sectional area of the channels should be selected to maintain the physical integrity of wire. Namely, it is preferred that any one channel not have a cross-sectional area greater than about 30% of the cross-sectional area of the insulation.
Through the use of the wire 10 with channeled insulation 14, 14′, a delay skew of less than 20 ns is easily achieved in twisted pair or multi-pair cable applications, with a delay skew of 15 ns preferred. A delay skew of as small as 5 ns is possible if other parameters, e.g. lay length and conductor size, are also selected to minimize delay skew.
Also, the lowered DK of the insulation 14, 14′ is advantageous when used in combination with a cable jacket. Typically, jacketed plenum cables use a fire resistant PVC (FRPVC) for the outer jacket. FRPVC has a relatively high DK that negatively affects the impedance and attenuation values of the jacketed cable, but it is inexpensive. The insulation 14, 14′, with its low DK, helps to offset the negative effects of the FRPVC jacket. Practically, a jacketed cable can be given the impedance and attenuation values more like an un-jacketed cable.
Indeed, the low DK provided by the insulation 14, 14′ also increases the signal speed on the conductor, which, in turn, increases the signal throughput. Signal throughput of at least 450 ns for 100 meters of twisted pair is obtained, while signal speeds of about 400 ns are possible. As signal speeds increase, however, the delay skew must be minimized to prevent errors in data transmission from occurring.
Furthermore, since the DK of the channeled insulation is proportional to the cross-sectional area of the channels, the signal speed in a twisted pair is also proportional to the cross-sectional area of the channels and thus easily adjustable. The lay length, conductor diameter, and the insulator thickness need not be changed. Rather, the cross-sectional area of the channels can be adjusted to obtain the desired signal speed in balance with other physical and electrical properties of the twisted pair. This is particularly useful in a multi-pair cable. The delay skew of the cable may be thought of as the difference in signal speed between the fastest twisted pair and the slowest twisted pair. By increasing the cross-sectional area of the channels in the insulation of the slowest twist pair, its signal speed can be increased and thus more closely matched to the signal speed of the fastest twisted pair. The closer the match, the smaller the delay skew.
As compared to un-channeled insulation, channeled insulation has a reduced dissipation factor. The dissipation factor reflects the amount of energy that is absorbed by the insulation over the length of the wire and relates to the signal speed and strength. As the dissipation factor increases, the signal speed and strength decrease. The skin effect means that a signal on the wire travels near the surface of the conductor. This also happens to be where the dissipation factor of the insulation is the lowest so the signal speed is fastest here. As the distance from the conductor increases, the dissipation factor increases and the signal speed begins to slow. In an insulated conductor without channels, the difference in the dissipation factor is nominal. With the addition of channels to the insulation, the dissipation factor of the insulation dramatically decreases because of the lower DK of the medium through which the signal travels. Thus, incorporation of channels creates a situation where the signal speed in the channels is significantly different, i.e. faster, than the signal speed in the rest of the insulation. Effectively, an insulated conductor is created with two different signal speeds where the signal speeds can differ by more than about 10%.
Placement of the channels 16, 16′ adjacent to the outer peripheral surface 19 of the conductor 12 also does not compromise the physical characteristics of the insulated conductor, which in turn preserves the electrical properties of the insulated conductor. Because the exterior surface of the insulated conductor is intact, there is no opportunity for contaminants to become lodged in the channels. The consequence is that the DK of the insulation does not vary over the length of the cable and the DK is not negatively affected by the contaminants.
By placing the channels near the conductor, the crush strength of the insulated conductor is not compromised. Namely, sufficient insulation is in place so that the channels are not easily collapsed. Further, the insulation also prevents the shape of the channels from being significantly distorted when torsional stress is applied to the insulated conductor. Consequently, normal activities, i.e., manufacture, storage and installation, do adversely affect the physical properties, and be extension, the electrical properties, of insulated conductor of the present invention.
Besides the desirable effects on the electrical properties of the wire 10, the insulation 14, 14′ has economic and fire prevention benefits as well. The channels 16, 16′ and 22 in the insulation 14, 14′ reduce the materials cost of manufacturing the wire 10. The amount of insulation material used for the insulation 14, 14′ is significantly reduced compared to non-channeled insulation and the cost of the filler gas is free. Stated alternately, more length of the insulation 14, 14′ can be manufactured from a predetermined amount of starting material when compared to non-channeled insulation. The number and cross-sectional area of the channels 16, 16′ and 22 will ultimately determine the size of the reduction in material costs.
The reduction in the amount of material used in the insulation 14, 14′ also reduces the fuel load of the wire 10. Insulation 14, 14′ gives off fewer decomposition by-products because it has comparatively less insulation material per unit length. With a decreased fuel load, the amount of smoke given off and the rate of flame spread and the amount of heat generated during burning are all significantly decreased and the likelihood of passing the pertinent fire safety codes, such as NFPA 255, 259 and 262, is significantly increased. A comparison of the amount of smoke given off and the rate of flame spread may be accomplished through subjecting the wire to be compared to a UL 910 Steiner Tunnel burn test. The Steiner Tunnel burn test serves as the basis for the NFPA 255 and 262 standards. In every case, a wire with channeled insulation where the channels contain air will produce at least 10% less smoke then wire with un-channeled insulation. Likewise, the rate of flame spread will be at least 10% less than that of un-channeled insulation.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention is a wire 10 with insulation 14, 14′ made of fluoropolymers where the insulation is less than about 0.010 in thick, while the insulated conductor has a diameter of less than about 0.042 in. Also, the overall DK of the wire is preferably less than about 2.0, while the channels have a cross-sectional are of at least 2.0×10−5 in2.
The preferred embodiment was subjected to a variety of tests. In a test of water invasion, a length of channeled insulated conductor was placed in water heated to 90° C. and held there for 30 days. Even under these adverse conditions, there was no evidence of water invasion into the channels. In a torsional test, a 12 inch length of channeled insulated conductor was twisted 180° about the axis of the conductor. The channels retained more than 95% of their untwisted cross-sectional area. Similar results were found when two insulated conductors were twisted together. In a crush strength test, the DK of a length of channeled insulated conductor was measured before and after crushing. The before and after DK of the insulated conductor varied by less the 0.01.
While the insulation is typically made of a single color of material, a multi-colored material may be desirable. For instance, a stripe of colored material may be included in the insulation. The colored stripe primarily serves as a visual indicator so that several insulated conductors may be identified. Typically, the insulation material is uniform with only the color varying between stripes, although this need not be the case. Preferably, the stripe does not interfere with the channels.
Examples of some acceptable conductors 12 include solid conductors and several conductors twisted together. The conductors 12 may be made of copper, aluminum, copper-clad steel and plated copper. It has been found that copper is the optimal conductor material. In addition, the conductor may be glass or plastic fiber, such that fiber optic cable is produced.
The wire may include a conductor 72 that has one or more channels 74 in its outer peripheral surface 76, as seen in
The one or more channels 74 generally run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the wire, although this is not necessarily the case. With a plurality of channels 74 arrayed on the outer peripheral surface 76 of the conductor 72, a series of ridges 82 and troughs 84 are created on the conductor.
As seen in
A channeled conductor has two significant advantages over smooth conductors. First, the surface area of the conductor is increased without increasing the overall diameter of the conductor. Increased surface area is important because of the skin effect, where the signal travels at or near the outer peripheral surface of the conductor. By increasing the surface area of the conductor, the signal is able to travel over more area while the size of the conductor remains the same. Compared to a smooth conductor, more signal can travel on the channeled conductor. Stated alternatively, a channeled conductor has more capacity to transmit data than a smooth conductor. Second, the use of air or other low DK material in the channels of the conductor reduces the effective DK of the wire including channeled conductors. As discussed above with the channeled insulation, the lower overall DK of the wire is advantageous for several reasons including increased signal speed and lower attenuation and delay skew. Furthermore, the use of a low DK material, e.g., air, in the channels of the conductor also enhances the skin effect of signal travel. This means that the signal travel faster and with less attenuation. Taken together, the two advantages of channeled conductors over smooth conductors create a wire that has more capacity and a faster signal speed.
Channeled conductors also have other incidental advantages over smooth conductors such as reduced material cost because more length of the channeled conductor can be manufactured from a predetermined amount of starting material when compared to non-channeled or smooth conductor. The number and cross-sectional area of the channels will ultimately determine the size of the reduction in material costs.
The outer jacket 20 may be formed over the twisted wire pairs and as can a foil shield by any conventional process. Examples of some of the more common processes that may be used to form the outer jacket include injection molding and extrusion molding. Preferably, the jacket is comprised of a plastic material, such as fluoropolymers, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or a PVC equivalent that is suitable for communication cable use.
As noted above the wire of the present invention is designed to have a minimized DK. In addition to the use of channeled insulation and conductor, a wire with a minimized DK can be achieved through the utilization of an improved isolated core. Like the insulation and conductor, the wire may include an outer jacket 50 that includes channels 52, as seen in
Generally, the entire discussion above concerning the chemical and structural advantages for channeled insulation also pertains to channeled jackets; that is, a jacket with a low DK is desirable for the same reasons an insulation with a low DK is desirable. The low DK of the jacket imparts to the wire similar advantageous physical, electrical and transmission properties as the channeled insulation does. For example, the channels in the jacket lower the overall DK of the jacket, which increases signal speed and decreases attenuation for the jacketed wire as a whole. Likewise, the dissipation factor of the jacket is significantly reduced through the use of channels, thus increasing signal speed near the core element. The signal speed away from the core element is not increased as much, thus giving a wire that effectively has two different signal speeds; an inner signal speed and an outer signal speed. The difference in signal speed may be significant; e.g. the inner signal speed may be may be more than about 2% faster than the outer signal speed. Preferably, the difference in signal speed is on the order of about 5%, 10% or more. Stately alternatively, the channeled jacket may have more than one DK such that the jacket includes concentric portions that have different DKs and thus different signal speeds. In addition to the speed differences observed in the jacket, differences in signal speed may also be observed between inner and outer portions of channeled insulation.
The dissipation factor of the jacket or insulation may be adjusted by selecting a composite density of the materials for the inner portion and the outer portion. As the name suggests, the composite density is the weight of material, either insulation or jacket, for a given volume of material. A material with a lower composite density will have a lower dissipation factor as compared with a higher composite density. For example, a channeled jacket where the channels contain air will have a much lower composite density than an un-channeled jacket. In the channeled jacket, significant portions of the jacket material is replaced by much lighter air, thus reducing the composite density of the jacket, which in turn reduces the dissipation factor of the jacket. Differences in composite density may be accomplished with means other than channels in the jacket or insulation.
As with the channeled insulation, it is desirable to maximize cross-sectional area of the channels in the jacket, minimize the area the legs of the jacket occupy on the core element, all the while maintaining the physical integrity of the wire. Fire protection and economic advantages are also seen with channeled jackets as compared un-channeled jackets.
In a wire with a preferred balance of properties, the channeled jacket has a plurality of channels, but no one of the channels has a cross-sectional of greater than about 30% of the cross-sectional area of the jacket. Furthermore, the preferred channel has a cross-sectional area of at least 2.0×10−5 in2. One useful wire has an isolated core diameter of less than about 0.25 in, while the preferred channeled jacket thickness is less than about 0.030 in.
In a preferred aspect of the present invention, the wire includes one or more components with channels, such that the wire includes a channeled conductor, channeled insulation or a channeled jacket. In a most preferred aspect, the wire includes a combination of channeled components, including those embodiments where all three of the conductor, insulation and jacket are channeled. When the channeled components are used in combination, a wire is achieved that has a DK that is significantly less than a comparably sized wire without channels.
The present invention also includes methods and apparatuses for manufacturing wires with channeled insulation. The insulation is preferably extruded onto the conductor using conventional extrusion processes, although other manufacturing processes are suitable. In a typical insulation extrusion apparatus, the insulation material is in a plastic state, not fully solid and not fully liquid, when it reaches the crosshead of the extruder. The crosshead includes a tip that defines the interior diameter and physical features of the extruded insulation. The crosshead also includes a die that defines the exterior diameter of the extruded insulation. Together the tip and die help place the insulation material around the conductor. Known tip and die combinations have only provided an insulation material with a relatively uniform thickness at a cross-section with a tip that is an unadulterated cylinder. The goal of known tip and die combinations is to provide insulation with a uniform and consistent thickness. In the present invention, the tip provides insulation with interior physical features; for example, channels. The die, on the other hand, will provide an insulation relatively constant exterior diameter. Together, the tip and die combination of the present invention provides an insulation that has several thicknesses.
The insulation 14 shown in
The insulation 14′ shown in
While the invention has been specifically described in connection with certain specific embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that this is by way of illustration and not of limitation, and the scope of the appended claims should be construed as broadly as the prior art will permit.
This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/389,254, filed Mar. 14, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,214,880 which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/321,296, filed Dec. 16, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,743,983, which in turn is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/253,212, filed Sep. 24, 2002 now abandoned, the entire teaching of these applications being incorporated herein by this reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10389254 | Mar 2003 | US |
| Child | 11095280 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10321296 | Dec 2002 | US |
| Child | 10389254 | US | |
| Parent | 10253212 | Sep 2002 | US |
| Child | 10321296 | US |
