Patent Application
20100244620
The invention relates to a commutation device according to the preamble of claim 1 as well as to an electric machine, particularly an electric motor or a generator, according to claim 16.
In electrotechnology a device for the commutation of current in electric machines constitutes a commutation device. The current commutation produces a rotating or migrating current with respect to the armature winding. Known commutation devices comprise a commutator fixed in a torque-proof manner on an armature shaft with a plurality of segments, which are arranged side by side in a circumferential direction and are electrically insulated from one another. Said segments are electrically contacted by at least two grinding elements. Abrasion debris, as a rule powdered carbon, occurs as a result of the constant friction between the fixed grinding elements and the rotationally driven commutator. Viewed in the direction of rotation of the commutator, said debris settles in front of the grinding elements, which leads to a pre-commutation and thereby to a reduction in the runtime of an electric machine equipped with a commutation device of said kind. In addition the resulting abrasion debris settles in air, respectively insulating, gaps between in each case two segments arranged adjacently in the circumferential direction, which can lead to short circuits.
The aim underlying the invention is to propose a commutation device, with which pre-commutations resulting from abrasion debris deposits are avoided. In addition, it is the aim of the invention to propose a correspondingly improved electric machine.
This aim is met with regard to the commutation device by the characteristics of claim 1 and with regard to the electric machine by the characteristics of claim 16. Advantageous modifications of the invention are stated in the sub-claims. All combinations of at least two of the characteristics disclosed in the description, the claims and/or the figures fall within the scope of the invention.
The idea underlying the invention is to prevent the deposit of abrasion debris, in particular powdered carbon, occurring during commutation onto the commutator by providing means for removing said debris. In so doing, said means are preferably configured such that the abrasion debris is removed in the radial direction outwards. By removing the abrasion debris, deposits on the commutator and/or on the sliding contacts are avoided and in so doing so are pre-commutations. This in turn leads to an increase in the runtime of an electric machine equipped with a commutation device configured according to the concept of the invention. In addition the deposit of the abrasion debris in insulating gaps between segments arranged side by side in a circumferential direction and resulting electrical short circuits are avoided.
An embodiment is especially advantageous, wherein the means for removing the abrasion debris occurring during commutation comprise at least one spring that rests on the commutator, the spring being preferably embodied from an electrically non-conductive material in order to avoid short circuits. The depositing of abrasion debris in front of the at least one grinding element on the commutator is successfully prevented by the spring resting on the commutator. Said spring, particularly when configured as a leaf spring, furthermore serves as a kind of guide plate for removing the abrasion debris outwards. As is to be explained later in the application, an embodiment having means that do not rest on the commutator can also be implemented.
The spring is preferably configured and arranged such that starting at its fixed position it extends in the direction of its free end in the circumferential direction of the commutator and is arranged curved in the direction of the commutator or slanting radially inwardly. In so doing, a spring force can be applied to the commutator, particularly in the radial direction, which makes sure that the spring rests on the outer circumference of the commutator when said commutator is turning. Abrasion debris is consequently prevented from slipping below and past the spring. By providing at least one spring, which removes the abrasion debris radially outwards, it is possible to integrate the means for removing the abrasion debris into the installation space available, whereby the electric machine, which is equipped with a commutation device according to the invention, does not have to be built larger than without the means for removing the abrasion debris. It is thereby advantageous for the spring, in particular one configured as a leaf spring, to be fixed at its end facing away from the commutator to a component of the commutation device, in particular to a grinding element holder (and preferably externally on said holder to a casing for the grinding element) and to rest on the commutator at its free end, respectively in the region of its free end.
An embodiment is particularly preferred, wherein the means, particularly the spring(s), are/is constructed from an electrically non-conductive plastic.
In order to successfully prevent a deposit of abrasion debris across the entire longitudinal extension of the commutator, an embodiment is advantageous, wherein the width of the means, in particular the spring(s), at least approximately corresponds to the axial extension of the commutator, respectively the axial extension of the segments of the commutator arranged side by side in the circumferential direction. An embodiment is likewise possible, wherein the means, preferably the spring(s), project/projects beyond the commutator in the axial direction on one or both sides.
In order to be able to assure a smooth start-up in the region of the free end of the means, in particular of the at least one spring, an embodiment is advantageous, wherein the means, preferably the spring(s), have a curved or oblique leading edge in the region of their free end that rests on the commutator. Beside a smooth start-up, the removal of the abrasion debris in the radial direction is better assured by chamfering, respectively curving, the free end in the direction away from the commutator. As will be explained later in the application, an embodiment can also be implemented, wherein the means are arranged with a (small) radial clearance to the commutator.
Provision is advantageously made in a modification of the invention for the commutation device to be provided with a grinding element holder having a plurality of casings for accepting in each case one grinding element, which in particular contains graphite. In order to prevent the deposit of abrasion debris in front of each grinding element as viewed in the rotational direction of the commutator, an embodiment is advantageous, wherein means for removing abrasion debris, preferably a spring that rests on the commutator, are associated with at least one grinding element, preferably each grinding element. In so doing, the respective means, in particular the respective spring, are preferably disposed in front of the associated grinding element, respectively in front of the casing holding the grinding element, as viewed in the rotational direction of the commutator. An arrangement of the means, in particular of the springs, is thereby advantageous, wherein said means starting from the respective casing, preferably starting from their attachment point, extend in the circumferential direction opposite to the rotational direction of the commutator.
An embodiment is particularly advantageous, wherein the means, preferably the springs, are fixed to the grinding element holder especially at the end facing away from the commutator. In so doing, it is within the scope of the modification to integrally configure the means with the grinding element holder or to provide an option for attaching the means, in particular the springs, to the grinding element holder, which allows for the replacement of the means, in particular of the springs, so that the means, in particular the springs, can be renewed in case of wear.
In the event that the grinding element holder is configured such that the means, in particular the springs, can be detachably secured to the same, an embodiment is advantageous, wherein each of the means, in particular each spring, can be secured to the grinding element holder in two different directional positions. An attachment option of the springs to the grinding element holder, which is dependent on the direction of rotation, is thus provided. According to a preferred embodiment, the means, in particular the springs, can be secured to the grinding element holder by clamps.
An embodiment is particularly advantageous, wherein the means for the, particularly radial, removal of the abrasion debris occurring during commutation are constructed from the same material as the associated casing of the grinding element holder, in which a sliding contact, in particular a carbon brush, is adjustable in the radial direction with respect to the commutator. The means are preferably made from plastic, preferably from electrically non-conductive plastic, in order to avoid short circuits.
As mentioned at the beginning of the application, an embodiment can be implemented, wherein the means for removal of the abrasion debris are integrally configured with the grinding element holder and/or integrally with the associated casing, particularly in each case in the form of a one-piece extension. It is thereby advantageous with regard to an efficient and cost effective manufacture if the means with the associated casing are manufactured as a single injection molded part. It is particularly advantageous for all of the casings to be configured as a single injection molded part with the associated means.
Provision is advantageously made when modifying the invention for the exterior contour of the means to be fit to the exterior contour of the commutator, which is rotatably arranged. For this purpose, the means are preferably configured in a curved fashion on the side facing the commutator in the direction of the circumferential extension of the commutator.
In order to provide an optimal removal of the abrasion debris occurring during the operation of the commutation device in the radial direction outwards, an embodiment is preferred, wherein the means, particularly in the region of their free end, are shaped in a ramp-like manner, the ramp which is formed preferably ascending in the direction of the respectively adjacent, respectively associated, casing. In this manner, the abrasive particles are slung, respectively carried, in the direction of the casing's exterior wall, which lies outside of the commutator and extends in the radial direction.
As mentioned earlier, an embodiment can be implemented, wherein the means, in particular at least one spring, externally rest on the commutator during rotation of the same. Particularly in the embodiment, wherein the means are not configured as springs, i.e. not elastic but rigid, an embodiment is preferred, wherein a gap extending in the circumferential direction is configured between the means and the commutator. In so doing, an embodiment can be implemented, wherein the width extension of the gap in the circumferential direction is at least approximately constant and minimal. An embodiment can however also be implemented, wherein the gap width decreases towards the free end of the means, which are preferably configured in a ramp-like manner, in the circumferential direction opposite to the direction of rotation.
Therefore not only one embodiment having means comprising at least one spring for removing abrasion debris can be implemented; but also particularly on account of cost considerations and for ease in assembly, an embodiment having rigid means per se, which are preferably integrally configured with at least one additional component of the commutation device, is possible in order to avoid a separate assembly of the means.
The invention also leads to an electric machine, in particular an electric motor or a generator, having a commutation device as previously described, the commutator of the commutation device being disposed in a torque-proof manner on the armature shaft. By providing a commutation device configured according to the concept of the invention, pre-commutations are avoided and consequently the runtime of the electric machine is increased with respect to known electric machines.
In the figures the same components and components having the same function are referred to using the same reference numerals. The following are shown:
In the figures the same components and components having the same function are referred to using the same reference numerals.
In
The commutator 2 is disposed within a grinding element holder 11, which in this embodiment has four casings 12, 13, 14, 15, which are uniformly spaced in the circumferential direction, for in each case one grinding element 16, 17, 18, 19 (carbon brush). Each grinding element 16, 17, 18, 19 is spring biased radially inwardly towards the commutator 2 so that the grinding elements 16, 17, 18, 19 more exactly abut against the segments 3, 4, 5, 6 on the outer circumference of the commutator 2 and electrically contact said segments 3, 4, 5, 6 when the commutator rotates. Abrasion debris 20 (powdered carbon) occurs as a result of the friction between the commutator 2 and the grinding elements 16, 17, 18, 19. Means 21 for removing abrasion debris are provided for the removal of said debris 20 in the radial direction outwards. Said means 21 for removing abrasion debris, which are detachably secured to the grinding element holder 11, comprise four springs 22, 23, 24, 25, which are spaced apart from one another in the circumferential direction and in each case are configured as a plastic leaf spring. The axial extension of the springs 22, 23, 24, 25, i.e. their extension into the drawing plane, substantially corresponds to the axial extension of the segments 3, 4, 5, 6. The springs 22, 23, 24, 25 are curved towards the commutator in the radial direction inwards, whereby a resilient force is achieved in the radial direction. The springs 22, 23, 24, 25 bear on the outer circumference of the commutator 2, respectively the segments 3, 4, 5, 6, with their respective free end 30, 31, 32, 33 and lead the abrasion debris 20 occurring during rotation of said commutator 2 away in the radial direction outwards.
As can be seen from
As can be seen from
In
In the assembled state, a commutator 2 is disposed in a central opening 35. The undepicted commutator rotates in a clockwise direction (arrow 36) in the depicted configuration of the grinding element holder 11.
A spring 22, 23, 24, 25 configured as a leaf spring is detachably secured to each casing 12, 13, 14, 15 at its end 26, 27, 28, 29 facing away from the opening 35. The springs 22, 23, 24, 25 starting at the respective casing 12, 13, 14, 15 extend in a counterclockwise direction and are curved inwards. Their free ends 30, 31, 32, 33 are bent radially outwards in the direction away from the opening 35 in order to assure a smooth start-up of the commutator and thereby to prevent them from getting caught in the air gaps 7, 8, 9, 10 between the segments 3, 4, 5, 6 of the commutator 2.
The abrasion debris 20, which is led away outwards, falls due to gravity in a region outside of the commutator 2 down into the undepicted housing of the electric machine and can be removed from time to time as required.
An alternately configured grinding element holder 11 is shown in
As is furthermore apparent in
The sides 39 of the means 21 facing the commutator are configured so as to be curved in the circumferential direction and are disposed at a distance from the undepicted commutator, only a minimal circumferential gap having in this embodiment a constant radial extension in the circumferential direction of 0.5 mm being formed between the sides 39 and the commutator.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 102007044347.3 | Sep 2007 | DE | national |
| 102008002030.3 | May 2008 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP08/59559 | 7/22/2008 | WO | 00 | 6/10/2010 |
